A post-peak dilatancy model for soft rock and its application in deep tunnel excavation

The dilation angle is the most commonly used parameter to study nonlinear post-peak dilatancy(PPD)behavior and simulate surrounding rock deformation;however,simplified or constant dilatancy models are often used in numerical calculations owing to their simple mathematical forms.This study developed a PPD model for rocks(rock masses)based on the Alejanoe-Alonso(A-A)dilatancy model.The developed model comprehensively reflects the influences of confining pressure(σ_(3))and plastic shear strain(γ^(p)),with the advantages of a simple mathematical form,while requiring fewer parameters and demonstrating a clear physical significance.The overall fitting accuracy of the PPD model for 11 different rocks was found to be higher than that of the A-A model,particularly for Witwatersrand quartzite and jointed granite.The applicability and reliability of the PPD model to jointed granites and different scaled Moura coals were also investigated,and the model was found to be more suitable for the soft and large-scale rocks,e.g.deep rock mass.The PPD model was also successfully applied in studying the mechanical response of a circular tunnel excavated in strain-softening rock mass,and the developed semi-analytical solution was compared and verified with existing analytical solutions.The sensitivities of the rock dilatancy to γ^(p) and σ_(3) showed significant spatial variabilities along the radial direction of the surrounding rock,and the dilation angle did not exhibit a monotonical increasing or decreasing law from the elasticeplastic boundary to the tunnel wall,thereby presenting the σ3-or γ^(p)-dominated differential effects of rock dilatancy.Tunnel deformation parabolically or exponentially increased with increasing in situ stress(buried depth).The developed PPD model is promising to conduct refined numerical and analytical analyses for deep tunneling,which produces extensive plastic deformation and exhibits significant nonlinear post-peak behavior.

Preliminary exploration of animal models of congenital choledochal cysts

BACKGROUND Various animal models have been used to explore the pathogenesis of choledochal cysts(CCs),but with little convincing results.Current surgical techniques can achieve satisfactory outcomes for treatment of CCs.Consequently,recent studies have focused more on clinical issues rather than basic research.Therefore,we need appropriate animal models to further basic research.AIM To establish an appropriate animal model that may contribute to the investigation of the pathogenesis of CCs.METHODS Eighty-four specific pathogen-free female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to a surgical group,sham surgical group,or control group.A rat model of CC was established by partial ligation of the bile duct.The reliability of the model was confirmed by measurements of serum biochemical indices,morpho-logy of common bile ducts of the rats as well as molecular biology experiments in rat and human tissues.RESULTS Dilation classified as mild(diameter,≥1 mm to<3 mm),moderate(≥3 mm to<10 mm),and severe(≥10 mm)was observed in 17,17,and 2 rats in the surgical group,respectively,while no dilation was observed in the control and sham surgical groups.Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotrans-ferase,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,and total bile acids were significantly elevated in the surgical group as compared to the control group 7 d after surgery,while direct bilirubin,total bilirubin,and gamma-glutamyltransferase were further increased 14 d after surgery.Most of the biochemical indices gradually decreased to normal ranges 28 d after surgery.The protein expression trend of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in rat model was consistent with the human CC tissues.CONCLUSION The model of partial ligation of the bile duct of juvenile rats could morphologically simulate the cystic or fusiform CC,which may contribute to investigating the pathogenesis of CC.

Construction of A Prediction Model for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

Dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)is a common myocardial disease characterized by enlargement of the heart cavity and decreased systolic function,often leading to heart failure(HF)and arrhythmia.The occurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF)is closely related to the progression and prognosis of the disease.In recent years,with the advancement of medical imaging and biomarkers,models for predicting the occurrence of AF in DCM patients have gradually become a research hotspot.This article aims to review the current situation of AF in DCM patients and explore the importance and possible methods of constructing predictive models to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.We comprehensively analyzed the risk factors for AF in DCM patients from epidemiological data,pathophysiological mechanisms,clinical and laboratory indicators,electrocardiogram and imaging parameters,and biomarkers,and evaluated the effectiveness of existing predictive models.Through analysis of existing literature and research,this article proposes a predictive model that integrates multiple parameters to improve the accuracy of predicting AF in DCM patients and provide a scientific basis for personalized treatment.

