Revealing the key role of non-solvating diluents for fast-charging and low temperature Li-ion batteries

Fast-charging and low temperature operation are of vital importance for the further development of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),which is hindered by the utilization of conventional carbonate-based electrolytes due to their slow kinetics,narrow operating temperature and voltage range.Herein,an acetonitrile(AN)-based localized high-concentration electrolyte(LHCE)is proposed to retain liquid state and high ionic conductivity at ultra-low temperatures while possessing high oxidation stability.We originally reveal the excellent thermal shielding effect of non-solvating diluent to prevent the aggregation of Li^(+) solvates as temperature drops,maintaining the merits of fast Li transport and facile desolvation as at room temperature,which bestows the graphite electrode with remarkable low temperature performance(264 mA h g^(-1) at-20 C).Remarkably,an extremely high capacity retention of 97%is achieved for high-voltage high-energy graphite||NCM batteries after 250 cycles at-20 C,and a high capacity of 110 mA h g^(-1)(71%of its room-temperature capacity)is retained at-30°C.The study unveils the key role of the non-solvating diluents and provides instructive guidance in designing electrolytes towards fast-charging and low temperature LIBs.

Fabrication and Properties of a New Reactive Diluent for Cationic UV Curing

The reactive diluent prepared by siloxane modified Trimethylene oxide can improve the performance of the UV curing system.Therefore,1,7-bis[(3-ethyl-3-methoxyoxacylobutane)propyl]octadecylosiloxane(BEMOPOMTS)was synthesized from diethyl carbonate,trimethylopropanes,allyl bromide,and 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octadecylosiloxane as the main raw materials.BEMOPOMTS can be used as reactive diluents in the field of cationic UV curing.It has good thermal stability,and the addition of BEMOPOMTS significantly improves the tensile strength and elongation at break of epoxy resin.Compared with the pure epoxy resin,adding 20%BEMOPOMTS increased the elastic modulus by 25%to 677 MPa.

Comprehensive kinetic study on ammonia/ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames:influences of diluents

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on assessing the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) on C2H4 combustion chemistry.The chemical effects could be evaluated by comparing fictitious inert NH_(3) or CO_(2) with normal active NH_(3) or CO_(2).The results revealed that the addition of NH_(3) decreased the mole fractions and production rates of key soot precursors,such as acetylene,propynyl,and benzene.When CO_(2) was used as the dilution gas,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) were affected by the chemical effects of CO_(2) to varying degrees.With the oxidizer-side CO_(2) addition,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) reduced the mole fractions of H,O,OH radicals,acetylene,propynyl,and benzene,while the effects differed from the fuel-side CO_(2) addition.The coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) also promoted the formation of aldehyde contaminants,such as acetaldehyde,to some extent,particularly with CO_(2) addition on the oxidizer side.

Adding chitosan nanoparticles of green tea extract in diluent and thawing temperatures ameliorate the post-thawed quality of Boer buck semen

Objective:To improve the quality of post-thawing Boer buck semen for artificial insemination by adding green tea extract chitosan nanoparticles to skimmed egg yolk diluent,and the proper thawing temperature.Methods:The ejaculate of Boer buck was added to skimmed egg yolk diluent without(the control group)and with adding 1μg of chitosan nanoparticles of green tea extract per mL of diluent(the treatment group).Then,the diluted semen was filled in French mini straws containing 60×106 live sperm per straw,frozen in a standard protocol,and stored as frozen semen at−196℃for a week.Six replicates from each group were diluted for 30 s at 37℃or 39℃sterile water to evaluate the semen quality.Results:Post-thawing(at 37℃or 39℃)of live sperm,progressive motility,and plasma membrane integrity were lower compared to those of the pre-freezing stage(P<0.05).Thawing at 37℃resulted in no significant difference in live sperm,progressive motility,and plasma membrane between the control group and the treatment group(P>0.05).The live sperm,progressive motility,and plasma membrane of the treatment group in the pre-freezing stage,and post-thawed at 39℃were higher compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in malondialdehyde(MDA)concentration,DNA fragmentation,and catalase concentration of thawing at 37℃compared to those of 39℃in the same group.The MDA concentration and DNA fragmentation in thawing at 37℃and 39℃of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).However,the catalase concentration in thawing at 37℃and 39℃of the treatment group was not significantly different than the control group(P>0.05).Conclusions:Higher quality post-thawing Boer buck semen is achieved by adding 1μg/mL of chitosan nanoparticles of green tea extract to the skimmed egg yolk diluent and thawing at 39℃.

