Three-Dimensional TIN Algorithm for Digital Terrain Modeling

The problem of taking an unorganized point cloud in 3D space and fitting a polyhedral surface to those points is both important and difficult. Aiming at increasing applications of full three dimensional digital terrain surface modeling, a new algorithm for the automatic generation of three dimensional triangulated irregular network from a point cloud is pro- posed. Based on the local topological consistency test, a combined algorithm of constrained 3D Delaunay triangulation and region-growing is extended to ensure topologically correct reconstruction. This paper also introduced an efficient neighbor- ing triangle location method by making full use of the surface normal information. Experimental results prove that this algo- rithm can efficiently obtain the most reasonable reconstructed mesh surface with arbitrary topology, wherein the automati- cally reconstructed surface has only small topological difference from the true surface. This algorithm has potential applica- tions to virtual environments, computer vision, and so on.

Underwater Digital Terrain Model with GPS-aided High-resolution Profile-scan Sonar Images

The whole procedures of underwater digital terrain model (DTM) were presented by building with the global positioning system (GPS) aided high-resolution profile-scan sonar images.The algorithm regards the digital image scanned in a cycle as the raw data.First the label rings are detected with the improved Hough transform (HT) method and followed by curve-fitting for accurate location;then the most probable window for each ping is detected with weighted neighborhood gray-level co-occurrence matrix;and finally the DTM is built by integrating the GPS data with sonar data for 3D visualization.The case of an underwater trench for immersed tube road tunnel is illustrated.

Use of the Wavelet Transform for Digital Terrain Model Edge Detection (Special Issue—Wavelet Analysis)

The purpose of this work is to analyze the feasibility of using the wavelet transform in the edge detection of digital terrain models (DTM) obtained by Laser Scanner. The Haar wavelet transform and the edge detection method called Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima (WTMM), both implemented in Matlab language, were used. In order to validate and verify the efficiency of WTMM, the edge detection of the same DTM was performed by the Roberts, Sobel-Feldman and Canny methods, chosen due to the wide use in the scientific community in the area of Image Processing and Remote Sensing. The comparison of the results showed superior performance of WTMM in terms of processing time.

Uncertainty of Slope Length Derived from Digital Elevation Models of the Loess Plateau, China

Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs), the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area(SCA) method is greater than the cumulative slope length(CSL), and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process.

DTM三角形格网数学形态学变换的生成方法

三角形格网是描述数字地面模型地形状态的重要工具,为生成高精度的三角形格网,提出一种基于数学形态学变换的DTM三角形格网生成方法。运用自动扫描线填充定位格网点,推算扫描行开始行号与终止行号,挖掘扫描行和三角形边界的交点,输出规则格网点三角形定位信息;将区域离散点密度、邻近离散点距离均值和边界三角形最大长度作为约束条件,划分数学形态学变换中的结构要素,利用腐蚀、膨胀运算处理图像信号数据,获得信号波形和结构要素对相似水平,提取DTM模型图像的外轮廓线;随机设置插入点,分割全部离散点数据形成大小适中的格网,连接插入点和三角形顶点生成格网。仿真结果表明,所提方法能准确获取格网细节特征,输出高质量三角形格网模型。

Primary safe criterion of earth-brushing flight for flying vehicle over digital surface model

In modern terrain-following guidance it is an important index for flight vehicle to cruise about safely and normally. On the basis of a constructing method of digital surface model (DSM), the definition, classification and scale analysis of an isolated obstacle threatening flight safety of terrain-following guidance are made. When the interval of vertical-and cross-sections on DSM is 12. 5 m, the proportion of isolated obstacles to the data amount of DSM model to be loaded is optimal. The main factors influencing the lowest flying height in terrain-following guidance are analyzed, and a primary safe criterion of the lowest flying height over DSM model is proposed. According to their test errors, the lowest flying height over 1:10 000 DSM model can reach 40. 5 m^45. 0 m in terrain-following guidance. It is shown from the simulation results of a typical urban district that the proposed models and methods are reasonable and feasible.

RANDOM TERRAIN MODEL

In order to slove a realistic test problem of TF/TA algorithm, it is necessary to make a discrete terrain model. The model has adjustable roughness parameters so as to test the optimization procedure for different types of terrain. In this paper, an algorithm to generate random terrain data is given.

Distributed modeling of direct solar radiation on rugged terrain of the Yellow River Basin

Due to the influences of local topographical factors and terrain inter-shielding, calculation of direct solar radiation （DSR） quantity of rugged terrain is very complex. Based on digital elevation model （DEM） data and meteorological observations, a distributed model for calculating DSR over rugged terrain is developed. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors influencing th a resolution of 1 km × 1 km for thDSR. Using the developed model, normals of annual DSR quantity wie Yellow River Basin was generated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. Characteristics of DSR quantity influenced by geographic and topographic factors over rugged terrain were analyzed thoroughly. Results suggest that： influenced by local topographic factors, i.e. azimuth, slope and so on, and annual DSR quantity over mountainous area has a clear spatial difference; annual DSR quantity of sunny slope （or southern slope） of mountains is obviously larger than that of shady slope （or northern slope）. The calculated DSR quantity of the Yellow River Basin is provided in the same way as other kinds of spatial information and can be employed as basic geographic data for relevant studies as well.

