Contamination of microplastics in Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia and its distribution in gills and digestive tracts of fish Gambusia affinis

The Brantas River is currently vulnerable to microplastics pollution.Microplastics not only pollute the aquatic environment but also enter the body of fish and other aquatic organisms.This research is aimed at deciding if microplastics were present in the waters and the gills and digestive tract of the Gambusia affinis fish of the river.It also looked at differences in the abundance of several types of microplastics found in the various organ samples and locations.Field research was conducted from January 2020 to March 2020.The microplastics were identified by type,size,color,and the abundance of each type was calculated.The types of microplastics identified were fragments,fibres,films,and pellets.Microplastics of 0.1 mm size are predominant and formed about 76%-100%of the microplastics that were found.Black microplastics were more common in water samples(24%),gills(43%),and digestive tract(46%).The greatest abundance of microplastic fragments was found in water samples of 4066.67 particles/m^(3),1352.78 particles/gram in gill samples,and 2138.89 particles/gram in the digestive tract.Multivariate tests for variants of microplastic types found in the organs at different sampling locations gave a p-value<0.05.These results indicate a difference in the abundance values of microplastic species in different organ samples and sites.

Optimal choice of stapler and digestive tract reconstruction method after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer:A prospective case–control study

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths,and is classified according to its location in the proximal,middle,or distal stomach.Surgical resection is the primary approach for treating gastric cancer.This prospective study aimed to determine the best reconstruction method after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer.AIM To explore the efficacy of different staplers and digestive tract reconstruction(DTR)methods after radical gastrectomy and their influence on prognosis.METHODS Eighty-seven patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer at our institution between April 2017 and April 2020 were included in this study,with a follow-up period of 12-26 mo.The patients were assigned to four groups based on the stapler and DTR plan as follows:BillrothⅠ(B-I)reconstruction+linear stapler group(group A,22 cases),B-I reconstruction+circular stapler group(group B,22 cases),Billroth II(B-II)reconstruction+linear stapler group(group C,22 cases),and B-II reconstruction+circular stapler group(group D,21 cases).The pathological parameters,postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery,postoperative complications,and quality of life(QOL)were compared among the four groups.RESULTS No significant differences in the maximum diameter of the gastric tumors,total number of lymph nodes dissected,drainage tube removal time,QLQ(QOL questionnaire)-C30 and QLQ-STO22 scores at 1 year postoperatively,and incidence of complications were observed among the four groups(P>0.05).However,groups A and C(linear stapler)had significantly lower intraoperative blood loss and significantly shorter anastomosis time,operation time,first fluid diet intake time,first exhaust time,and length of postoperative hospital stay(P<0.05)than groups B and D(circular stapler).CONCLUSION Linear staplers offer several advantages for postoperative recovery.B-I and B-II reconstruction methods had similar effects on QOL.The optimal solution can be selected according to individual conditions and postoperative convenience.

Analysis of load status and management strategies of main caregivers of patients with malignant tumors of digestive tract

Caregiver load refers to the subjective and objective negative impact of caregivers in the care of patients,and excessive load will have a serious impact on patients and caregivers themselves and can reduce their quality of life.For the main caregivers,it not only needs to care for the patients in life and daily life,but also needs to pay the cost of treatment for the patients,coupled with the need to carry out their own original work,life,etc.excessive life pressure,economic pressure,work pressure,emotional pressure,etc.lead to heavy load of the main caregivers,which can easily cause caregivers to have different degrees of psychological problems,which will cause serious adverse effects on the caregivers themselves and cancer patients,not conducive to the construction of a harmonious family and society.This article analyzes the current situation of primary caregiver burden in patients with gastrointestinal malignant tumors,analyzes its influencing factors,and specifies specific treatment strategies.It is hoped to provide scientific guidance for later related research and application.

Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction diagnosed digestive tract perforation and acute peritonitis caused by Monopterus albus:A case report

BACKGROUND Few reports have described living foreign bodies in the human body.The current manuscript demonstrates that computed tomography(CT)is an effective tool for accurate preoperative evaluation of living foreign bodies in clinic.The threedimensional(3D)reconstruction technology could clearly display anatomical structures,lesions and adjacent organs,improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding the surgical decision-making process.CASE SUMMARY Herein we describe a 68-year-old man diagnosed with digestive tract perforation and acute peritonitis caused by a foreign body of Monopterus albus.The patient pre-sented to the emergency department with complaints of dull abdominal pain,profuse sweating and a pale complexion during work.A Monopterus albus had entered the patient’s body through the anus two hours ago.During hospitalization,the 3D reconstruction technology revealed a perforation of the middle rectum complicated with acute peritonitis and showed a clear and complete Monopterus albus bone morphology in the abdominal and pelvic cavities,with the Monopterus albus biting the mesentery.Laparoscopic examination detected a large(diameter of about 1.5 cm)perforation in the mid-rectum.It could be seen that a Monopterus albus had completely entered the abdominal cavity and had tightly bitten the mesentery of the small intestine.During the operation,the dead Monopterus albus was taken out.CONCLUSION The current manuscript demonstrates that CT is an effective tool for accurate preoperative evaluation of living foreign bodies in clinic.