Outstanding performances of graphite||NMC622 pouch cells enabled by a non-inert diluent

Although high salt concentration electrolyte(HCE)can construct effective Li F-rich interphase film and solve the interphasial instability issue of graphite anode,its high cost,high viscosity and poor wettability with electrode materials limit its large-scale application.Generally,localized high concentration electrolyte(LHCE)is obtained by introducing an electrochemically inert diluent into HCE to avoid the above-mentioned problems while maintaining the high interphasial stability of HCE with graphite anode.Unlike traditional inert diluents,1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluropropyl ether(TTE)with electrochemical activity is introduced into propylene carbonate(PC)-based HCE to obtain LHCE-2(1 M LiPF_(6),PC:DMC:TTE=1:1:6.1)herein.Experimental and theoretical simulation results show that TTE participates in the oxidation decomposition and film-forming reaction at the NCM622 cathode surface,conducting a cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)rich in organic fluorides with excellent electron insulation ability,high structural stability and low interphasial impedance.Thanks to the outstanding interphasial properties induced by LHCE-2,the graphite||NMC622 pouch cell reaches a capacity retention of 80%after 500 cycles at 1 C under room temperature.While at sub-zero temperatures,the capacity released by the cell with LHCE-2 electrolyte is significantly higher than that of HCE and conventional EC-based electrolytes.Meanwhile,the LHCE-2 electrolyte inherits the advantages of TTE flame-resistant,thus improving the safety of the battery.

Diluent decomposition-assisted formation of Li F-rich solid-electrolyte interfaces enables high-energy Li-metal batteries

Passivation by the inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),especially the LiF-rich SEI,is highly desirable to guarantee the durable lifespan of Li metal batteries(LMBs).Here,we report a diluent with the capability to facilitate the formation of LiF-rich SEI while avoiding the excess consumption of Li salts.Dissimilar to most of reported inert diluents,heptafluoro-l-methoxypropane(HM) is firstly demonstrated to cooperate with the decomposition of anions to generate LiF-rich SEI via releasing Fcontaining species near Li surface.The designed electrolyte consisting of 1.8 M LiFSI in the mixture of1,2-dimethoxyethane(DME)/HM(2:1 by vol.) achieves excellent compatibility with both Li metal anodes(Coulombic efficiency~99.8%) and high-voltage cathodes(4.4 V LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.1)O_(2)(NMC811) and 4.5 V LiCoO_(2)(LCO) vs Li^(+)/Li).The 4.4 V Li(20μm)‖NMC811(2.5 mA h cm^(-2)) and 4.5 V Li(20μm)‖LCO(2.5 mA h cm^(-2)) cells achieve capacity retentions of 80% over 560 cycles and 80% over 505 cycles,respectively.Meanwhile,the anode-free pouch cell delivers an energy density of~293 W h kg^(-1)initially and retains 70% of capacity after 100 deep cycles.This work highlights the critical impact of diluent on the SEI formation,and opens up a new direction for designing desirable interfacial chemistries to enable high-performance LMBs.

