基于蒙特卡罗模拟的透射式XRD背景的定量分析

XRD背景主要来源于空气、装置和样品中光子的散射,XRD分析需准确扣除背景,常用的扣背景方法具有一定的局限。蒙特卡罗模拟可实现光子的甄别与统计,因此可将其用于XRD背景来源的定量分析。相干散射的模拟中需考虑物质的Form Factor,这可由Baró等的拟合式、独立原子模型或德拜公式给出;在20 keV能量及透射几何模式下,通过对骨、尼龙、水等物质的XRD模拟,对探测器中光子来源进行了区分和统计。结果表明,德拜公式计算的空气背景大于独立原子模型;空气散射在小角度时背景占比大,随散射角的增加从100%减小至40%以下,而样品中康普顿散射的计数占比则从0增大至60%以上。该方法可对不同样品组成以及复杂装置结构的XRD背景进行定量分析。

偏光显微镜和XRD在南非Postmasburg锰矿定性分析中的应用

根据南非Postmasburg锰矿田BIF型矿体中的矿石分带和品位差异,识别出了富锰型矿石、砾岩型矿石以及铁质岩型矿石。为确定各类矿石的矿物成分,了解矿石类型与其矿物成分间的对应关系,以各类矿石为研究对象,对其中的矿物成分进行了研究。采用偏光显微鉴定技术结合X射线衍射物相分析,基于矿物偏光特征和特征衍射峰,对矿石中的矿物进行了定性。结果表明,富锰型矿石中的主量矿物为方铁锰矿和褐锰矿;砾岩型矿石中金属矿物几乎全为赤铁矿,黏土矿物以钠珠云母为主;含砾铁质岩中黏土矿物居多,以白云母为主,金属矿物多为赤铁矿。由此可见,偏光显微鉴定和XRD具有良好的一致性和互补性,尤其是对厚层的沉积型矿床,岩性和岩相具有一定变化序列的情况下,更适合二者相结合进行精确定性分析。

Intensity correlation properties of x-ray beams split with Laue diffraction

Beam splitting is one of the main approaches to achieving x-ray ghost imaging, and the intensity correlation between diffraction beam and transmission beam will directly affect the imaging quality. In this paper, we investigate the intensity correlation between the split x-ray beams by Laue diffraction of stress-free crystal. The analysis based on the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction indicates that the spatial resolution of diffraction image and transmission image are reduced due to the position shift of the exit beam. In the experimental setup, a stress-free crystal with a thickness of hundredmicrometers-level is used for beam splitting. The crystal is in a non-dispersive configuration equipped with a double-crystal monochromator to ensure that the dimension of the diffraction beam and transmission beam are consistent. A correlation coefficient of 0.92 is achieved experimentally and the high signal-to-noise ratio of the x-ray ghost imaging is anticipated.Results of this paper demonstrate that the developed beam splitter of Laue crystal has the potential in the efficient data acquisition of x-ray ghost imaging.

Diffraction deep neural network-based classification for vector vortex beams

The vector vortex beam(VVB)has attracted significant attention due to its intrinsic diversity of information and has found great applications in both classical and quantum communications.However,a VVB is unavoidably affected by atmospheric turbulence(AT)when it propagates through the free-space optical communication environment,which results in detection errors at the receiver.In this paper,we propose a VVB classification scheme to detect VVBs with continuously changing polarization states under AT,where a diffractive deep neural network(DDNN)is designed and trained to classify the intensity distribution of the input distorted VVBs,and the horizontal direction of polarization of the input distorted beam is adopted as the feature for the classification through the DDNN.The numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high accuracy in classification tasks.The energy distribution percentage remains above 95%from weak to medium AT,and the classification accuracy can remain above 95%for various strengths of turbulence.It has a faster convergence and better accuracy than that based on a convolutional neural network.

