Prevalence of color vision deficiency among Chinese college students and their quality of life

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of color vision deficiency(CVD)among college students and their quality of life(QoL)in a Chinese college.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was performed in Sichuan University in Chengdu,China.The questionnaire containing participants’demographic data,as well as CVD related QoL was distributed to students who were screened as CVD[by Color Vision Examination Plates(Version 6)]in 2022 freshman entrance examination.Color blindness QoL(CBQoL)and utility analysis were used to evaluate the QoL of CVD students.RESULTS:There were 381 of 17303(2.20%)students screened as CVD,including 368(4.11%)males and 13(0.16%)females.A total of 317 students completed the questionnaire,the response rate was 83.20%.Only 166 participants(52.3%)knew they have CVD before the physical examination for college entrance examination,while a total of 145 participants(45.74%)hoped to be diagnosed earlier.The medians of CBQoL score and utility were 5.85(range 2.2-6)and 1(range 0-1),respectively.The proportions of students whose QoL is affected by CVD were 67.63%(211/312)and 42.27%(134/317)measured by CBQoL and utility analysis respectively.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of CVD in males is much higher than that in females.The time when CVD students first became aware of their CVD is relatively late.The QoL of the study population is quite high,while a large proportion of students’QoL are affected by CVD.It is suggested that as a congenital defect,CVD screening in China should be earlier,and appropriate guidance and support are needed for CVD patients to help them better adapt to life,study,and work.

The prevalence of red-green color vision deficiency and its related factors in an elderly population above 60 years of age

AIM:To determine the prevalence of red-green(RG)color vision deficiency(CVD)in an elderly population and its related factors.METHODS:This report is a part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study:a cross-sectional population-based study that was conducted on the elderly population(≥60y)of Tehran,Iran using multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling.All study participants underwent complete ocular examination,including the measurement of uncorrected and bestcorrected visual acuity,objective and subjective refraction,and slit-lamp biomicroscopy.The color vision was tested using Ishihara plates with the near optical correction in place.RESULTS:Of the 3791 invitees,3310 participated in the study.The data of 2164 individuals were analyzed after applying the exclusion criteria.The prevalence of R-G CVD was 3.73%(95%CI:2.37%–5.09%)in the whole sample;the prevalence of protanomaly,protanopia,and deuteranopia was 1.51%,1.76%,and 0.45%,respectively.The prevalence of R-G CVD was significantly higher in males than in females.The prevalence of RG CVD increased with advancing age from 2.91%in the age group 60–64y to 5.8%in the age group≥80y(P=0.070).According to the multiple logistic regression model,male sex,and glaucoma were significantly related to RG CVD.Older age and hypertension also had a marginally significant relationship with RG CVD.CONCLUSION:Changes in color vision occur in the elderly due to the aging process and some physiological and pathological factors.Since the change in visual perception may affect the person’s performance,this aspect of the visual system’s function should also be taken into consideration in the examinations of the elderly.

Spectral Test Instrument for Color Vision Measurement

Common displays such as CRT or LCD screens have limited capabilities in displaying most color spectra correctly. The main disadvantage of these devices is that they work with three primaries and the colors displayed are the mixture of these three colours. Consequently these devices can be confusing in testing human color identification, because the spectral distribution of the colors displayed is the combined spectrum of the three primaries. We have developed a new instrument for spectrally correct color vision measurement. This instrument uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) and is capable of producing all spectra of perceivable colors, thus with appropriate test methods this instrument can be a reliable and useful tool in test~ing human color vision and in verifying color vision correction.

Developing a Machine Vision System Equipped with UV Light to Predict Fish Freshness Based on Fish-Surface Color

This study assessed the feasibility of developing a machine vision system equipped with ultraviolet (UV) light, using changes in fish-surface color to predict aerobic plate count (APC, a standard freshness indicator) during storage. The APC values were tested and images of the fish surface were taken when fish were stored at room temperature. Then, images’ color-space conversion among RGB, HSV, and L*a*b* color spaces was carried out and analyzed. The results revealed that a* and b* values from the UV-light image decreased linearly during storage. A further regression analysis of these two parameters with APC value demonstrated a good exponential relationship between the a* value and the APC value (R2 = 0.97), followed by the b* (R2 = 0.85). Therefore, our results suggest that the change in color of the fish surface under UV light can be used to assess fish freshness during storage.

