The theoretical linear solvation energy relationship(TLSER) approach was adopted to predict the aqueous solubility and n -octanol/water partition coefficient of three groups of environmentally important chemicals-poly...The theoretical linear solvation energy relationship(TLSER) approach was adopted to predict the aqueous solubility and n -octanol/water partition coefficient of three groups of environmentally important chemicals-polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDDs and PCDFs). For each compound, five quantum parameters were calculated using AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital methods and used as structure descriptors: average molecular polarizability(α), energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit( E _ LUMO ), energy of the highest occupied molecular orbit( E _ HOMO ), the most positive charge on a hydrogen atom( q _+), and the most negative atomic partial charge( q _-) in the solute molecule. Then standard independent variables in TLSER equation was extracted and two series of quantitative equations between these quantum parameters and aqueous solubility and n -octanol/water partition coefficient were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression(MLR) method. The developed equations have both quite high accuracy and explicit meanings. And the cross-validation test illustrated the good predictive power and stability of the established models. The results showed that TLSER could be used as a promising approach in the estimation of partition and solubility properties of macromolecular chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants.展开更多
Optimized calculations of 75 PCDDs and their parent DD were carded out at the B3LYP/6-31G＊ level by density functional theory （DFT） method. The structural parameters were obtained and significant correlation betwee...Optimized calculations of 75 PCDDs and their parent DD were carded out at the B3LYP/6-31G＊ level by density functional theory （DFT） method. The structural parameters were obtained and significant correlation between the C1 substitution position and some structural parameters was found. Consequently, the number of C1 substitution positions was taken as theoretical descriptors to establish two novel QSPR models for predicting lgKow and -lgSw of all PCDD congeners. The two models achieved in this work contain two variables （Na and Nβ）, of which r = 0.9312, 0.9965 and SD = 0.27, 0.12 respectively, and t values are all large. The variation inflation factors （VIF） of variables in the two models herein are both less than 5.0, suggesting high accuracy of the lgKow and -lgSw predicting models, and the results of cross-validation test also show that the two models exhibit optimum stability and good predictive power. By comparison, the correlation and predictive ability of the present work are more advantageous than those obtained using semi-empirical AM1 and GC-RI methods.展开更多
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （ GC x GC- TOFMS） was applied to the quick qualitative analysis of 17 types of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and fur...Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （ GC x GC- TOFMS） was applied to the quick qualitative analysis of 17 types of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans （PCDD/Fs） from the iron ore sintering process. The GC x GC-TOFMS parameters were evaluated and optimized to yield a complete separation for the 17 types of PCCD/Fs from interference and to the attainment of high sensitivity. After optimization, all the 17 types of PCCD/Fs were separated within 42.5 min. The critical and most toxic tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin （TCDD） detection can be up to 0.5 ~g/L. The method was used to analyze real fly ash samples. Accurate identification and determination of all the analyses were by GC x GC, mass spectrum library and ion ratio. The technique is thought to be a substitute for and a supplement to high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS） in the field of dioxin analysis.展开更多
In this study,the formation mechanism and removal efficiency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） achieved with bag filter（BF） in an electric arc furnace（EAF） in Taiwan is evaluated via i...In this study,the formation mechanism and removal efficiency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） achieved with bag filter（BF） in an electric arc furnace（EAF） in Taiwan is evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis.The results indicate that the PCDD/F concentration measured in the stack gas of the EAF investigated was 0.16 ng I-TEQ/m1,which was significantly lower than the PCDD/F emission limit（0.5 ng I-TEQ/m;） set for existing EAFs in Taiwan.Due to the low operating temperature（<60℃） of the BF adopted by the EAF investigated,76%of total toxicity PCDD/Fs could be removed from the flue gas stream. In addition,the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between vapor and solid phase at different locations in EAF did not change significantly,while a reduction of solid-phase PCDD/Fs was observed at the outlet of BF.As the chlorination level of PCDD/Fs congener increases,the vapor pressure of PCDD/F congener decreases,resulting in the increase of PCDD/Fs existing in solid phase.Hence,the removal efficiencies of highly chlorinated congeners were significantly higher than that of lowly chlorinated congeners.PCDFs accounted for more than 85%of the TEQ in flue gas of the EAF investigated,among them 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF（> 43%） was of the highest contribution.Overall,2,3,7,8-TCDD,2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF can serve as the unique congeners in the flue gas of the stainless steel EAF process.展开更多