Applications of gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract disease

Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy(G-POME)is an emerging minimally invasive endoscopic technique involving the establishment of a submucosal tun-nel around the pyloric sphincter.In 2013,Khashab et al used G-POME for the first time in the treatment of gastroparesis with enhanced therapeutic efficacy,prov-iding a new direction for the treatment of gastroparesis.With the recent and rapid development of G-POME therapy technology,progress has been made in the treatment of gastroparesis and other upper digestive tract diseases,such as congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and gastric sleeve stricture,with G-POME.This article reviews the research progress and future prospects of G-POME for the treatment of upper digestive tract gastrointestinal diseases.

Chinese expert consensus and practice guideline of totally implantable access port for digestive tract carcinomas

Totally implantable access port is a fully implantable drug delivery system that is implanted subcutaneously and can be retained for a long time.Advantages of ports include a simple nursing process,low risk of infection and embolism,and high patient comfort.In order to promote the standardized application of ports in the treatment of digestive tract tumors and reduce port-related complications,the Chinese Research Hospital Association Digestive Tumor Committee,the Chinese Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons,the Chinese Gastric Cancer Association,and the Gastrointestinal Surgical Group of Chinese Surgical Society Affiliated to Chinese Medical Association have organized multidisciplinary expert discussions at the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army and nationwide expert letter reviews and on-site seminars,and formulated an expert consensus of the operation guidelines.

Digestive tract reconstruction options after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer

In addition to the popularity of laparoscopic gastrectomy(LG),many reconstructive procedures after LG have been reported.Surgical resection and lymphatic dissection determine long-term survival;however,the election of a reconstruction procedure determines the postoperative quality of life for patients with gastric cancer(GC).Presently,no consensus exists regarding the optimal reconstructive procedure.In this review,the current state of digestive tract reconstruction after LG is reviewed.According to the determining influence of the tumor site on the procedures of surgical resection and reconstruction,we divide these reconstruction procedures into three categories consistent with the resection procedures.We focus on the technical tips of every reconstruction procedure and examine the surgical outcomes(length of surgery and blood loss)and postoperative complications(anastomotic leakage and stricture)to facilitate gastrointestinal surgeons to understand the merits and demerits of every reconstruction procedure.

Community diversity of bacteria in digestive tract of mud snail (Bullacta exarata Philippi) and its rearing shoal

The bacterial flora in the digestive tract of B. exarata Philippi and its rearing shoal were investigated, respectively. A total of 107 strains of heterotrophic bacteria, isolated from crop, stomach and intestine, mainly belong to genera Photobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Vibrio. Varieties of bacteria in crop were significantly more than that in stomach and in intestine. A total of 173 strains of bacteria were isolated from the rearing shoal, belonging to 13 genera. The 5 predominant genera are Photobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio and some genera of Enterobacteriaceae. The number of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio in rearing shoal changed in line with the alteration of the temperature, and were significantly affected by the use of pesticide.

Effects of Exogenous NSP Enzymes(Xylanase, β-glucanase and Cellulase) on Morphology and Functions of Digestive Tract in Growing Pigs Fed with Paddy-Based Diets

Ninety Landrace×Jia 35±0. 40 kg weight growing pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments , each of which was replicated three times with ten pigs per replicate. The pigs were reared on either a conventional corn-based diet (control I ) or a paddy-based diet (control I ) or a paddy diet supplemented with 0.2% NSP enzymes (test group). All pigs were given ad libitum access to both feed and water. The results of feeding trial showed that supplementation of NSP enzymes significantly increased ADG by 8.78% (P< 0.05) and decreased F/G by 9. 42% (P<0. 05) over the control group Ⅱ. No significant differences were found in ADG and F/G between control group I and the test group. The digestive trial showed that adding NSP enzymes significantly improved apparent digestibility of CP, EE and CF by 18. 76 (P<0. 01), 16.04 (P <0.05) and 108. 57%(P<0. 05), respectively, compared to control Ⅱ. The activities of proteolytic enzyme and α-amylase in duodenal contents were increased by 99. 07 (P<0. 01) and 18. 41% (P<0. 05) with the addition of NSP enzymes. No significant differences between test and control Ⅱ group were found in activities of the pepsin in the gastric content, the trypsin and lipase in duodenal contents. the disaccharidase and y-glutany transferase (γ-GT) in intestinal mucosa, but there was a tendency towards higher activities associated with the NSP enzymes diet(P>0. 05). The lengths of the villi within the duodenal, jejunal and ileal sections of the small intestine of pigs receiving the NSP enzymes diet were increased by 23. 68 (P<0. 05), 56. 00 (P<0. 01) and 76. 90%(P<0. 01) respectively, relative to the pigs in controlⅡ.