Effects of chronic smoking on color vision in young subjects

AIM: To evaluate the effects of chronic smoking on color vision in young subjects.METHODS: This study included 91 smokers and 88non-smokers(a total of 179 volunteers) without any ophthalmologic and systemical disorders. The subjects were between 18-40 years of age with a best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) of 20/20, normal anterior and posterior segment examinations and normal intraocular pressure. The color vision of the subjects were evaluated with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test(FMHT). The total error scores and axis calculation were performed for each subject and the results correlated.RESULTS: Mean age and the standard deviation was28±5y in the smokers group, and 26.7±5.5y in the control group(P =0.101). Sex distribution was similar in the two groups(P =0.365). There was no significant correlation between age and FMHT total error scores(P =0.069).Median of FMHT total error scores of smokers and non-smokers were 65 and 50.50, respectively. FMHT total error scores was found significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers(P =0.004). There was no statisticaly significant difference between smoker and non-smoker groups with respect to axis ratio calculation(P =0.611).There was no significant correlation with FMHT total error scores with neither smoking duration nor number of cigarettes smoked per day(P =0.405, P =0.454,respectively).· CONCLUSION: This study suggested that chronic smoking affects the color vision of young smokers but this may not be sector selective.

A Study of Spectral Electroretinogram of Color Vision Defects Due to Macular Diseases

Studies of spectral electroretinograms in central serous retinopa-thy (CSR) and hereditary macular degeneration (HMD) showed that the b-wave amplitudes of most wavelengths of CSR were significantly decreased as compared with normal controls, and those of HMD were obviously lower than the normal values. Patients of HMD with type-A color vision defects (CVD) had primarily a reduction of b-wave amplitudes in the full spectrum of 480-620 nm, and patients with type- I CVD a reduction of b-wave amplitudes wav...

Detection of Gene Alteration for Color Vision Defects by Polymerase Chain Reaction

According to the fact that the abnormalities of visual pigment genes were always involved in the changing of the exon 5, two oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the exon 5 of red pigment gene and green pigment gene. After electrophoresis of the PCR products digested with Rsal or Sau3A, the DNA fragments from the exon 5 of red pigment gene (RPG) and green pigment gene (GPG) were separated since there are different restriction endonuclease sites. On the other hand, we analyzed the exon 5 rela...

The Normal Color Vision Evaluated With FM 100-hue Test

One hundred and twenty normal subjects (240 eyes) agedfrom 10 to 69 were tested with FM 100-hue test.They were divided into6 groups according to their age.It was shown that there were no statisti-cally significant difference in the total error score (TES) between the malesand females or between the right and left eyes,but there existed some rela-tionships between the TES and age.The total error score (TES) was thelowest in the 20-29 age group and increased gradually with aging.Theanalysis of the partial...

Review of Computer Vision Applications in Fabric Recognition and Color Analysis

Detecting various parameters of woven fabrics is one of the important methods to evaluate the quality of fabrics.In the early stage of industrial development,fabrics were mainly relied on manual to determine the quality,which was inefficient and unstable,so intelligent inspection is a popular development trend today.In recent years,computer vision technology has been widely used in the fields of fabric density measurement,color analysis,and weave pattern recognition.Based on the above three aspects,the advanced research progress of global researchers is reviewed in this paper and the shortcomings of current research and possible research directions in the future are analyzed.Computer vision technology is not only objective evaluation,but also has the advantages of accuracy and efficiency,and has a good development prospect in the field of textiles.

Color Vision Defects with Variation in the Exon 5 of Red and Green Pigment Genes

Purpose : To investigate correlation of variation in the exon 5 of red and green pigment genes with color vision defects.Methods : Exon 5 of the red and green pigment genes in 11 protans, 19 deutans and 38 normal controls were analyzed by heteroduplux-SSCP analysis.Results : In all 11 protans and 8 of the 19 deutans, defects of the red or green pigment gene could be identified. The C polymorphism (A/C at codon 283) in green pigment gene was present in 8 of 44 trichromats and 5 of 24 dichromats. Specific electrophoretic bands were found in 2 normal controls and a deutan.Conclusions: Variation in the exon 5 of the red and green pigment genes is the most common cause for color vision defects. Heteroduplex-SSCP analysis is a suitable way in screening specific variation in visual pigment genes. Eye Science 1998; 14 : 130 - 133.