An elasto-plastic and viscoplastic damage constitutive model for dilatancy and fracturing behavior of soft rock squeezing deformation

Soft rock squeezing deformation mainly consists of pre-peak damage-dilatancy and post-peak fracture-bulking at the excavation unloading instant,and creep-dilatancy caused by time-dependent damage and fracturing.Based on the classic elastoplastic and Perzyna over-stress viscoplastic theories,as well as triaxial unloading confining pressure test and triaxial unloading creep test results,an elastoplastic and viscoplastic damage constitutive model is established for the short-and long-term dilatancy and fracturing behavior of soft rock squeezing deformation.Firstly,the criteria for each deformation and failure stage are expressed as a linear function of confining pressure.Secondly,the total damage evolution equation considering time-dependent damage is proposed,including the initial damage produced at the excavation instant,in which the damage variable increases exponentially with the lateral strain,and creep damage.Thirdly,a transient five-stages elasto-plastic constitutive equation for the short-term deformation after excavation that comprised of elasticity,pre-peak damage-dilatancy,post-peak brittle-drop,linear strain-softening,and residual perfectly-plastic regimes is developed based on incremental elasto-plastic theory and the nonassociated flow rule.Fourthly,regarding the timedependent properties of soft rock,based on the Perzyna viscoplastic over-stress theory,a viscoplastic damage model is set up to capture creep damage and dilatancy behavior.Viscoplastic strain is produced when the stress exceeds the initial static yield surface fs;the distance between the static yield surface fs and the dynamic yield surface fd determines the viscoplastic strain rate.Finally,the established constitutive model is numerically implemented and field applied to the-848 m belt conveyer haulage roadway of Huainan Panyidong Coal Mine.Laboratory test results and in-situ monitoring results validate the rationality of the established constitutive model.The presented model takes both the transient and time-dependent damage and fracturing into consideration.

An elasto-plastic constitutive model incorporating strain softening and dilatancy for interface thin-layer element and its verification

The mechanical behaviors of the interface between coarse-grained soil and concrete were investigated by simple shear tests under condition of mixed soil slurry (bentonite mixed with cement grout).For comparison,the interfaces both without slurry and with bentonite slurry were analyzed.The experimental results show that different slurries exert much influence on the strength and deformation of soil/structure interface.Under mixed soil slurry,strain softening and shear dilatation are observed,while shear dilatation appears under the small normal stress of the interface without slurry,and shear contraction is significant under the condition of the bentonite slurry.The thickness of the interface was determined by analyzing the disturbed height of the sample with both simple shear test and particle flow code (PFC).An elasto-plastic constitutive model incorporating strain softening and dilatancy for thin layer element of interface was formulated in the framework of generalized potential theory.The relation curves of shear stress and shear strain,as well as the relation curves of normal strain and shear strain,were fitted by a piecewise function composed by hyperbolic functions and resembling normal functions.The entire model parameters can be identified by tests.The new model is verified by comparing the measured data of indoor cut-off wall model tests with the predictions from finite element method (FEM).The FEM results indicate that the stress of wall calculated by using Goodman element is too large,and the maximum deviation between the test data and prediction is about 45%.While the prediction from the proposed model is close to the measured data,and the error is generally less than 10%.

考虑孔隙比影响的堆石料湿化试验及湿化模型

对某堆石坝的坝壳料进行了不同密实状态下的单线法三轴湿化试验,分析了湿化变形随围压、应力水平以及初始孔隙比的变化规律。结果表明:在围压和应力水平相同条件下,随着初始孔隙比的减小,堆石料湿化轴向应变和体积应变均明显降低;初始孔隙比对湿化应力剪胀规律影响不大,采用对数形式的湿化剪胀方程可对不同初始孔隙比条件下的湿化应力剪胀关系进行统一描述。对指数形式的湿化轴向应变经验模型进行修正,构建了考虑初始孔隙比及应力状态影响的湿化轴向应变计算模型,并联立湿化剪胀方程推导了湿化体积应变的计算公式,通过对三轴湿化试验结果进行模拟验证了该公式的合理性。

Rowe剪胀方程及一种新的推导方法

剪胀性是岩土材料的重要特性之一。Rowe剪胀方程是一种经典的剪胀方程,它形式简单,所需假定较少,能够反映粗粒土、岩石乃至混凝土的剪胀性。在国内外受到广泛关注,且有很多的改进和发展。但在通常的Rowe剪胀方程的推导中,有一些概念尚需要商榷,所引入的锯齿面也容易引起误导。本文对Rowe剪胀方程及其发展改进进行梳理,提出了参考面的概念,并给出了一种新的推导方法。新的推导方法比传统方法在概念上更为严密,对两种推导方法的探讨也有助于加深对Rowe剪胀方程的理解。