Tailoring electron vortex beams with customizable intensity patterns by electron diffraction holography

An electron vortex beam(EVB) carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM) plays a key role in a series of fundamental scientific researches, such as chiral energy-loss spectroscopy and magnetic dichroism spectroscopy. So far, almost all the experimentally created EVBs manifest isotropic doughnut intensity patterns. Here, based on the correlation between local divergence angle of electron beam and phase gradient along azimuthal direction, we show that free electrons can be tailored to EVBs with customizable intensity patterns independent of the carried OAM. As proof-of-concept, by using computer generated hologram and designing phase masks to shape the incident free electrons in the transmission electron microscope, three structured EVBs carrying identical OAM are tailored to exhibit completely different intensity patterns. Furthermore, through the modal decomposition, we quantitatively investigate their OAM spectral distributions and reveal that structured EVBs present a superposition of a series of different eigenstates induced by the locally varied geometries. These results not only generalize the concept of EVB, but also demonstrate an extra highly controllable degree of freedom for electron beam manipulation in addition to OAM.

The Crystal Structure Study of CaSrFe0.75Co0.75Mn0.5O6−δ by Neutron Diffraction

The crystal structure of CaSrFe0.75Co0.75Mn0.5O6−δ is investigated through neutron diffraction techniques in this study. The material is synthesized using a solid-state synthesis method at a temperature of 1200˚C. Neutron diffraction data is subjected to Rietveld refinement, and a comparative analysis with X-ray diffraction (XRD) data is performed to unravel the structural details of the material. The findings reveal that the synthesized material exhibits a cubic crystal structure with a Pm-3m phase. The neutron diffraction results offer valuable insights into the arrangement of atoms within the lattice, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the material’s structural properties. This research enhances our knowledge of CaSrFe0.75Co0.75Mn0.5O6−δ, with potential implications for its applications in various technological and scientific domains.

准东阜康凹陷XRD录井多层感知器法储层物性评价探索

快速准确评价储层物性是试油选层及压裂定段的关键。为研究准东阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组优质储层分布层段,探索了多层感知器法在准东阜康凹陷XRD录井储层物性评价中的应用。通过收集大量的XRD录井数据,优选5种特征矿物构建多层感知器法神经网络模型,验证发现所建立的模型能够较好地拟合储层物性参数与矿物含量之间的关系。经过训练的模型在测试数据集上取得了较高的预测准确率,为快速、准确评价储层物性提供了新途径。在KT 5及F 47井应用取得了较好的评价效果,具有一定的推广应用价值。

FTIR和XRD在断层构造煤结构分析中的应用

为探究断层构造作用对煤化学结构特征和微晶结构特征的影响,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析,对红庆梁矿和段王矿的原生煤及断层构造煤进行分析。结果表明,受断层构造作用影响,红庆梁、段王断层构造煤中苯环二取代、苯环四取代的含量明显大于原生煤,苯环三取代和苯环五取代的含量低于原生煤,断层构造煤中C—O—C伸缩振动、—CH_(2)反对称弯曲振动、—CH_(3)、—CH_(2)和芳环—OH含量均多于原生煤,断层构造煤中醚C—O振动、芳烃CC、—CH和OH—π含量低于原生煤。红庆梁、段王断层构造煤的芳碳率fa是原生煤的1.01和1.03倍,芳环缩合度DOC是原生煤的1.01倍和3.7倍,CH_(2)/CH_(3)值是原生煤样的0.933倍和0.94倍,芳香度I分别是原生煤样的1.01倍和1.34倍。说明断层构造作用促使官能团和脂肪链脱落,增加煤的缩聚程度,降低煤中脂肪侧链的长度,增大芳香结构含量。XRD测试结果表明,原生煤和断层构造煤具有相近的矿物组分,断层构造作用未对煤中矿物组分的类型产生明显的改变。在2θ=26°附近存在特征(002)带,表明存在少量的层状石墨结构,然而在2θ=45°附近并没有清楚地显示(100)带,说明煤中石墨结构的基面生长水平较低。红庆梁、段王断层构造煤的晶间间距d_(002)值与原生煤相比变化很小,微晶堆积高度L_(c)值分别是原生煤的0.9045倍和0.9027倍,芳香度f_(a)-XRD值分别是原生煤的1.1439倍和1.0669倍,晶体堆叠平均层数N_(ave)值分别是原生煤的0.90945倍和0.92356倍。断层构造作用减小煤的芳香层片堆砌度,增大煤的芳香度,减少了煤微晶结构单元的堆叠层数,说明断层构造促进煤中非芳香化合物向芳香化合物的转化。断层构造煤的芳香度、成熟度更高,断层构造煤的燃烧反应性弱于原生煤。