Human and Machine Vision Based Indian Race Classification Using Modified-Convolutional Neural Network

The inter-class face classification problem is more reasonable than the intra-class classification problem.To address this issue,we have carried out empirical research on classifying Indian people to their geographical regions.This work aimed to construct a computational classification model for classifying Indian regional face images acquired from south and east regions of India,referring to human vision.We have created an Automated Human Intelligence System(AHIS)to evaluate human visual capabilities.Analysis of AHIS response showed that face shape is a discriminative feature among the other facial features.We have developed a modified convolutional neural network to characterize the human vision response to improve face classification accuracy.The proposed model achieved mean F1 and Matthew Correlation Coefficient(MCC)of 0.92 and 0.84,respectively,on the validation set,outperforming the traditional Convolutional Neural Network(CNN).The CNN-Contoured Face(CNN-FC)model is developed to train contoured face images to investigate the influence of face shape.Finally,to cross-validate the accuracy of these models,the traditional CNN model is trained on the same dataset.With an accuracy of 92.98%,the Modified-CNN(M-CNN)model has demonstrated that the proposed method could facilitate the tangible impact in intra-classification problems.A novel Indian regional face dataset is created for supporting this supervised classification work,and it will be available to the research community.

Value of Tongue Color Combined with Sublingual Microcirculation in Predicting the Severity of Mild to Moderate Acute Cerebral Infarction

Objective:To explore the value of tongue color combined with sublingual microcirculation in predicting the severity of mild to moderate acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods:From January to December 2022,90 patients with ACI were admitted to the Department of Neurology of Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.According to the NHISS score on the 5th day of admission,the patients were divided into mild group(35 cases)and moderate group(55 cases).The changes of tongue color and arterial lactate on the 5th day of admission were observed and monitored.Side-stream dark field imaging(SDF)was used to determine the total vascular density(TVD),perfused vascular density(PVD),perfused vascular ratio(PPV)and microvascular flow index(MFI).The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen the risk factors for the severity of ACI,and the receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)to evaluate their values in predicting ACI severity.Results:There was no significant difference in lactate between the two groups(P>0.05),and the frequency of red tongue in the mild group was higher,and the frequency of red tongue in the moderate group was significantly higher in the dark tongue group(P<0.05).The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PVD and PPV were independent risk factors for the severity of mild to moderate ACI(P<0.05).The ROC curve analysis showed that an area under the curve of 0.832 was achieved by the combination of PVD and PPV,which was larger than that of a single factor.Conclusion:Tongue color combined with sublingual microcirculation can be combined to predict the severity of mild to moderate ACI.

The Objective Measure of Color Vision in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: To objectively evaluate the clinical application of color pattern reversal visual e-voked potential (CPR-VEP) on primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: CPR-VEP and FM 100-hue test were performed in 31 eyes with POAG and 33 normal eyes. Color pattern stimulation was presented by color monitor controlled by computer program. The reversal rate of the stimulating pattern was 2 Hz and the spatial frequency of the stimulating was 0.53 cycle/degree. The color stimulating pattern include White /Black , Red/Black , Green/Black , Blue/Black , Yellow /Black , Red/Green and Blue /Yellow . Results : CPR-VEP P1 latencies were obviously prolonged in POAG group in comparison with normal control group in equiluminance. All CPR-VEP P1 amplitudes, except Blue/Black P1 amplitude, show no differences between POAG group and normal control group . Conclusion: P1 latencies of all CPR-VEP and P1 amplitude of Blue/Black CPR-VEP were parameters for identifing acquired dyschromatopsia caused by POAG. The results

基于计算机视觉的舰船模型三维重建方法

为保证舰船模型三维重建的完整性以及细节程度,提出基于计算机视觉的舰船模型三维重建方法。基于双目立体视觉计算全局舰船目标点云坐标,生成舰船全局的三维点云数据;多视角点云配准方法对该数据进行配准后,输入多尺度特征递归卷积的稠密点云重建网络模型中,通过该模型生成舰船模型三维深度图,在此基础上,利用运动结构法完成舰船深度图中的三维曲线重建,对舰船模型进行颜色渲染,输出舰船模型三维重建结果。测试结果显示,该方法能够完成不同图像之间对应点的可靠匹配,确定各点的坐标位置;三维重建后模型的空间偏差均在0.015以下;能够较好地完成舰船结构的重建,重建后舰船模型的完整性较好,清晰呈现舰船的结构细节。