Computing Local Geoid Model Using DTM and GPS Geodetic Points.Case Study:Mejez El Bab-Tunisia

Different methods have been deployed to compute the geoid, the altimetry reference for surveying applications. One of their main goals is to allow the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) or GNSS heights, which are related to an ellipsoid and therefore must be corrected. Some of these methods are accurate but quite heavy as developed by [1], but one of them is easy to use while giving very good results in a local system: some mm for a 10 × 10 km2 area developed by [2] [3]. In our study, we have used software called “Géoide Program”, previously used at the CERN in Switzerland and set up by [4], which they complete this software allowing a parameterization of general data to provide results in a general system. Then, tests have shown the way to optimize computations without any loss of accuracy. For our computations we use gridded of geodetic heights, from Lambert or WGS 84 datum’s, DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and leveled GPS points. To obtain these results, components of the vertical deflection are computed for every point on the grid, deduced from the attraction exerted by the mass Model. Then, geodetic heights are computed by an incremental way from an arbitrary reference. Once the calculation is performed, the geodetic height of any point located in the modelled area can be interpolated. The variations of parameters (mainly size and increments of the DTM and of the modeled area, and ground density) have shown that they do not play a significant role although DTM must be large enough to take into account an important area around a selected zone. However, the choice of the levelled GPS points is primordial. We have performed tests with real data concerning Mejez El Bab zone, in north of Tunisia. Nevertheless, for a few hundreds of square kilometers area, and just by using a DTM and a few levelled GPS points, this method provides results that look extremely promising, at least for surveying activities, as it shows a good possibility to use GPS for coarse precision levelling, and as DTM are now widely available in many countries.

电大山区地物环境中电波传播的电磁计算

在无人驾驶与无人机等新兴行业中,信号覆盖范围的要求较高,不仅仅在城市,在人迹罕至的山地、沙漠、森林中也需要无线信号的覆盖才能真正完成远程操控,这些地区更多需要考虑的是地势变化对电磁传播所带来的影响。计算电磁学中的一致性几何绕射理论方法是分析电大环境电磁问题的有效方法,使用计算电磁学的方法研究电磁波在山区地物环境中的传播规律。给出了一种建立不规则地形模型的新方法,可以通过数字高程的网格数据生成电磁算法可用的三次多项式曲面,使用多个立方曲面对不规则地形进行拼接,使用平均均方根误差验证模型数据的准确性。基于所得的地形数据,完成了并行的几何光学算法,并对区域电磁场的分布进行了仿真计算。选取了实际山区地物环境进行了实地测量,测量结果与仿真结果对比趋势一致,验证了该方法在非规则地形中电磁波传播分析中的有效性。考虑环境电磁计算的规模,建立了相应的并行策略,100核测试的并行效率可以保持在80%以上。

滚动球变换支持下的TIN-DDM地形特征线自动提取方法

针对传统规则格网数字高程模型地形特征线提取方法中存在阈值难以定量调控、连接方式无法自适应调整以及地形特征线类型不完整的问题,将滚动球变换模型应用于不规则三角网数字水深模型(triangulated irregular network digital depth model,TIN-DDM)地形特征线的自动提取,在构建临界滚动球半径关联的地形特征点定量识别判定准则基础上,引入地形形态边界点概念,采用逆向工程的建模思路,建立了以剖分单元为基础的地形特征线自动提取模型,结合地形类型判定准则的多尺度表达特性及顾及水深数值的地形特征优化模型,提出了可多尺度表达且类型完整的地形特征线自动提取方法。试验结果表明:相比于经典地表流水模拟方法,该方法可实现完整、连续且细分的TIN-DDM地形特征线自动提取及多尺度表达,且提取的地形特征线具有更高的地形重构精度。

基于机载多角度InSAR技术的复杂地形高精度DEM重建方法

干涉合成孔径雷达(Interferomtric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)是全天时、全天候获取三维地表信息重要的技术手段。机载InSAR系统具有机动灵活、多角度获取数据的优势,可以高效率、高精度获取数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)数据。但是,在地形复杂区域,InSAR侧视成像易在地形陡峭区域形成较大范围的阴影和严重的叠掩现象,阴影和叠掩区域在SAR图像上体现为信息的丢失,从而导致DEM数据大面积无效数据的存在,严重影响DEM数据的质量及应用。针对这一问题,本文提出了基于机载多角度InSAR技术的复杂地形高精度DEM重建方法,基于考虑地形起伏的机载多角度InSAR数据获取任务规划设计,最大程度的避免阴影和叠掩导致的无效数据;基于高精度InSAR数据处理,保证每个角度DEM数据精度的高度一致性;基于快速多角度DSM数据融合与滤波处理,实现多角度InSAR体制复杂地形DEM高精度重建。本文以四川省西部山区大坡度、非连续等复杂地形为例,基于本文提出的方法,利用3个角度InSAR数据融合处理,生成了高精度DEM数据,试验结果表明,本文提出的方法获取复杂地形DEM数据高程均方根误差为0.6 m,同时,数据有效率大于99%。