高校化学TGA、SEM和XRD的微视频教学探索

高校化学专业实验为研究性教学的重要环节,既承担知识和技能的传授,同时启迪学生的创造性思维并提升其素质。后疫情时期,开展大学化学专业实验混合式教学模式势在必行。作为一种多功能、性能优良的无机化学材料,纳米氧化锌被科学家们持续关注。以掺铝氧化锌(ZAO)为例介绍表征其结构、形貌和热失重的三种大型仪器的操作短视频制作:热失重分析仪(TGA)、飞纳扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)。期待为新冠肺炎疫情常态化防控背景下,高校化学专业实验、创新实验和科普平台的建立提供素材及方法借鉴。

X射线衍射(XRD)定量分析铜闪速吹炼渣中磁铁尖晶石含量

为提高铜闪速吹炼渣磁铁尖晶石含量测量方法的稳定性和实用性,以铜闪速吹炼渣为研究对象,基于XRD定量分析原理,分别采用内标法和K值法测量闪速吹炼渣中磁铁尖晶石含量,同时对比化学物相分析法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片面积统计分析法、饱和磁性仪定量测定结果,评价各方法的优劣。XRD定量分析测得样品中磁铁尖晶石含量结果:内标法16.78%,测量误差≤0.15%;K值法17.80%。对比其他分析方法具有更小的测量误差和更高的稳定性。方法的建立,可为开发铜冶炼渣中高效、稳定、便捷的磁铁尖晶石含量分析检测方法提供新思路。

Effect of microwave-assisted acidification on the microstructure of coal:XRD,^(1)H-NMR, and SEM studies

Microwave heating contributes to coal fracturing and gas desorption. However, problems of low penetration depth, local overheating and fracture closure exist. Coal demineralisation by acids has advantages in coal unblocking and permeability improvement, while it is difficult for acid to enter microcracks.Microwave-asisted acidification may offer an alternative. In this work, XRD,^(1)H-NMR, and SEM were used to evaluate the effect of microwave-assisted acidification on the microstructure of coal. Results show that kaolinite, calcite, and dolomite can be dissolved by acid. After microwave irradiation, the graphitization of microcrystalline structure of carbon improves. Microwave-assisted acidification erodes minerals in coal and enhances the graphitization degree of microcrystalline structure. Compared to individual microwave irradiation or acidification, the pore volume and pore connectivity can be greatly enhanced by microwave-assisted acidification. The NMR permeability of coal increased by 28.05%. This study demonstrates the potential of microwave-assisted acidification for coalbed methane recovery.

西北冰洋及白令海表层沉积物XRD全岩矿物分布特征

为了探明北极地区沉积物矿物的组成、分布、来源及运输途径,对西北冰洋及白令海82个站位的表层沉积物进行XRD(X射线衍射)全岩矿物分析。结果表明,石英、斜长石、钾长石、云母和绿泥石等为主要矿物,白云石、辉石、角闪石区域性分布。沉积物中矿物含量区域性差异明显,指示了不同的物质来源。其中,拉普捷夫海接收了西伯利亚地台沉积物以及新西伯利亚群岛花岗岩碎屑,其中部分在穿极流与波弗特旋回作用下通过海冰输送至加拿大海盆;楚科奇海阿拉斯加近岸水域沉积物中富含的石英,为海岸侵蚀和河流搬运进入楚科奇海;育空河搬运来自阿拉斯加大陆的富含长石、云母、绿泥石等矿物的沉积物到白令海,其中部分在洋流的作用下进一步搬运至楚科奇海—加拿大海盆;加拿大海盆沉积物中广泛分布的白云石,来自北极群岛和马更些流域。