Study on Screening of Optimal Blocking Buffer and Sample Diluent for ELISA

[Objective] This study aimed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） through analyzing the effects of different blocking buffers and sample diluents and their different concentrations on the result of ELISA. [Method] Different types of blocking buffer [casein, gelatin, BSA, goat serum （GS）, horse serum （HS） and rabbit serum （RS）]and sample diluent （PBST, casein, gelatin, BSA, GS, HS and RS） as well as their different concentrations were tested in ELISA to screen the optimal combination of blocking buffer and sample diluent. [Result] The results showed that 2% BSA had better effect on blocking than 1% and 3% BSA, and both 2% and 1% casein had better blocking effect than 3% casein; 8% and 10% RS showed better blocking effects than 6%RS and 7%RS; compared to BSA and casein, RS had the best effect on blocking, and 8% RS performed best as the blocking buffer and sample diluent. [Conclusion] A good combination of blocking buffer and diluent can effectively reduce the non-specific reaction and improve the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA. This study provides an important reference for the development of a perfect ELISA method.

Influence of Reactive Diluent on UV-curing of AcrylateTerminated Hyperbranched Polymers

A Aeries of hydroxylic hyperbranched polymers were derived from 2,2-bis(methylol) propionic acid and tris(methylol) propane reacted with acrylic acid to various extents. The obtained acrylated hyperbranched polymers alone or with a monofunctional diluent, isobornylene acrylate(IBOA) were further cured by UV radiation. The cured films based on the modified polymers alone all demonstrated poor mechanical properties due to their high network densities and low moving ability of polymer chains. For the composite systems, the cured films demonstrated improved mechanical properties due to the low network densities and high chain moving ability. With more IBOA included in the systems, acrylate groups can react to a higher extent during the curing process.

Effect of Diluents on the Extraction of Oxalic Acid by Trialkylphosphine Oxide

In liquid-liquid solvent extraction processes, diluents have a strong influence on the extraction mechanism and efficiency. In this study, benzene, cyclohexane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), butyl acetate, and 1-octanol were used as diluents in the extraction of oxalic acid by trialkylphos-phine oxide (TRPO). The effects of extractant concentration, initial concentration of oxalic acid and diluent type on the extraction equilibrium partition coefficient are analyzed. The sequence of the extraction ability by different diluents is MIBK > butyl acetate > cyclohexane=benzene > carbon tetrachloride > 1-octanol > trichloromethane. Extraction mechanism was analyzed and extraction model parameters were evaluated.

SELECTION OF DILUENTS FOR COPPER EXTRACTION FROM OIL PRODUCTS

A series of oil products taken from oil refining factories were used as diluents for copper extraction. The influence of diluents on extraction properties has been investigated. The extractants used are Lix984(Henkel) and M5640(Zeneca), and the adaptability of this diluents to these extractants is compared. The checked extraction properties include loading capacity, extraction and strip kinetics, copper/iron selectivity and phase disengagement. The results showed that DSR3 is a suitable diluent for M5640 and Lix984. Further research has been done to reduce the cost of this product by omitting several steps from its production process.

Effect of diluent on interfacial emulsion in copper solvent extraction

The organic phase extracted from interfacial crud of copper solvent extraction at Dexing Copper Mine was analyzed for its different components by combined gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. It was found that the main impurities in organic phase were methylnaphthalenes and di methylnaphthalenes which originated from commercial 260# kerosene used as diluent. It was found that the impurities containing diluent was unfavorable to phase disengagement. Methods were suggested to improve diluent properties to prevent stable interfacial emulsion.

Synthesis of a Novel UV-Curable Diluent Benzyl Glycidyl Ether Acrylate and Its Application

A novel UV-curable diluent benzyl glycidyl ether acrylate(BGEA) was synthesized by utilizing benzyl glycidyl ether(BGE) and acrylic acid(AA) as starting materials,N,N-dimethylbenzylamine as catalyst and p-hydroxyanisole as inhibitor.The optimum synthetic conditions were that the concentration of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine was 0.90% of reactants by weight,the concentration of p-hydroxyanisole was 0.20% of reactants by weight,the reaction temperature was 90-100℃,and the molar ratio of BGE to AA was 1.00:1.10.The experiment shows that BGEA is a kind of good diluent.The mechanical properties of the UV-cured films with BGEA as diluent to prepare UV-curing coating were superior to that of the UV-cured films with butyl acrylate as diluent to prepare UV-curing coating.

