Deformation Field around the Stress Induced Crack Area in Sandstone by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method

The deformation field around sub-cracks was calculated using the digital speckle correlation method. First, the uni-axial compression tests on sandstone samples containing a pre- fabricated fracture were made. Photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the sub-crack development were taken using a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. From these photomicrographs, the real-time images showing the initiation, growth and coalescence of sub-cracks and micro-cracks in the sandstone specimens were obtained and the effects of loading level as well as grain boundaries on the development of cracks were analyzed. Second, the intensity images of the sandstone specimen surface were captured from the observations of the SEM corresponding to different loading levels. Then correlation computation was carried out for the sequential pairs of intensity images to evaluate the displacement components, as well as the strain field. The results show that the deformation varies in different areas separated by sub-cracks during rock damage processes.

DIGITAL SPECKLE CORRELATION METHOD IMPROVED BY GENETIC ALGORITHM

The digital speckle correlation method is an important optical metrology for sur- face displacement and strain measurement.With this technique,the whole field deformation in- formation can be obtained by tracking the geometric points on the speckle images based on a correlation-matching search technique.However,general search techniques suffer from great com- putational complexity in the processing of speckle images with large deformation and the large random errors in the processing of images of bad quality.In this paper,an advanced approach based on genetic algorithms (GA) for correlation-matching search is developed.Benefiting from the abilities of global optimum and parallelism searching of GA,this new approach can complete the correlation-matching search with less computational consumption and at high accuracy.Two experimental results from the simulated speckle images have proved the efficiency of the new approach.

Experimental investigation of interface curing stresses between PMMA and composite using digital speckle correlation method

This paper studies the interface curing stresses between polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and composite by means of digital speckle correlation method (DSCM).A new method by combining DSCM with the marker points is developed to measure the interface curing stresses,and the measurement principle is introduced.The interface curing stresses between PMMA and composite with different curing bonding conditions are measured and analyzed,this indicates that the residual stress for furnace heating and furnace cooling is the smallest.Finally,the measurement error is discussed by means of finite element method,the influences of glass microsphere between adhesive and PMMA can be ignored.

Fabrication of nanoscale speckle using broad ion beam milling on polymers for deformation analysis

We first report a fabrication technique of nanoscale speckle patterns on polymers using broad ion beam milling. The proposed technique is simple and low-cost to produce speckles ranging from dozens of nanometers to less than three micrometers in a large area of several millimeters. Random patterns were successfully produced with an argon （Ar） ion beam on the surfaces of four kinds of polymers： the epoxy matrix of carbon fiber reinforced plastic, polyester, polyvinyl formal-acetal, and polyimide. The speckle morphologies slightly vary with different polymers. The fabricated speckle patterns have good time stability and are promising to be used to measure the nanoscale deformations of polymers using the digital image correlation method.

Deformation field and crack analyses of concrete using digital image correlation method

The study on the deformation distribution and crack propagation of concrete under axial compression was conducted by the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The main parameter in this test is the water-cement (fT/C) ratio. The novel analysis process and numerical program for DIC method were established. The displacements and strains of coarse aggregate, and cement mortar and interface transition zone (ITZ) were obtained and verified by experimental results. It was found that the axial displacement distributed non-uniformly during the loading stage, and the axial displacements of ITZs and cement mortar were larger than that of coarse aggregates before the occurrence of macrocracks. The effect of W/C on the horizontal displacement was not obvious. Test results also showed that the transverse and shear deformation concentration areas (DCAs) were formed when stress reached 30%-40% of the peak stress. The transverse and shear DCAs crossed the cement mortar, and ITZs and coarse aggregates. However, the axial DCA mainly surrounded the coarse aggregate. Generally, the higher W/C was, the more size and number of DCAs were. The crack propagations of specimens varied with the variation of W/C. The micro-crack of concrete mainly initiated in the ITZs, irrespective of the W/C. The number and distribution range of cracks in concrete with high W/C were larger than those of cracks in specimen adopting low W/C. However, the value and width of eraeks in high W/C specimen were relatively small. The W/C had an obvious effect on the characteristics of concrete deterioration. Finally, the characteristics of crack was also evaluated by comparing the calculated results.

Deformation measurements of three types of Portevin-Le Chatelier bands

In this paper a technique based on high-speed digital photography and the digital speckle correlation （DSC） method is used for the quantitative measurement of the displacement and strain fields of various Portevin Le Chatelier （PLC） bands （types A, B, and C）. The experimental results clearly show the nucleation process of a type-B band and the propagation of a type-A band. The results also reveal that there exists an elastic shrinkage deformation outside a PLC band during a large avalanche-like deformation inside the PLC band.