基于统一强度理论的扰损围岩巷道脆塑性解答

钻爆法施工常造成岩质巷道扰损区围岩性能劣化。针对扰损围岩、扰损外围岩的弹塑性状态下不同的扰损围岩巷道力学模型,采用统一强度理论、弹-脆-塑性模型和非关联流动法则,建立扰损围岩巷道有关应力、位移和塑性区半径的脆塑性解答,探讨巷道力学模型的转换路径及判定方法,并将结果进行对比、验证,获得各因素的影响规律。研究表明:提出的巷道脆塑性解答合理反映了中间主应力、围岩扰损范围和峰后强度、剪胀特性的综合影响,通过参数组合变换可退化为多种解答并得到正确性验证,具有重要的理论意义和应用前景;巷道力学模型判定与中间主应力、围岩扰损范围密切相关,显著影响巷道应力-位移分布和围岩特征曲线;支护压力和巷道稳定变形随着围岩峰后强度下降、剪胀特性参数增加而明显增大。

基于颗粒破碎耗能的堆石料流变模型

由于堆石料流变的复杂性,现有的经验流变模型主要是根据流变试验结果,考虑围压和剪应力或其耦合效应的影响所建立,存在一定的随意性且存在参数多和物理意义不明确等问题。开展了红石岩堰塞料三轴压缩试验和流变变形试验,分析了流变过程中应变能与围压和应力水平的相关关系,得到了流变应变能的表达式;基于考虑颗粒破碎耗能的ROWE剪胀方程和流变过程中切线体积比保持不变的推论,推导得到了最终体积流变和剪切流变的表达式,所建立的模型可反映堆石料流变变形的机理。花岗岩堆石料、砂岩堆石料和砂砾料等其它堆石料的分析结果表明,提出的流变变形计算模型具有普适性。

基于改进Informer的云计算资源负载预测

负载预测是云计算资源管理中的重要组成部分,准确预测云资源的使用情况可提高云平台性能及防止资源浪费,然而云计算资源使用的动态性和不确定性使得负载预测较为困难,尽管Informer在时序预测领域取得了较好的效果,但未对时间的因果依赖关系加以限制造成未来信息泄露,也未考虑网络深度的增加导致模型性能下降的问题。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于改进Informer的多步负载预测模型(Informer-DCR)。将编码器中各注意力块之间的正则卷积替换为扩张因果卷积,使深层网络中的高层能够接收更大范围的输入信息来提高模型预测精度,并保证时序预测过程的因果性。在编码器中添加残差连接,使网络中低层的输入信息直接传到后续的高层,解决了深层网络退化问题。实验结果表明,Informer-DCR模型在不同预测步长下的平均绝对误差比Informer、时间卷积网络等主流预测模型降低了8.4%~40.0%,并且在训练过程中表现出比Informer更好的收敛性。

基于空洞卷积自注意力机制的煤岩显微组分组识别模型

基于深度学习的识别模型是目前解决煤岩显微组分组识别问题的主要手段,但这些模型在计算过程中参数不断堆叠,导致模型的算力需求增加,影响模型的训练效率。针对上述问题,构建了一种基于空洞卷积自注意力(DCSA)机制的改进Swin-Transformer模型——DA-ViT。首先,为了在加强煤岩显微组分组图像的局部特征信息的同时保留其二维空间信息,提出了DCSA机制,通过对煤岩显微图像的大尺寸卷积核进行多尺度分解,加强了煤岩显微图像不同区域像素之间的联系,显著降低了图像注意力的参数量,降低率为81.18%。然后,为了加强煤岩显微组分组图像间的形态特征关联性,将DCSA和改进的Swin-Transformer框架相结合,提出了DA-ViT识别模型。实验验证结果表明,与现有的其他识别模型相比,DA-ViT模型在提高预测结果准确率的同时,可显著降低模型的算力需求,其像素准确率(PA)和平均交并比(mIoU)的最大值分别为92.14%和63.18%,模型参数总量(Params)和浮点运算次数(FLOPs)的最小值分别为4.95×106和8.99×109。