基于XRD分析的钢渣填料沥青混合料水稳定性研究

为探究钢渣矿物成分对沥青混合料性能的影响,本研究采用不同种钢渣,分别按0%、30%、60%和100%的掺量及陈化前后30%的两种K钢渣进行沥青混合料的水稳定性测试,并采用XRD进行成分分析。研究结果表明:相比于普通石灰岩矿粉及水泥,不同钢渣的硅酸盐矿物及CaO等活性成分含量差异较大,且其对沥青混合料性能的提升存在较大差异。马歇尔稳定度及劈裂强度提升28.0%~40.0%;K钢渣随掺量增加,活性成分含量提高,对混合料性能提升也略有提高,马歇尔稳定度及劈裂强度提升38.0%~40.0%;钢渣陈化后活性矿物成分减少,对沥青混合料的提升效果减弱;水稳定性随活性成分增多有所降低;K钢渣在30%掺量时,水稳定性及劈裂强度性能提升最显著。

Thermal expansivity of geikielite and ilmenite utilizing in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction at high temperature

The unit-cell parameters and volumes of geikielite(MgTiO_(3))and ilmenite(FeTiO_(3))were investigated at high temperatures up to 700 K and ambient pressure,using in-situ angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction.No phase transition was detected over the experimental temperature range.Using(Berman in J Petrol29:445-522,1988.10.1093/petrology/29.2.445)equations to fit the temperature-volume data,the volumetric thermal expansion coefficients at ambient conditions(α_(V0))of MgTiO_(3) and FeTiO_(3) were obtained as follows:2.55(6)×10^(-5)K^(-1)and 2.82(10)×10^(-5)K^(-1),respectively.We infer that the larger effective ionic radius of Fe^(2+)(Ⅵ)(0.78 A)than that of Mg^(2+)(Ⅵ)(0.72?)renders FeTiO_(3)has a larger volumetric thermal expansivity than MgTiO_(3).Simultaneously,the refined axial thermal expansion coefficients under ambient conditions areα_(a0)=0.74(3)×10^(-5)K^(-1)andα_(c0)=1.08(5)×10^(-5)K^(-1)for the aaxis and c-axis of MgTiO_(3),respectively,andα_(a0)=0.95(5)×10^(-5)K^(-1)andα_(c0)=0.92(12)×10^(-5)K^(-1)for the aaxis and c-axis of FeTiO_(3),respectively.The axial thermal expansivity of MgTiO_(3) is anisotropic,but that of FeTiO_(3) is nearly isotropic.We infer that the main reason for the different axial thermal expansivity between MgTiO_(3) and FeTiO_(3) is that the thermal expansion mode of the Mg-O bond in MgTiO_(3) is different from that of the Fe-O bonds in FeTiO_(3).

Diffraction deep neural network based orbital angular momentum mode recognition scheme in oceanic turbulence

Orbital angular momentum(OAM)has the characteristics of mutual orthogonality between modes,and has been applied to underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC)systems to increase the channel capacity.In this work,we propose a diffractive deep neural network(DDNN)based OAM mode recognition scheme,where the DDNN is trained to capture the features of the intensity distribution of the OAM modes and output the corresponding azimuthal indices and radial indices.The results show that the proposed scheme can recognize the azimuthal indices and radial indices of the OAM modes accurately and quickly.In addition,the proposed scheme can resist weak oceanic turbulence(OT),and exhibit excellent ability to recognize OAM modes in a strong OT environment.The DDNN-based OAM mode recognition scheme has potential applications in UWOC systems.