Evolution of the deformation field and earthquake fracture precursors of strike-slip faults

Seismic hazard analysis is gaining increased attention in the present era because of the catastrophic effects of earthquakes.Scientists always have as a goal to develop new techniques that will help forecast earthquakes before their reoccurrence. In this research,we have performed a shear failure experiment on rock samples with prefabricated cracks to simulate the process of plate movement that forms strike-slip faults. We studied the evolution law of the deformation field to simulate the shear failure experiment, and these results gave us a comprehensive understanding of the elaborate strain distribution law and its formation process with which to identify actual fault zones. We performed uniaxial compression tests on marble slabs with prefabricated double shear cracks to study the distribution and evolution of the deformation field during shear failure. Analysis of the strain field at different loading stages showed that with an increase in the load, the shear strain field initially changed to a disordered-style distribution. Further, the strain field was partially concentrated and finally completely concentrated near the crack and then distributed in the shape of a strip along the crack. We also computed coefficients of variation(CVs) for the physical quantities u, v, and exy, which varied with the load. The CV curves were found to correspond to the different loading stages. We found that at the uniform deformation stage, the CV value was small and changed slowly,whereas at the later nonuniform deformation stage, the CV value increased sharply and changed abruptly. Therefore, the precursor to a rock sample breakdown can be predicted by observing the variation characteristics of CV statistics. The correlation we found between our experimental and theoretical results revealed that our crack evolution and sample deformation results showed good coupling with seismic distribution characteristics near the San Andreas Fault.

Application of Digital Image Correlation Method to In-Situ Dynamic Strain Measurement

Application of digital image correlation(DIC) method to determination of in-situ dynamic strain is presented in this study. Firstly, an integrative software is programmed based on the DIC algorithms and pointwise least-squares fitting technique. Then, simulated speckle images are generated to study the computational accuracy of this software. The experimental setup and procedures for measuring in-situ dynamic strain through both DIC and strain gauge are proposed. The DIC results are close to those measured by strain gauge. This fact reveals that DIC is a practical and effective tool for in-situ dynamic strain measurement. Finally, the full-field in-situ dynamic strain of another specimen is measured by DIC, and the overall distribution of the strain in the measurement area is clearly shown.

Deformation tests and failure process analysis of an anchorage structure

In order to study the failure process of an anchorage structure and the evolution law of the body＇s defor- mation field, anchor push-out tests were carried out based on digital speckle correlation methods （DSCM）. The stress distribution of the anchorage interface was investigated using the particle flow numerical simulation method. The results indicate that there are three stages in the deformation and fail- ure process of an anchorage structure： elastic bonding stage, a de-bonding stage and a failure stage. The stress distribution in the interface controls the stability of the structure. In the elastic bonding stage, the shear stress peak point of the interface is close to the loading end, and the displacement field gradually develops into a ＂V＂ shape, in the de-bonding stage, there is a shear stress plateau in the center of the anchorage section, and shear strain localization begins to form in the deformation field. In the failure stage, the bonding of the interface fails rapidly and the shear stress peak point moves to the anchorage free end. The anchorage structure moves integrally along the macro-cracl~ The de-bonding stage is a research focus in the deformation and failure process of an anchorage structure, and plays an important guiding role in roadway support design and prediction of the stability of the surrounding rock.

Research on synchronous measurement technique of temperature and deformation fields using multispectral camera with bilateral telecentric lens

The hot-section parts easily occur the creep-fatigued interaction under the condition of mechanicalthermal coupled load during the period of service, which may lead to the damage of the parts, and therefore, the measurement and characterization of thermal-deformed fields of the parts are important to understand its damage process. Aiming at relevant demand, the bilateral telecentric-multispectral imaging system was established, the research of synchronous measurement technique of the temperature and deformation fields was developed. On the one hand, the measurement technology for surface temperature of the object was developed using the two-color images captured by the multispectral camera with bilateral telecentric lens and combined with colorimetric method. On the other hand, the 2 D-DIC measurement technique of the multispectral camera was developed by conducting digital image correlation analysis using the blue light images before and after deformation, which can measure the high temperature deformation field of the object(the blue light images were filtered by multispectral camera).Results showed that the bilateral telecentric lens is used to replace the ordinary optical lens for imaging,which can effectively eliminate the distortion of the multispectral imaging system. Since the temperature measurement process of this measurement system is little affected by the emissivity of the object, therefore, it has excellent robustness. The thermal expansion coefficients of the nickel alloys are evaluated at the temperature ranges of 700–1000℃, indicating this system can achieve the synchronous and precise measurement of the temperature and deformation fields of the object.