非线性剪胀模型土石坝变形计算适用性评价

以有限元方法为代表的高土石坝变形数值模拟的准确性极大依赖于本构模型对坝料应力应变关系描述的准确性。本文在邓肯-张EB模型基础上,建立了用于分析坝体变形的考虑剪胀的实用性非线性模型(EB-Dilatancy模型,简称为EBD模型)。基于阿尔塔什面板砂砾石坝的大坝变形监测数据,设计了3个反演方案,获得最优的EB模型和EBD模型参数。采用最优参数模拟常规三轴试验,并与实际物理试验进行比较。结果表明:在坝体变形方面,传统的EB模型难以同时准确模拟堆石坝的沉降和水平变形分布,而EBD模型则能够在维持沉降分布模拟精度的基础上提高水平变形的计算精度;EB模型无法实现在合理模拟大坝变形的前提下有效模拟材料单元应力-应变响应,相比之下EBD模型可以同时实现大坝变形和材料单元力学行为的良好模拟。

后疫情下公交、地铁和高铁中佩戴口罩对乘员热舒适影响的评估

在后疫情时代,佩戴口罩成为人们进出公共场所的重要防疫措施,特别是在乘坐大流量、高密度的城内与城际公共交通时。面部与口罩之间高湿且相对密闭的微环境对乘员热舒适会产生重要影响。本文根据佩戴口罩时热舒适指标的变化对PMV-PPD模型进行了校正,并将校正后的模型应用于公共交通的热舒适评估。结果表明:在公交车和地铁内佩戴医用口罩时,对热舒适的影响分别表现为降低和提升,预测不满意百分数平均差值分别为6%、-7%;高铁内热舒适表现为微小提升,平均差值为-0.5%;公交车、地铁和高铁内乘员的热舒适区占比分别为62.5%、27.1%、92.5%,表明高铁对热舒适环境的控制效果最佳。

基于颗粒重组理论的水合物沉积物温-压耦合热力学模型

水合物沉积物赋存时的温度和孔隙水压变化对沉积物的力学性质影响明显。基于颗粒重组理论,通过引入温-压耦合系数δ、剪应变和体应变胶结应力衰减方式(λ_(v),λ_(s))和水合物饱和度影响下的剪胀方程d,建立了水合物沉积物温-压耦合热力学模型。利用数值模拟结果同室内试验结果的对比分析,从宏观力学性质变化和微观作用机理两个角度探讨了围压、水合物饱和度和温-压耦合系数对沉积物力学特性的影响。最后,对模型中的刚度系数和体应变衰减参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:引入温-压耦合系数的水合物沉积物模型能够很好的描述沉积物赋存的温度和水压同其力学特性变化关系。环境温度降低和水压增大增强了微观层面水合物的胶结强度和刚度,宏观表现为峰值强度、应变软化和剪胀性提高。刚度系数γ通过增大沉积物初始刚度使得沉积物表现出更强的峰值强度。体应变衰减参数λ_(v)通过提高胶结应力衰减速率增强沉积物的应变软化特性。

扩张型心肌病动物模型及治疗的研究进展

扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM)是一类以一侧或双侧心室扩张和收缩功能障碍为特征的心血管疾病,发病原因包括遗传性的基因突变及多种继发因素。人类DCM动物模型涉及小鼠、大鼠、斑马鱼、猪等多种实验动物,一般通过基因编辑、药物诱导、自身免疫缺陷诱导、病毒感染等方法构建。借助DCM动物模型,研究者对该病的致病机制和治疗靶点进行了深入的研究。本文简述了人类DCM的病理特征、临床症状和流行病学特征,对近年来DCM动物模型的种类和构建方法进行了综述,并对优化造模方法与推动治疗研究提出了新的展望。基于DCM动物模型的治疗研究可以帮助我们更好地理解DCM的发生机制,为开发新的治疗方法提供依据。

基于PPD的辽宁省暴雨灾害风险分析

根据辽宁省1976－2006年逐日降水和暴雨灾害损失数据，基于自然灾害风险理论，利用PPD（可能性－概率分布），分析不同等级暴雨发生的可能性；通过建立灾损指标体系获得暴雨灾损指数，结合ArcGIS技术，进行了辽宁省暴雨灾害风险评价与区划。结果表明：①辽宁省暴雨发生的可能性，随暴雨等级的增加而降低，主要发生一到四级暴雨，五级暴雨很少见，而发生2～5级暴雨概率基本由东南向西北递减（一级由西北向东南递减）；②全省而言，暴雨灾害损失及风险与暴雨发生可能性区域分布特征总体吻合，即呈现南高北低、东高西低、由东南向西北递减的趋势；③PPD适用于风险分析中计算致灾因子发生的可能性，因为以该模型为基础的研究结果与近年来辽宁省暴雨发生风险事实一致。