Effects of Three Different Diluents on Quality of Boar Semen Stored at 17℃

To investigate the effects of different diluents on the quality of the boar semen stored at 17℃, and assess the relationship between sperm motility and the relative levels of enzymes, three commercial diluents （Diluent I, Diluent II and Diluent III） and three boar breed semens （Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc） were utilized. The sperm motility, effective survival time, survival index, catalase （CAT）, the total anti-oxidative capacity （T-AOC） and malondialdehyde （MDA） levels were evaluated. The results showed that there were significant interaction effects between diluents and breeds on the boar sperm motility （P〈0.001）, survival time （P〈0.001）, CAT levels （P〈0.001） and T-AOC levels （P〈0.001）, but neither effects nor interaction effects between diluents and breeds on survival index （P〉0.05）. All of the parameters varied significantly with the increase of the storage time （P〈0.001）. The survival time increased 12.9% in Yorkshire boar semen diluted with Diluent III than with Diluent II, while the survival time increased 6.6% in Landrace boar semen diluted with Diluent II than with Diluent III. Both CAT and T-AOC levels were significantly positive correlated with sperm motility in all the three boar breeds （P〈0.001）, while MDA levels were significantly negative correlated with sperm motility （P〈0.001）. These results indicated that Diluent III and Diluent II were the optimal commercial diluents for Yorkshire and Landrace boar semen stored at 17 ℃, respectively.

Solid state transformation of <i>cis</i>and <i>trans</i>methylcyclopentadienyl molybdenumdicarbonyltriphenylphosphineiodide on pelleting utilizing different diluents

[(η5-C5H4Me)Mo(CO)2PPh3I] undergoes solid state transformation on the formation of a good pellet for FT IR measurement. There was a formation of the products mixture on pelleting using different diluents of group I metal salts on either the cis or the trans isomer of the [(η5-C5H4Me)Mo(CO)2PPh3I] complex. The cis or the trans isomer gave the same IR spectra i.e. a mixture of cis and trans isomer of the complex. It does not matter the isomer started with in the course of solid state transformation reaction, an equilibrium ratio of 30/70 (trans/cis) will still be achieved. The solid state IR spectra show very strong peaks at νco 1957, 1947 and strong peaks at 1867, 1853 cm–1. The individual IR cis/trans isomer will therefore show at 1947 and 1853/1957 and 1867 cm–1. The solution IR spectra gave, cis = 1961, 1875 and trans = 1963, 1882 cm–1 in dry CHCl3. Hence, most of the solid state IR measurement of the organometallic complex of the type (η5-C5H4Me)Mo(CO)2(PPh3)I on pelleting will give isomer mixture.

Effect of diluents on the extraction of uranium (VI) with N-oetanoyl-2-methylpiperidine

The extraction of uranium ((Ⅵ) from nitric acid solution with N-octanoyl-2-methylpiperidine (OMPPD)in eight diluents and the dependence of distribution ratio on temperature and concentrations of both aqueous nitricacid and OMPPD were investigated. The interaction among OMPPD, the extracted species and diluent has been dis-cussed. The experiments show that the extraction ability of OMPPD decreases gradually for eight diluents in the fol-lowing order: benzene, toluene, n-octane, sulfonated kerosene, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroetheneand chloroform. It cannot be interpreted only on the basis of polarity of diluents.

High-performance localized high-concentration electrolytes by diluent design for long-cycling lithium metal batteries

Electrolyte design is essential for stabilizing lithium metal anodes and localized high-concentration electrolyte(LHCE) is a promising one. However, the state-of-the-art LHCE remains insufficient to ensure long-cycling lithium metal anodes. Herein, regulating the solvation structure of lithium ions in LHCE by weakening the solvating power of diluents is proposed for improving LHCE performance. A diluent,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoro-5-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy) pentane(OFE), with weaker solvating power is introduced to increase the proportion of aggregates(an anion interacts with more than two lithium ions,AGG-n) in electrolyte compared with the commonly used 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether(TTE). The decomposition of AGG-n in OFE-based LHCE intensifies the formation of anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase and improves the uniformity of lithium deposition. Lithium metal batteries with OFE-based LHCE deliver a superior lifespan of 190 cycles compared with 90 cycles of TTE-based LHCE under demanding conditions. Furthermore, a pouch cell with OFE-based LHCE delivers a specific energy of 417 Wh/kg and undergoes 49 cycles. This work provides guidance for designing high-performance electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.