拉伸载荷下纯钛应变局域化的多尺度研究

基于数字图像相关技术,制备了宏观尺度、介观尺度和微观尺度的散斑,用平均灰度梯度和灰度直方图对散斑质量进行评价,从多尺度应变场测量的角度研究拉伸载荷下纯钛应变局域化变形,分析了不同空间尺度的应变场之间的共性与差异,讨论了微结构的演化及孪晶的相互作用对变形场的影响。结果表明:宏观尺度、介观尺度和微观尺度散斑的平均灰度梯度值分别为17.9、23.5、40.1,灰度直方图分布较均匀平滑,散斑质量较好;3种尺度的应变场均表现出一定程度的应变局域化,应变集中带相互交叉,且与拉伸轴呈约±45°的夹角。其中,宏观尺度的应变集中带数量较少,介观尺度下观察到大量的应变集中带,交叉处应变集中较高。微观尺度下激发了{1012}拉伸孪晶及{1122}压缩孪晶,应变集中主要分布在晶界及孪晶界处。

微尺度散斑打印方法及应用

微尺度变形测量方法是探究包装材料破坏失效机理的重要研究手段。本研究提出了一种微尺度散斑打印方法,并结合数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)技术实现了牛皮纸微尺度变形测量。首先,在牛皮纸上打印不同分辨率、不同灰度级的纯色图像作为微尺度散斑,并采用平均灰度梯度评价散斑质量,结果表明通过打印纯黑(灰度级为0)图像即可在可打印包装纸上制备较高质量微尺度散斑。接下来,结合光学显微镜及微拉伸台,进行了平移实验和单轴拉伸实验,结果表明基于打印的微尺度散斑结合DIC可以实现微米量级的位移测量,制备的散斑对牛皮纸原有力学性能无明显影响。最后,将微尺度散斑打印方法与DIC相结合应用于分析折痕对牛皮纸拉伸性能的影响,折痕微区的局部应变集中导致了折痕试样抗拉强度的明显下降。本研究为可打印包装材料的微尺度变形测量提供了一种有效手段。

Applications of Digital Correlation Method to Structure Inspection

In structure inspections, applications of optical techniques are rare, but the advantages of a noncontact, full field technique using a simple apparatus are attractive. The main requirements for structure inspection are the full-field strain measurement with the required precision and on-site measurement ability. The digital correlation method （DCM）, a new optical deformation measurement tool, can satisfy all of the requirements for structure inspection. A smoothing algorithm which can greatly improve the strain measurement precision, and a 3-D DCM have been developed in this paper. For verifying this improvement, a comparison of strain measurements by computer-simulated speckle images has been carried out. Additionally, three structure inspection examples that cover typical materials and structure styles are presented： the interface shear stress distribution for reinforced concrete piles bedded on rock, the 3-D strain distribution of a composite vessel structure, and stresses in a hookup that connects two steel bridge structures. All the examples show that the new structural inspection tool is exemplary and illustrates the obvious advantages of this optical non-destructive technique.

钢筋混凝土的负泊松比设计与抗高速冲击性能

为增强钢筋混凝土的抗高速冲击性能,对钢筋混凝土的内部骨架进行负泊松比设计,得到两种内凹角数量不同的六肋及星型钢筋混凝土。利用霍普金森压杆试验对不同类型的钢筋混凝土进行抗高速冲击性能测试,并结合数字散斑相关方法对其场变化及微观泊松比进行分析,得到内凹角数量对钢筋混凝土破坏形态、承载力及耗能能力的影响规律和机理。结果表明:六肋和星型钢筋混凝土在抗高速冲击作用下出现了负泊松比,分别为-0.50和-1.00;从应变场来看,六肋和星型钢筋混凝土的最大应变均出现在内凹角附近,且以内凹角为中心向四周逐渐减小;随着钢筋结构内凹角数量的增加,钢筋混凝土的变形能力和能量耗散能力显著增强。单位体积内六肋和星型钢筋混凝土的耗能分别为1.76×10^(5)和1.86×10^(5) J/m^(3),是方形钢筋混凝土的1.17倍和1.23倍,表明负泊松比钢筋混凝土的耗能能力随钢筋内凹角数量的增多而增强。

基于数字图像相关法的轮轨力测量研究

针对应变计式轮轨力测量方法的不足,研究一种基于数字图像相关法的非接触式轮轨力测量方法。通过受力分析以及有限元计算,确定钢轨表面非接触测点区域位置。根据轨旁检测的特点设计测量系统的整体方案并分析了其测量原理,对相机进行了分析选型,以实现轮轨力作用下钢轨表面测点区域变形散斑图像的高质量采集。基于数字图像相关法对所采集的变形散斑图像进行分析,采用1阶形函数描述钢轨的变形,并使用零均值归一化差值平方和函数作为相似度的度量指标;为了提高系统的测量分辨精度,在整像素匹配算法的基础上,通过对位移初值进行迭代计算进一步得到亚像素级位移,并使用最小二乘法拟合位移场结果得到相应的应变场。在实验室设计并搭建了具有移动加载功能的轮轨力测量试验系统;通过静态标定试验准确建立了反映钢轨应变和轮轨垂向力大小数学关系的线性标定曲线,并分析讨论了相机工作距离和光照强度等因素对轮轨力测量的影响;在移动载荷作用下进行了轮轨力动态测量试验,与接触式应变计法测量结果进行比较,非接触式数字图像相关法在跨中位置的最大轮轨力测量误差不超过0.3%。动静态测量试验结果表明,数字图像相关法能够实现轮轨力的精确测量,是一种有效的非接触式轮轨力测量方法。