For the first time in P. R. China, six locations were investigated regarding the impact of poloychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in contaminated sediments and soils in the...For the first time in P. R. China, six locations were investigated regarding the impact of poloychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in contaminated sediments and soils in the Ya-Er Lake area . Total concentrations of PCDDs from 70 to 1.6 ×105 ng/kg dw ,median 7.9×104 ng/kg dw and of PCDFs from 1.8 to 1.8 ×104ng/kg dw ,median 9.2 ×103 ng/kg dw were measured . The internaional toxic equivalents (I-TEQ) varied from 0.14 to 8.1×10 2 ng/kg dw,median 4.1×102 ng/kg dw The PCDDs pattern showed that the concentration of OCDD was significantly higher than that of the low chlorinated congeners . The results indicated that parts of Ya-Er Lake are heavily pollutad by there chiorinated compounds. Comparison of our results with the pattern of sediments showed significant differences . The asults are of special importance bocause the pollution that affected Ya-Er Lake may spread to agricultural land and the Changjiang River.展开更多
Industrial-use VOx-based catalysts usually have a higher active temperature window (>250-300℃),which becomes a“bottleneck”for the practical application of PCDD/Fs catalytic degradation technology.In this work,VO...Industrial-use VOx-based catalysts usually have a higher active temperature window (>250-300℃),which becomes a“bottleneck”for the practical application of PCDD/Fs catalytic degradation technology.In this work,VO_(x)-FeO_(x)/TiO_(2) catalyst prepared via mechanochemically method was investigated for the catalytic removal of PCDD/Fs.The removal efficiency of 1,2-DCBz,pure PCDD/Fs gas generated in the lab,PCDD/Fs from actual fue gas,long-term were studied,and the degradation mechanism was explored using FTIR and TOFMS.The degradation efficiency of 1,2-DCBz and PCDD/Fs on VO_(x)-FeO_(x)/TiO_(2) were higher than that of VO_(x)/TiO_(2)catalyst,and the optimal FeOx addition ratio was 3 wt.%.The characterization results show that the addition of FeOx can effectively improve the pore structure,surface acidity,and VOx dispersion of the catalyst,thus contributing to increasing the V^(5+)content and surface-active oxygen,which is conducive to the improvement of adsorption and redox performance of the catalyst.Under the actual MSWI (municipal solid waste incineration)fue gas,the PCDD/Fs removal efficiency over VTi-3Fe-MC maintained long-term stability,higher than 85%for 240 min.This result was not significantly reduced compared with the data obtained in the laboratory.According to the analysis results of intermediate products by FTIR and GC-TOFMS,it can be inferred that the epoxidation fracture of benzene ring is the rate-limiting step of dioxin catalytic degradation reaction.This work gives an in-depth view into the PCDD/Fs removal over VO_(x)-FeO_(x)/TiO_(2) catalysts and could provide guidelines for the rational design of reliable catalysts for industrial applications.展开更多
Major environmental problems related to refractories are discussed based on their historical studies mostly in Japan. Those issues have been experienced in a wide range of industrial scenes, from processing raw materi...Major environmental problems related to refractories are discussed based on their historical studies mostly in Japan. Those issues have been experienced in a wide range of industrial scenes, from processing raw materials, making refractories to relining furnaces, handling after-use refractories. The key substances dealt with in this paper include, for example, suspended particulate, SOx and other exhaust gaseous emissions, hexa-valent chromium, and dioxin. The measures so far taken to avoid or reduce their influences upon environments are described with some future problems to be tackled.展开更多
At combustion of hospital waste numerous harmful pollutants were formed inclusive persistent PCDD/F （polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofuranes） compounds. To eliminate these substances an existing incinerat...At combustion of hospital waste numerous harmful pollutants were formed inclusive persistent PCDD/F （polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofuranes） compounds. To eliminate these substances an existing incinerator consisting of the furnace heat exchanger with flue gas cleaning was used. This incinerator had a capacity of 250 kg of waste per hour. Elimination od acid gases was executed by dosing of solid sorbents （calcium hydrate and bicarbonate） at two points of the waste gases duct. Local temperatures of waste gases at these two points were different. Sorbents were dosed at different distances from the textile filter by which ash and sorbent were separated from the stream of waste gases. By this arrangement it was possible to alter the residence time of sorbents in waste gases. The effect of addition of bicarbonate on dechlorination and desulphurisation was also studied. The executed experiments indicated that at dosing of calcium hydroxide into waste gases at higher temperatures sulphur oxides reacted preferably to hydrogen chloride. The strong effect of HCI in waste gases on formation of PCDD/F was proved. For sufficient elimination of persistent compounds from waste gases it was necessary to add beside calcium hydrate also active carbon. Two types of sorbents based on carbon were tested, namely Norit and Chezacarb B. Both were macroporous. Chezacarb B was carbon black from the process of hydrogen production by partial oxidation. Efficiency of both sorbents for removal of PCDD/F was similar.展开更多