DTM在开采沉陷可视化预计中的应用

数字地面模型(DTM)具有强大的三维可视化分析和空间模拟功能,它可以代替等高线对地形表面的描述,能满足对等高线数据相同的各种需求。为了充分地利用地质、矿山等许多领域的三维原始数据,以开采沉陷预计为研究对象,首先提出了将DTM用于地表移动变形可视化预计的意义,然后对其DTM构造的思路和方法进行了研究,最后,结合实例,介绍了将DTM用于开采沉陷可视化预计可以得到的最终成果。

基于体素的森林地区机载LiDAR数据DTM提取

机载LiDAR是一种能够直接、快速获取被测目标三维空间信息的主动式遥感技术,被广泛用于获取高精度的数字地面模型,但是在植被比较密集、地势比较陡峭的森林地区,能够穿透植被到达地表的激光脚点数量较开阔区域少,对于提取精确的DTM有一定难度。该文提出一种继承式多分辨率体素滤波算法,从机载激光扫描数据中获取森林地区的DTM。该方法将激光点云数据划分为不同分辨率等级的体素,以体素为单位通过与邻域体素的高程加权均值比较,剔除植被点,保留地面点,从而获取森林地区的DTM。实验证明该滤波方法能够有效地提取森林地区的DTM。

基于多源数据融合的城市洪涝模拟高精度地形构建方法

为了解决城市洪涝模拟精细地形数据难以获取的问题,提出了一种考虑管网数据、道路数据和建筑物数据等多源数据融合的城市洪涝模拟高精度地形构建方法。以唐山市龙王庙河周边区域作为实例验证研究区域,基于该方法构建的DEM建立了研究区城市雨洪模型(GAST-SWMM耦合模型),并对两场降雨条件下的雨洪过程进行了模拟,模拟得到的积水位置与实际积水位置相吻合,其中一场降雨条件下两处水位的纳什效率系数分别达到0.92和0.87,水位峰值相对误差为3.35%和3.63%,验证了方法的有效性,表明采用该方法构建的DEM能够较好地反映研究区域的地形特征,可满足城市洪涝模拟的精度要求。

基于非均匀B样条曲面的DTM内插模型

对非均匀B样条曲面在数字地面模型(DTM)内插中的应用进行了研究,首先探讨了非均匀B样条曲面基本理论及其最小二乘解法,然后提出了基于非均匀B样条曲面的DTM内插算法,最后利用提出的B样条算法与目前一些常用的内插算法,对数学曲面与实际地形进行了试验和比较.试验结果表明B样条算法具有良好的精度和稳定性,能较好地改善在构建DTM时常出现的“梯田”现象.

一种从LIDAR数据提取城区DTM的方法

由机载激光扫描系统获取的点云数据,可以直接生成扫描区域的数字表面模型,但要想提取数字地面模型还须对点云数据进行分类处理。提出了一种获取数字地面模型的方法,其主要思路是利用原始的激光数据构建二维三角网,从而构建数字表面模型。通过分析数字表面模型的坡度进行初始的分割,剔出坡度较大的三角形。经过初步的分割之后,通过连通区域分析来获取每个分割区域的特征,提取出裸露地表高程,从而由点云数据构建出数字地面模型。

基于DTM的城市网格化管理部件数据的质量评价

城市网格化管理是一种数字化城市管理模式,是我国数字城市技术应用领域的重大突破,在国际上处于领先地位,对其部件数据质量评价与控制具有重要的现实意义。针对城市网格化管理部件数据的地域性分布特点,运用空间插值算法,提出一种基于数字地面模型(DTM)的城市网格化管理部件数据质量评价方案(以上海市为例)。实验结果表明,该方案更能准确的度量整体数据的质量。

基于DTM的矿山排土场设计

针对矿山排土场(废石场)设计的方法和要求,探讨了将地理信息系统的数字地面模型(digitalterrain model,DTM)技术运用于矿山排土场的选址设计方案的可行性。以矿区地形数字高程模型以及排土场设计要素为依据,模拟出设计面的数字高程模型,并且计算出了相应的排土场容量。采用该技术可提高矿山排土场设计的工作效率并具有较高的准确性和智能化水平。

考虑边界约束的DTM三角网模型生成算法研究

无约束的数字地面模型(DTM)空间三角网算法生成的三角网外围边界是一个凸壳,这对于实际区域为凹多边形的区域(如公路弯道)会有较大的模拟失真。文章提出一种改进的算法,通过分析实际边界多边形的精细度影响因素,导出确定区域相邻离散点平均边长的计算方法,进而确定一个边界多边形边长的最大值。以该边长最大值对无约束的三角网外围边界进行边长约束,最终生成新的空间三角网。实验表明,该算法是有效可行的。