机器视觉判别牛肉新鲜度的多模型定量分析

色泽是判断生鲜牛肉新鲜度的重要指标之一。随着人工智能的发展,机器视觉为生鲜肉新鲜度判别提供了可量化的解决方案。该研究通过智能手机获取牛肉图像,利用灰度化、二值化、图像分割与提取,获取不同新鲜度牛肉图像在Red-Green-Blue(RGB)、L^(*)a^(*)b^(*)和Hue-Saturation-Intensity(HSI)颜色空间的颜色参数,并与常规牛肉新鲜度评价指标挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)、菌落总数(total viable count,TVC)和感官评分(sensory index,SI)相关联,建立多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)和支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)牛肉新鲜度定量预测模型。结果表明,MLR模型对TVB-N、TBA、TVC和SI值的预测模型决定系数(R^(2))分别为0.9406、0.9316、0.9582和0.9548。BPNN模型R^(2)为0.9627、0.9641、0.9920和0.9864,SVR模型的R^(2)为0.9712、0.9679、0.9928和0.9883。3种模型中SVR模型新鲜度预测性能最优,且预测相对误差均在±10%之内。在此基础上,建立了基于颜色参数的SVR牛肉货架期预测模型(R^(2)=0.9648),该模型的预测值与真实货架期平均绝对误差<0.5 d,优于传统货架期模型,提供了一种无损、快速确定牛肉新鲜度和货架期的新方法。

基于颜色直方图的电路板表面缺陷检测

为了提高废旧电路板的回收再利用率,针对回收电路板常见表面缺陷,在均匀分块基础上,提出了四叉树分裂颜色直方图缺陷检测方法。该方法能快速定位电路板表面缺陷,并通过支持向量机(SVM)实现缺陷分类,进而为电路板的二次利用提供质量保障。重点分析了分块大小与判断阈值对缺陷定位结果的影响,在保证检测精度的同时,检测速度相比均匀分块方法得到明显提升。与Faster-RCNN网络方法进行对比,结果表明该方法定位效果好,分类准确率平均达81%。

用于钢铁回收中的目标检测与尺寸估计算法

为解决钢铁回收过程中由于开放式复杂场景而无法准确地获得目标废钢点云进行尺寸估计,文章提出一种基于Mask R-CNN模型预测掩膜自适应颜色阈值的目标点云提取算法。针对Mask R-CNN模型边缘分割的不完整性,通过预测框对点云进行截取,利用自适应颜色滤波阈值对截取的点云进行HSV颜色空间滤波,将非目标点云离散化,最后通过欧式聚类对目标点云进行分割并进行尺寸估计。通过废旧汽车B柱模拟回收场景,获取汽车B柱点云,验证了该算法的有效性。

基于颜色和光流的多注意力机制微表情识别

针对光流法无法充分利用微表情面部颜色信息,导致识别准确率不高的问题,本文提出一种基于颜色和光流的多注意力双流网络方法。首先,提出以CIE Luv色差图的形式,初步提取人脸情感生理特征,弥补微表情光流特征的单一性和局限性;然后,将PAM模块和ECA block并行组合得到轻量化的双注意力模块,提取空间和通道关键特征;最后,设计一种交叉注意力机制以获取颜色和光流混合特征,将其与空间通道关键特征融合用于分类。本模型在实验中采用留一交叉验证法进行评估,在SAMM数据集上的准确率和F1分数分别达到69.18%和67.04%,在CASMEⅡ数据集上的准确率和F1分数分别达到72.38%和70.85%。实验结果均优于目前主流算法,进一步证明本文模型及其模块在识别微表情方面的有效性。

基于机器视觉的织物色差检测方法研究进展

随着纺织品需求量的增加以及人们对购买衣物的色差要求越来越高,织物色差检测的需求也越来越高。为了解决目前传统色差检测方法速度慢、准确性差等问题,综述了使用基于机器视觉的织物色差检测方法。该方法相比于传统方法能够快速、准确的计算出被测织物与标准织物之间的色差。从色差产生的原因和两种传统色差检测方法出发,分析了传统色差检测方法的不足,总结了基于机器视觉色差检测的一般步骤,并具体评述了图像预处理、颜色空间转换、色差计算与色差评价等4个方面的技术,最后对全文进行总结并对当前研究面临的问题进行概述,清晰地呈现出该领域的发展脉络。

光色周期变化对视觉疲劳影响的研究

本研究旨在探究道路照明中光色及其周期性变化对驾驶员视觉疲劳的影响。通过在高速动态条件下进行视觉特性研究,分析了综合条件下光谱光色与视觉疲劳之间的关系,并从抑制视觉疲劳的角度对光谱进行了筛选。利用闪光融合频率值对被试的视觉疲劳程度进行了量化,测试了三种不同的光色以及五组不同光色变化周期对视觉疲劳程度的影响。研究结果表明,相较于白光,蓝光光谱更具有抑制驾驶员视觉疲劳的效果;而90 s的光色变化周期对驾驶员视觉疲劳抑制效果最为显著。