Tracking the phase transformation and microstructural evolution of Sn anode using operando synchrotron X-ray energy-dispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography

Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evolution of Sn anode during lithiation and delithiation,synchrotron X-ray energydispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography are simultaneously employed during Li/Sn cell operation.The intermediate Li-Sn alloy phases during de/lithiation are identified,and their dynamic phase transformation is unraveled which is further correlated with the volume variation of the Sn at particle-and electrode-level.Moreover,we find that the Sn particle expansion/shrinkage induced particle displacement is anisotropic:the displacement perpendicular to the electrode surface(z-axis)is more pronounced compared to the directions(x-and y-axis)along the electrode surface.This anisotropic particle displacement leads to an anisotropic volume variation at the electrode level and eventually generates a net electrode expansion towards the separator after cycling,which could be one of the root causes of mechanical detachment and delamination of electrodes during long-term operation.The unraveled chemical evolution of Li-Sn and deep insights into the microstructural evolution of Sn anode provided here could guide future design and engineering of Sn and other alloy anodes for high energy density Li-and Na-ion batteries.

硼砂煅制工艺优化及质量评价

目的 优化硼砂煅制工艺,并对其进行质量评价。方法 以铺设厚度、煅制温度、煅制时间为影响因素,失水率、蓬松度、粉碎率、四硼酸钠含量为评价指标,星点设计-效应面法优化硼砂煅制工艺。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、拉曼光谱、X射线衍射(XRD),比较硼砂煅制前后质量差异。结果 最佳条件为铺设厚度2 cm,煅制温度365℃,煅制时间100 min。煅制后,硼砂微观形态、成分组成、晶型结构发生变化,失去全部结晶水而转变为非晶体状态。结论 该方法稳定可行,可用于工业大批量生产煅硼砂。

Analysis and Prediction of Effect of Turning Marks Diffraction on Image Quality of Optical System

Single-point diamond turning (SPDT) is widely used in the machining of infrared materials and metal-based mirrors. Diamond tips can scratch material, replicate the shape of the tip, and create annular turning marks on optical surfaces, which can have unpredictable adverse effects on imaging. In order to predict the effect of turning marks diffraction on the degradation of imaging quality, a model of the influence of SPDT processing parameters on the reduction of system imaging MTF under the influence of ideal grating turning marks diffraction was established. The results show that the depth of the turning mark will lead to the decline of MTF, especially the low frequency information. Finally, a method is proposed to reduce the effect of turning marks diffraction through changing the processing parameters. .

高直链玉米淀粉棕榈酸芦丁复合物的制备及性质

以玉米淀粉为原料,以棕榈酸和芦丁为客体制备淀粉复合物,利用XRD、IR及DSC对淀粉棕榈酸及淀粉棕榈酸芦丁复合物进行结构表征。结果表明:形成的淀粉棕榈酸及淀粉棕榈酸芦丁复合物均为V型结晶结构,且随着直链淀粉含量和棕榈酸用量的增加淀粉棕榈酸复合物结晶度及V型复合物比例增大,芦丁的添加影响棕榈酸在淀粉中的存在形态,三者相互作用导致淀粉的结晶性降低,抑制淀粉老化。

蓝宝石高温弹性模量的理论计算和实验测量

蓝宝石因其良好的透光性和高温稳定性而成为光纤式高温压力传感器的理想结构材料。蓝宝石在高温下弹性模量的变化与其高温压力测量的准确性密切相关,因此获取高温条件下蓝宝石的弹性模量是设计和制备高温压力传感器的必要前提条件。基于高温原位XRD测试得到不同温度下蓝宝石的晶胞参数,然后利用第一性原理对蓝宝石的弹性性能进行了理论计算,得到蓝宝石高温情况下的弹性刚度矩阵和柔度矩阵。同时基于脉冲激振法,测量了室温至1200℃范围内不同取向蓝宝石样品的弹性模量,验证了理论计算结果的准确性。理论计算及实验结果均表明:随着温度的升高,蓝宝石的弹性模量减小,并且不同晶向之间存在显著差异。所获取蓝宝石的高温弹性模量数据可为相关高温压力传感器的设计提供基础数据参考。