A review of the resistome within the digestive tract of livestock

Antimicrobials have been widely used to prevent and treat infectious diseases and promote growth in food-production animals.However,the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance poses a huge threat to public and animal health,especial y in less developed countries where food-producing animals often intermingle with humans.To limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance from food-production animals to humans and the environment,it is essential to have a comprehensive knowledge of the role of the resistome in antimicrobial resistance(AMR),The resistome refers to the col ection of al antimicrobial resistance genes associated with microbiota in a given environment.The dense microbiota in the digestive tract is known to harbour one of the most diverse resistomes in nature.Studies of the resistome in the digestive tract of humans and animals are increasing exponential y as a result of advancements in next-generation sequencing and the expansion of bioinformatic resources/tools to identify and describe the resistome.In this review,we outline the various tools/bioinformatic pipelines currently available to characterize and understand the nature of the intestinal resistome of swine,poultry,and ruminants.We then propose future research directions including analysis of resistome using long-read sequencing,investigation in the role of mobile genetic elements in the expression,function and transmission of AMR.This review outlines the current knowledge and approaches to studying the resistome in food-producing animals and sheds light on future strategies to reduce antimicrobial usage and control the spread of AMR both within and from livestock production systems.

Effects on the pouch of different digestive tract reconstruction modes assessed by radionuclide scintigraphy

AIM: To determine the effect of three digestive tract reconstruction procedures on pouch function, after radical surgery undertaken because of gastric cancer, as assessed by radionuclide dynamic imaging. METHODS: As a measure of the reservoir function, with a designed diet containing technetium-99m (99mTc), the emptying time of the gastric substitute was evaluated using a 99mTc-labeled solid test meal. Immediately after the meal, the patient was placed in front of a γ camera in a supine position and the radioactivity was measured over the whole abdomen every minute. A frame image was obtained. The emptying sequences were recorded by the microprocessor and then stored on a computer disk. According to a computer processing system, the half-emptying actual curve and the fitting curve of food containing isotope in the detected region were depicted, and the half-emptying actual curves of the three reconstruction procedures were directly compared. RESULTS: Of the three reconstruction procedures, the half-emptying time of food containing isotope in the Dual Braun type esophagojejunal anastomosis procedure (51.86±6.43 min) was far closer to normal, signif icantly better than that of the proximal gastrectomy orthotopic reconstruction (30.07±15.77 min, P=0.002) and P type esophagojejunal anastomosis (27.88±6.07 min, P=0.001) methods. The half-emptying actual curve and f itting curves for the Dual Braun type esophagojejunal anastomosis were fairly similar while those of the proximal gastrectomy orthotopic reconstruction and P type esophagojejunal anastomosis were obviously separated, which indicated bad food conservation in the reconstructed pouches. CONCLUSION: Dual Braun type esophagojejunal anastomosis is the most useful of the three procedures for improving food accommodation in patients with a pouch and can retard evacuation of solid food from the reconstructed pouch.

Microbial community changes in the digestive tract of the clam Meretrix petechialis in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge

Disease in clams frequently occurred over the last decade and has become a serious threat to the clam aquaculture industry and natural stocks.Mass clam mortality events were reported to be associated with the presence of opportunistic pathogen vibrio.However,the complexity of infection that occurs in the natural environment remains poorly understood.In this study,we smulated a natural disease outbreak by vibrio immersion infection to study the diversity and dynamics of microbiota in the digestive tract of clam Meretrix petechialis during the infection process.Dramatic changes in operational taxonomic unit richness and phylum composition of the bacterial communities were observed during pathogen invasion.In addition,we investigated the potential relationship between microbiota dynamics and host status during disease progression.Results reveal that,at the end stage of vibrio infection,interindividual variation in the digestive tract microbiota increased,as did the diff erence in individual health status.The moribund clams displayed signs of microbial community shifts to low diversity,and the microbial community was characterized by mass proliferation of a few operational taxonomic units.

