Background Real-time Three-dimensional Transoesophageal Echocardiography （RT-3D-TEE） is a huge advance in cardiac ultrasonography, which overcomes many disadvantages of the transthoracic echocardiography. By providi...Background Real-time Three-dimensional Transoesophageal Echocardiography （RT-3D-TEE） is a huge advance in cardiac ultrasonography, which overcomes many disadvantages of the transthoracic echocardiography. By providing real-time volume image with high resolution, RT-3D TEE offers unique views of cardiac structures, and it has been applied more and more as the guidance in the catheter lab. This article reviewed the recent practice of RT-3D TEE in non-coronary intervention procedures.展开更多
Objective: To measure movements of markers over the primary site and associated mimic muscles in certain facial expressions, for evaluating facial paresis and synkinesis. Methods: Participants included 22 normal subje...Objective: To measure movements of markers over the primary site and associated mimic muscles in certain facial expressions, for evaluating facial paresis and synkinesis. Methods: Participants included 22 normal subjects aged 45e66 years. Maximum shift(Smax) and velocity(Vmax)were measured using a custom-designed 3-D dynamic quantitative analysis system of facial motion(3-D ASFM) based on motion capture technology. Measures were taken from peri-oral muscles during forceful brow raising and tight eye closure, and from muscles around the eye during grinning, right/left/bilateral mouth corner raising and smiling. Results: 1) During forceful brow raising, Smaxwas 3.65e4.46 mm for markers over perioral muscles, with the marker over the nasolabial fold showing a Vmaxgreater than others(60.60 mm/s on left and 62.70 mm/s on right). 2) In tight eye closure, Smaxof perioral muscle markers was 1.58e1.92 mm, with Vmaxbeing 11.40e14.76 mm/s. 3) In grinning, the largest eye muscle marker Smaxwas seen at the lower lid(3.93 mm on left and 4.15 mm on right) and the smallest at the inner canthus(1.59 mm on left and 1.53 mm on right), with the largest Vmaxseen at the upper lid and smallest also at the inner canthus(11.71 mm/s on left and11.09 mm/s on right). 4) In smiling, the largest non-oral Smaxand Vmaxwere seen at the upper lid(3.05 mm and 36.14 mm/s on left and 2.53 mm and 28.90 mm/s on right) and the smallest also at the inner canthus(0.69 mm and 7.22 mm/s on left and 0.77 mm and 7.80 mm/s on right). 5) In right mouth corner raising, Smaxand Vmaxat lateral and medial canthus and at lower lid were greater on right than left, while those at upper lid and brow were slightly greater on left than right. 6) In left mouth corner raising, Smaxand Vmaxat lateral canthus and upper and lower lids were greater on left than right. Conclusions: There are no absolute immobile points on the face when making facial expressions. In addition to the primary movement site, there are associated movements at other points on the face with consistent Smaxand Vmax.In assessing facial paresis and synkinesis, physiological associated facial movements should be taken into consideration.展开更多
文摘Background Real-time Three-dimensional Transoesophageal Echocardiography （RT-3D-TEE） is a huge advance in cardiac ultrasonography, which overcomes many disadvantages of the transthoracic echocardiography. By providing real-time volume image with high resolution, RT-3D TEE offers unique views of cardiac structures, and it has been applied more and more as the guidance in the catheter lab. This article reviewed the recent practice of RT-3D TEE in non-coronary intervention procedures.
文摘Objective: To measure movements of markers over the primary site and associated mimic muscles in certain facial expressions, for evaluating facial paresis and synkinesis. Methods: Participants included 22 normal subjects aged 45e66 years. Maximum shift(Smax) and velocity(Vmax)were measured using a custom-designed 3-D dynamic quantitative analysis system of facial motion(3-D ASFM) based on motion capture technology. Measures were taken from peri-oral muscles during forceful brow raising and tight eye closure, and from muscles around the eye during grinning, right/left/bilateral mouth corner raising and smiling. Results: 1) During forceful brow raising, Smaxwas 3.65e4.46 mm for markers over perioral muscles, with the marker over the nasolabial fold showing a Vmaxgreater than others(60.60 mm/s on left and 62.70 mm/s on right). 2) In tight eye closure, Smaxof perioral muscle markers was 1.58e1.92 mm, with Vmaxbeing 11.40e14.76 mm/s. 3) In grinning, the largest eye muscle marker Smaxwas seen at the lower lid(3.93 mm on left and 4.15 mm on right) and the smallest at the inner canthus(1.59 mm on left and 1.53 mm on right), with the largest Vmaxseen at the upper lid and smallest also at the inner canthus(11.71 mm/s on left and11.09 mm/s on right). 4) In smiling, the largest non-oral Smaxand Vmaxwere seen at the upper lid(3.05 mm and 36.14 mm/s on left and 2.53 mm and 28.90 mm/s on right) and the smallest also at the inner canthus(0.69 mm and 7.22 mm/s on left and 0.77 mm and 7.80 mm/s on right). 5) In right mouth corner raising, Smaxand Vmaxat lateral and medial canthus and at lower lid were greater on right than left, while those at upper lid and brow were slightly greater on left than right. 6) In left mouth corner raising, Smaxand Vmaxat lateral canthus and upper and lower lids were greater on left than right. Conclusions: There are no absolute immobile points on the face when making facial expressions. In addition to the primary movement site, there are associated movements at other points on the face with consistent Smaxand Vmax.In assessing facial paresis and synkinesis, physiological associated facial movements should be taken into consideration.