基于应变的应变硬化指数演化行为研究

为准确描述变形过程中双相高强钢板的应力应变关系,针对3种双相高强钢板应变硬化指数的演化行为进行了试验研究与理论模型预测。借助单向拉伸试验机和自主研发的DIC应变测量系统,获得了3种材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线,基于经典的Hollomon流动应力模型,得到了其应变硬化指数的演化历程,发现3种材料应变硬化指数与真实应变呈非线性变化关系。为了更好地预测应变硬化指数的演化行为,提出了可以描述其值变化的非线性数学模型,并结合经典的Hollomon流动应力模型,提出了基于n值变化的修正的Hollomon-n流动应力模型,最后通过3种材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线验证了所提出模型的有效性。

内置传感器的沥青混合料变形协调及损伤行为研究

为揭示应变传感器与沥青混合料协同工作性能的演化规律,提高传感器实测数据的应用价值和环境适应性,基于数字图像关联技术和小梁直接拉伸试验,对内置传感器的沥青混合料试件开展多重受力模式下的应变响应研究,分析不同温度条件下传感器与沥青混合料的变形协调性能;并利用四点弯曲试验下的声发射信号和数字图像特征,揭示内置传感器的沥青混合料结构损伤演化规律。研究结果表明:内置应变传感器的沥青混合料变形协调特性与荷载类型、大小及响应时间紧密相关,传感器应变响应具有强烈的温度敏感性,在30~50℃的环境中,传感器应变响应的精准度会急剧衰减,其测量平均绝对误差Eˉa和相对误差Eˉr可分别增大3.49~11.79倍和2.01~2.91倍。利用声发射能量信号准确地刻画了传感器与沥青混合料协同受力下的4阶段损伤演化特征,反映出温度作用会改变结构损伤形式向非稳定开裂的态势发展;不同温度下声发射RA和AF的分布特征表明,内置应变传感器的沥青混合料结构破裂模式受温度影响显著,呈现为拉-剪混合、剪切破裂为主的破裂机制,且随温度不断增大,剪切破裂持续增强,剪切事件由55.7%增长至84.4%,增幅达1.52倍。研究成果对实现内置应变传感器与沥青路面协同工作性能的合理评判,推进传感器技术深度赋能传统沥青路面结构提供参考。

岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN方法

岩石变形局部化的识别对于岩石破坏机理、岩土工程灾害预测预警有着重要的意义。本文将数字散斑相关方法(digital speckle correlation methods,DSCM)与卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)相结合,提出了一种用于岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN模型。通过DSCM获取岩石试件在单轴压缩实验过程中的最大剪应变场云图,根据变形局部化带位置进行标注,完成数据集的构建;利用训练数据集对DSCM-CNN智能识别模型进行训练。通过红砂岩单轴压缩实验对该方法进行验证,结果表明:DSCM-CNN模型可以实现岩石变形局部化带位置的自动识别,子集准确率、精确度、召回率等指标分别达到94.19%,97.21%和96.41%,证明了岩石变形局部化智能识别的DSCM-CNN模型的可行性,为岩石变形局部化智能监测提供了一种新的思路。

弹载天线模块热变形仿真预测与试验研究

以典型的弹载天线模块为研究对象,采用ABAQUS软件建立其热变形仿真预测模型。同时,在相同条件下,采用所搭建的基于数字图像相关法(DIC)的热变形测量系统提取并计算变温前、后弹载天线模块的热变形,以验证热变形仿真模型的准确性。结果表明,ABAQUS的仿真结果与DIC方法测量的弹载天线模块热变形结果吻合度较好,验证了所建立的有限元仿真模型能准确且有效地评估弹载天线模块的热变形情况。

非接触应变测量技术在高温应变测试中的应用研究

数字图像相关(DIC)方法作为一种典型的非接触应变测量技术,是一种强大而灵活的表面变形测量工具。该方法的优点是试验设置和试样制备简单,对测量环境的要求较低,测量灵敏度和分辨率范围大。本文主要介绍了DIC方法的基本理论、关键技术以及该方法在工程中的应用进展。