可变色ELISA样品稀释液制备及其性能检测

为解决酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测过程中样品错加、漏检问题,研制开发了一种可变色ELISA试剂盒样品稀释指示剂,明确了其制备方法,并开展了性能检测评价及其在检测过程的应用特性。可变色稀释指示剂制备方法为:在0.01 mol/L PBS(pH=7.2)基础缓冲液中,加入血清蛋白组分、0.01%可变色指示剂和特效稳定剂,充分溶解后再添加Krovin750防腐剂,定容后即可。结果:制备的可变色ELISA样品稀释显色反应明显,可用于ELISA试剂盒检测中的血清或血浆样本稀释,有效避免检测过程样品跳孔和错加现象;同时对样品具有良好保护,显著提高了检测结果的准确性和稳定性,实现了对样品的有效保护,降低了样品基质背景干扰,提高了检测结果的准确性和稳定性。

水苏糖对秦川牛精液冷冻保存效果的影响

试验主要探究在牛精液冷冻稀释液中添加水苏糖对秦川牛精液冷冻保存效果的影响。添加不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80 mg/mL)水苏糖到牛精液冷冻基础稀释液中,检测冷冻-解冻后秦川牛精子运动性能、质膜完整性、顶体完整率、线粒体活性及抗氧化性相关指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,40 mg/mL水苏糖处理显著(P<0.05)提高冷冻-解冻后精子活力(43.83%)和顶体完整率(78.70%);质膜的完整性和线粒体活性在随着水苏糖浓度的增加显著提升,但质膜的完整性在不同水苏糖浓度之间差异不显著(P>0.05);同时,40 mg/mL水苏糖组显著提高GSH-Px酶和CAT酶的活性(P<0.05),并显著降低精子细胞中的MDA含量(P<0.05)。综上表明,40 mg/mL水苏糖处理显著提升冷冻-解冻后牛精子品质和抗氧化能力,对秦川牛的冷冻精液具有较好保存效果。

间二氟苯稀释剂稳定电极界面助力低温锂金属电池

锂离子电池凭借其能量密度高、输出电压高、循环寿命长等优点而广泛应用于各大领域,然而其在低温应用场景下电化学性能较差,严重限制了其应用。本文采用不同氟取代位置的氟取代苯作为稀释剂,制备了在室温和低温均具有优异循环性能的低温电解液。结果表明,间二氟苯作为低温电解液的稀释剂制备的低温电解液(13DFB)在-20℃的电导率为1.252 m S/cm,同时具有5.2 V的宽电化学窗口。间二氟苯稀释剂有效抑制SEI中的Li_(2)CO_(3)的形成,且对Li Ni_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM 622)正极颗粒有显著的保护作用。在-20℃和4.4 V截止电压下,采用改性低温电解液组装的Li/NCM622的软包电池可稳定循环200圈,容量保持率为92.8%。本工作提出的方法简单有效,可提升电解液的低温性能,并展示了其在实际中应用的潜力。

常用抗氧化剂在奶山羊精液冷冻保存中的应用

在奶山羊精液稀释液中添加抗氧化剂等能够抑制精液冷冻保存过程中活性氧(Rcactive oxygenspccics,ROS)的生成,并维持精液抗氧化系统的平衡,提高精液冷冻保存的质量。该文从奶山羊精子理化特性、精液冷冻保存、精子的氧化损伤以及不同抗氧化剂的应用进行综述,为研究奶山羊精子抗氧化损伤机制提供理论基础。