Numerical modelling of structural controls on fluid flow and mineralization

This paper presents the results of a set of numerical models focussing on structural controls on hydrothermal mineralization. We first give an overview of natural phenomena of structurally-controlled ore formation and the background theory and mechanisms for such controls. We then provide the results of a group of simple 2D numerical models validated through comparison with Cu-vein structure observed near the Shilu Copper deposit （Yangchun, Guangdong Province, China） and finally a case study of 3D numerical modelling applied to the Hodgkinson Province in North Queensland （Australia）. Two modelling approaches, discrete deformation modelling and continuum coupled deformation and fluid flow modelling, are involved. The 2D model-derived patterns are remarkably consistent with the Cu-vein structure from the Shilu Copper deposit, and show that both modelling approaches can realistically simulate the mechanical behaviours of shear and dilatant fractures. The continuum coupled deformation and fluid flow model indicates that pattern of the Cu- veins near the Shilu deposit is the result of shear strain localization, development of dilation and fluid focussing into the dilatant fracture segments. The 3D case-study models （with deformation and fluid flow coupling） on the Hodgkinson Province generated a number of potential gold mineralization

ELASTO-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERFACE IN CONSIDERATION OF STRAIN SOFTENING AND DILATION

The behavior of soil-structure interface plays a major role in the definition of soil-structure interaction. In this paper a bi-potential surface elasto-plastic model for soil-structure interface is proposed in order to describe the interface deformation behavior,including strain softening and normal dilatancy. The model is formulated in the framework of generalized potential theory,in which the soil-structure interface problem is regard as a two-dimensional mathematical problem in stress field,and plastic state equations are used to replace the traditional field surface. The relation curves of shear stress and tangential strain are fitted by a piecewise function composed by hyperbolic functions and hyperbolic secant functions,while the relation curves of normal strain and tangential strain are fitted by another piecewise function composed by quadratic functions and hyperbolic secant functions. The approach proposed has the advantage of deriving an elastoplastic constitutive matrix without postulating the plastic potential functions and yield surface. Moreover,the mathematical principle is clear,and the entire model parameters can be identified by experimental tests. Finally,the predictions of the model have been compared with experimental results obtained from simple shear tests under normal stresses,and results show the model is reasonable and practical.

Bounding surface plasticity model for stress-strain and grain-crushing behaviors of rockfill materials

Crushing of grains can greatly influence the strength,dilatancy,and stress-strain relationship of rockfill materials.The critical state line(CSL)in the void ratio versus mean effective stress plane was extended to the breakage critical state plane(BCSP).A state void-ratio-pressure index that incorporated the effect of grain crushing was proposed according to the BCSP.Rowe’s stress-dilatancy equation was modified by adding the breakage voidratio-pressure index,which was also incorporated into the formulations of the bounding stress ratio and plastic modulus.A BCSP-based bounding surface plasticity model was proposed to describe the state-dependent stressstrain behaviors and the evolution of grain crushing during shearing process of rockfill materials,and was shown to sufficiently capture the breakage phenomenon.

Considerations of rock dilation on modeling failure and deformation of hard rocks-a case study of the mine-by test tunnel in Canada

For the compressive stress-induced failure of tunnels at depth, rock fracturing process is often closely associated with the generation of surface parallel fractures in the initial stage, and shear failure is likely to occur in the final process during the formation of shear bands, breakouts or V-shaped notches close to the excavation boundaries. However, the perfectly elastoplastic, strain-softening and elasto-brittle-plastic models cannot reasonably describe the brittle failure of hard rock tunnels under high in-situ stress conditions. These approaches often underestimate the depth of failure and overestimate the lateral extent of failure near the excavation. Based on a practical case of the mine-by test tunnel at an underground research laboratory (URL) in Canada, the influence of rock mass dilation on the depth and extent of failure and deformation is investigated using a calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model. It can be found that, when modeling brittle failure of rock masses, the calibrated CWFS model with a constant dilation angle can capture the depth and extent of stress-induced brittle failure in hard rocks at a low confinement if the stress path is correctly represented, as demonstrated by the failure shape observed in the tunnel. However, using a constant dilation angle cannot simulate the nonlinear deformation behavior near the excavation boundary accurately because the dependence of rock mass dilation on confinement and plastic shear strain is not considered. It is illustrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent dilation angle model in combination with the calibrated CWFS model implemented in FLAC can reasonably reveal both rock mass failure and displacement distribution in vicinity of the excavation simultaneously. The simulation results are in good agreement with the field observations and displacement measurement data.