Two-photon excitation fuorescence lifetime imaging microscopy:A promising diagnostic tool for digestive tract tumors

Digestive tract tumors acount for 15%and 19.3%of the cancer incidence and deaths,respec-tively.Early detection of digestive tract tumors is crucial to the reduction of global cancer burden.Two-photon excitation fuorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(TP-FLIM)allows non-invasive,label free,three-dimensional,high-resolution imaging of living tisues with not only histological but also biochemical characterization ability in both qualitative and quantitative way.Benefiting from these advantages,this technology is protmising for clinical diagnosis of digestive tract tumors.In recent years,many efforts have'been made in this field and some remarkable progress has been achieved.In this paper,we overview the recent progress of TP-FLIM-based researches on digestive tract tumor detection.Among them,our latest results on the gastric cancer and esophageal cancer are elaborately depicted.Finally,we outlook and discuss the potential advantages and challenges of TP-FLIM in future clinical applications.

Ecological and Geographical Reasons for the Variation of Digestive Tract Length in Anurans

Changes of environmental conditions can shape organs size evolution in animal kingdoms. In particular, environmental changes lead to difference in food resources between different habitats, thereby affecting individual’s energy intake and allocation. The digestive theory states that animals consuming food with low contents of digestible materials should result in increasing gut length. In this study, to test the hypothesis of digestive theory, we studied ecological and geographical reasons for variation in digestive tract length among 35 species of anurans distributing in different altitude and latitude. The results showed that ecological type significantly affected digestive tract length among species, with aquatic and terrestrial species having longer digestive tract than arboreal ones. Latitude was positively correlated with digestive tract length. However, altitude, as well as monthly mean temperature and precipitation, did not correlate with digestive tract length among species. Our findings suggest that aquatic and terrestrial species might forage less digestible materials than arboreal species, thereby displaying relatively longer digestive tract than arboreal species.

Prognostic Value of Sox2 Expression in Digestive Tract Cancers: A Meta-analysis

The aim of the present study was to accurately evaluate the association of Sox2 expression with the survival of patients with digestive tract cancers. Relevant literatures were identified by comprehensively searching databases including the Pubmed, Embase, CBMdisc, and Wanfang（up to October 2014）. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between Sox2 expression and overall survival or clinicopathological parameters of patients with digestive tract cancers（esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers）. The results showed a significant association between high Sox2 expression and poor overall survival in patients with digestive tract carcinomas（HR=1.55, 95% CI=1.04–2.31）, especially for patients with esophageal cancer（HR=2.04, 95%CI=1.30–3.22）, colorectal cancer（HR=1.40, 95% CI=1.04–1.89）, and digestive tract adenocarcinoma（HR=1.80, 95% CI=1.12–2.89）, for Europeans（HR=1.98, 95% CI=1.44–2.71） or patients who did not receive neoadjuvant treatment（HR=1.73, 95% CI=1.10–2.72）. Furthermore, Sox2 over-expression was highly correlated with vascular invasion（OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.25–2.77） and poor differentiation（OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.14–3.08）, especially in esophageal and colorectal cancers. In conclusion, Sox2 expression may serve as a novel prognostic factor for patients with digestive tract cancers. Over-expression of Sox2 that is correlated with vascular invasion and poor differentiation suggests poor outcomes of patients with digestive tract cancers.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Digestive Tract of Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda

Transcriptome assemblies for the stomach,midgut,and fecal mucosa of Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda are reported for the first time in this study.Genome assembly resulted in 373069 unigenes with an N50 of 1314,while transcriptome assembly resulted in 736378 unigenes and an N50 of 2121.The annotated unigenes showed the highest similarity to fishes,amphibians,and reptiles,with most unigenes closely related to metabolism,translation,biogenesis,signal transduction,energy production,immune response,and secretion.Unigenes(4768)were mapped to KEGG pathways,and the most enriched pathways were involved in translation,environmental information signal processing,metabolism,endocrine system,immune system,nervous system,and varying metabolism.Totally 65889,2001,and 7162 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified in the stomach,midgut,and fecal mucosa between the two horseshoe crab species,respectively.Compared with C.rotundicauda,99.95%of the DEGs in the T.tridentatus stomach were down-regulated,while 99.97%of the DEGs of T.tridentatus fecal mucosa and 55.42%of the DEGs of the T.tridentatus midgut were up-regulated.Most midgut DEGs were involved in hydrolase activity,protein metabolism,and cell cytoplasm,while most stomach and fecal mucosa DEGs were involved in catalytic activity and primary metabolic processes.Most stomach DEGs were assigned to the cellular component in cellular macromolecular complexes,while most fecal mucosa DEGs were assigned to the cellular component in cell and cell parts.These results will benefit the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of the digestive tract related to the feeding habits and environmental traces of horseshoe crabs.