Informal electronic-waste(e-waste)recycling sites pose substantial health risks to surrounding environments and populations,yet they are not properly regulated.In this study,the soil levels of copper,lead,cadmium,eigh...Informal electronic-waste(e-waste)recycling sites pose substantial health risks to surrounding environments and populations,yet they are not properly regulated.In this study,the soil levels of copper,lead,cadmium,eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),and 18 polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)were measured at two e-waste recycling sites in South China between 2014 and 2019.Both sites have been abandoned for natural restoration.Our results indicate that the mean Cd and PCDD/F levels at Site A in 2019 were higher than those recommended by current safety guidelines.Meanwhile,the highest exposure among children was 1.36×10^(−2)mg/(kg·d)for Cu,followed by 5.05×10^(−3)mg/(kg·d)for Pb,9.71 ng/(kg·d)for PBDEs,and 6.82 ng TEQ/(kg·d)for PCDD/Fs.Children were at elevated risk for health problem posed by Pb and Cu exposure at both sites(hazard quotient>1)and by PCDD/Fs at Site A.Further risk assessment was conducted on the target organs and endpoints of heavy metals and PCDD/Fs.The hazard index(HI)for the target organ mixed-risk of heavy metals was high(HI=1.27),as was that of PCDD/Fs(HI=1.66),which can disrupt endocrine function and pose a risk of reproductive toxicity in children.Owing to incomplete cleaning,contaminants persist in soils over long periods and may harm nearby environments and communities.Our study demonstrates that heavy metal,PBDE,and PCDD/F contamination have not yet been remediated,and intervention is needed to reduce pollution and associated risks in areas affected by e-waste.展开更多
Many environment problems of the full using of several categories of processing include mining,heat generators,direct combustion of forest fires,cement production,power plant,transport,medical waste.Dioxin/furan relea...Many environment problems of the full using of several categories of processing include mining,heat generators,direct combustion of forest fires,cement production,power plant,transport,medical waste.Dioxin/furan releases from these categories are one of these environment problems.Possible lines of reducing the PCDD/PCDF (Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins/Polychlorinated dibenzofurans) releases from these categories are elucidated.The contribution of this paper is present the identification and estimation of the latest figure of dioxin/furan releases in the climate of environment of Jordan in the period 2000-2008 from the following categories (cement,aluminum,ceramic,medical waste,power plant,land fill,ferrous and non-ferrous metals,uncontrolled combustion process (biomass burning,waste burning,accidental fires in house,transport).These finding shows the sign of growth of estimated PCDD/PCDF releases from categories which did not calculated and followed after 2003.The result shows the highest PCDD/PCDF release from landfill fires (62.75 g TEQ/year),medical waste (8.8264 g TEQ/year),and transport (3.0145 g TEQ/year).Jordan seeks by next years,a reduction in total releases of dioxins and furans from sources resulting from human activity.This challenge will apply to the aggregate of releases to the air nationwide and of releases to the water within the Jordan area.Jordan should conduct air monitoring for dioxin in order to track fluctuations in atmospheric deposition levels.展开更多
基金TheNationalKeyBasicResearchFoundationofChina (No .G1 9990 4 571 1 )
文摘The theoretical linear solvation energy relationship(TLSER) approach was adopted to predict the aqueous solubility and n -octanol/water partition coefficient of three groups of environmentally important chemicals-polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDDs and PCDFs). For each compound, five quantum parameters were calculated using AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital methods and used as structure descriptors: average molecular polarizability(α), energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit( E _ LUMO ), energy of the highest occupied molecular orbit( E _ HOMO ), the most positive charge on a hydrogen atom( q _+), and the most negative atomic partial charge( q _-) in the solute molecule. Then standard independent variables in TLSER equation was extracted and two series of quantitative equations between these quantum parameters and aqueous solubility and n -octanol/water partition coefficient were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression(MLR) method. The developed equations have both quite high accuracy and explicit meanings. And the cross-validation test illustrated the good predictive power and stability of the established models. The results showed that TLSER could be used as a promising approach in the estimation of partition and solubility properties of macromolecular chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20737001)(2003CB415002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2003033486)
文摘Optimized calculations of 75 PCDDs and their parent DD were carded out at the B3LYP/6-31G＊ level by density functional theory （DFT） method. The structural parameters were obtained and significant correlation between the C1 substitution position and some structural parameters was found. Consequently, the number of C1 substitution positions was taken as theoretical descriptors to establish two novel QSPR models for predicting lgKow and -lgSw of all PCDD congeners. The two models achieved in this work contain two variables （Na and Nβ）, of which r = 0.9312, 0.9965 and SD = 0.27, 0.12 respectively, and t values are all large. The variation inflation factors （VIF） of variables in the two models herein are both less than 5.0, suggesting high accuracy of the lgKow and -lgSw predicting models, and the results of cross-validation test also show that the two models exhibit optimum stability and good predictive power. By comparison, the correlation and predictive ability of the present work are more advantageous than those obtained using semi-empirical AM1 and GC-RI methods.