Associations between the Serum Zinc Levels and Digestive Tract Tumors:A Meta-Analysis

Background The incidence and mortality rates of digestive tract tumors are among the top ten worldwide.Notably,studies have shown that zinc may be significantly related to digestive tract tumors.This meta analysis was conducted to explore whether the serum zinc level of patients is associated with gastrointestinal cancer.Methods We systematically searched PUBMED,the Cochrane Library,the Web of Science and EMBASE from their start dates up to October 2022 for studies on the association between the serum zinc concentration and digestive tract tumors.The I^(2)statistic was used to assess the heterogeneity.A sensitivity analysis,subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were also used to analyze heterogeneity.Moreover,Begg’s and Egger’s tests were adopted to assess potential publication bias.Results In total,we identified 24 eligible studies with 1,499 total participants with digestive tract tumors and 6,039 participants without tumors.The average serum zinc concentration in patients with digestive tract tumors was lower than that in the control group(SMD=-0.98,95%CI:-1.29~-0.66,I^(2):94.1%,P<0.001).Specifically,the serum zinc concentration of patients with esophageal cancer(SMD=-2.08,95%CI:-2.89~-1.26,I^(2):92.9%,P<0.001),gastric cancer(SMD=-0.74,95%CI:-1.16~-0.33,I^(2):92.1%,P<0.001),and colorectal cancer(SMD=-0.85,95%CI:-1.51~-0.19,I^(2):95.9%P<0.05)were significantly different from the controls.Conclusion Our review showed that the serum zinc concentration in patients with digestive tract tumors was lower than that in patients without tumors,and further studies are needed to explore how zinc affects the occurrence and development of digestive tract tumors.

The Effects of Prey Items Diversity and Digestible Materials in Stomach on Digestive Tract Length in Hylarana guentheri

Difference in environmental condition shapes variation in digestive tract length in evolutionary process.In particular,environmental difference results in variation in food resource among different habitats,and thereby affecting energy intake and energy allocation.The digestive theory predicts that animals foraging high indigestible materials of stomach contents can promote the increased gut dimensions.Here,we studied variation in digestive tract and gut length across six Hylarana guentheri populations at different altitudes and latitudes to test the prediction of the digestive theory.We found that altitude and latitude did not affect variation in relative size of digestive tract and gut among populations.We also found that relative size of digestive tract and gut did not be correlated with diversity of prey items,but negatively correlated with proportion of digestible materials.Our findings suggest that individuals foraging less digestible materials display relatively longer digestive tract than individuals foraging more digestible materials.

Altitudinal Variation in Digestive Tract Length in Yunnan Pond Frog (Pelophylax pleuraden)

The digestive tract plays an important role in digestion and the acquisition of food energy. Understanding the impact of abiotic environments on digestive tract morphology is especially important for evolution of digestive tract across different environments. Here, we investigated altitudinal variation in digestive tract length in the Yunnan Pond Frog （Pelophylaxpleuraden） across five populations ranging from 1413 m to 1935 m a.s.1, in Ningnan County, Sichuan province in western China. Frogs were collected during the breeding season, from 1-5 June 2012. Our results revealed that females had longer digestive tract and relative digestive tract （i.e. digestive tract length / body size） lengths in com- parison to males, on average, but the differences between them decreased with increasing altitude. Digestive tract and relative digestive tract lengths increased with increasing altitude suggesting that a higher proportion of indigestible ma- terials may be consumed at high-altitude sites and result in a relative increase in digestive tract dimensions.

Tumor circulome in the liquid biopsies for digestive tract cancer diagnosis and prognosis

Digestive tract cancer is one of the main diseases that endanger human health.At present,the early diagnosis of digestive tract tumors mainly depends on serology,imaging,endoscopy,and so on.Although tissue specimens are the gold standard for cancer diagnosis,with the rapid development of precision medicine in cancer,the demand for dynamic monitoring of tumor molecular characteristics has increased.Liquid biopsy involves the collection of body fluids via noninvasive approaches,and analyzes biological markers such as circulating tumor cells,circulating tumor DNA,circulating cell-free DNA,microRNAs,and exosomes.In recent years,liquid biopsy has become more and more important in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer in clinical practice due to its convenience,non-invasiveness,high specificity and it overcomes temporal-spatial heterogeneity.Therefore,this review summarizes the current evidence on liquid biopsies in digestive tract cancers in relation to diagnosis and prognosis.