文摘Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （ GC x GC- TOFMS） was applied to the quick qualitative analysis of 17 types of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans （PCDD/Fs） from the iron ore sintering process. The GC x GC-TOFMS parameters were evaluated and optimized to yield a complete separation for the 17 types of PCCD/Fs from interference and to the attainment of high sensitivity. After optimization, all the 17 types of PCCD/Fs were separated within 42.5 min. The critical and most toxic tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin （TCDD） detection can be up to 0.5 ~g/L. The method was used to analyze real fly ash samples. Accurate identification and determination of all the analyses were by GC x GC, mass spectrum library and ion ratio. The technique is thought to be a substitute for and a supplement to high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS） in the field of dioxin analysis.
文摘In this study,the formation mechanism and removal efficiency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） achieved with bag filter（BF） in an electric arc furnace（EAF） in Taiwan is evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis.The results indicate that the PCDD/F concentration measured in the stack gas of the EAF investigated was 0.16 ng I-TEQ/m1,which was significantly lower than the PCDD/F emission limit（0.5 ng I-TEQ/m;） set for existing EAFs in Taiwan.Due to the low operating temperature（<60℃） of the BF adopted by the EAF investigated,76%of total toxicity PCDD/Fs could be removed from the flue gas stream. In addition,the partitioning of PCDD/Fs between vapor and solid phase at different locations in EAF did not change significantly,while a reduction of solid-phase PCDD/Fs was observed at the outlet of BF.As the chlorination level of PCDD/Fs congener increases,the vapor pressure of PCDD/F congener decreases,resulting in the increase of PCDD/Fs existing in solid phase.Hence,the removal efficiencies of highly chlorinated congeners were significantly higher than that of lowly chlorinated congeners.PCDFs accounted for more than 85%of the TEQ in flue gas of the EAF investigated,among them 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF（> 43%） was of the highest contribution.Overall,2,3,7,8-TCDD,2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF can serve as the unique congeners in the flue gas of the stainless steel EAF process.
文摘For the first time in P. R. China, six locations were investigated regarding the impact of poloychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in contaminated sediments and soils in the Ya-Er Lake area . Total concentrations of PCDDs from 70 to 1.6 ×105 ng/kg dw ,median 7.9×104 ng/kg dw and of PCDFs from 1.8 to 1.8 ×104ng/kg dw ,median 9.2 ×103 ng/kg dw were measured . The internaional toxic equivalents (I-TEQ) varied from 0.14 to 8.1×10 2 ng/kg dw,median 4.1×102 ng/kg dw The PCDDs pattern showed that the concentration of OCDD was significantly higher than that of the low chlorinated congeners . The results indicated that parts of Ya-Er Lake are heavily pollutad by there chiorinated compounds. Comparison of our results with the pattern of sediments showed significant differences . The asults are of special importance bocause the pollution that affected Ya-Er Lake may spread to agricultural land and the Changjiang River.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LY21E060007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52006191)。
文摘Industrial-use VOx-based catalysts usually have a higher active temperature window (>250-300℃),which becomes a“bottleneck”for the practical application of PCDD/Fs catalytic degradation technology.In this work,VO_(x)-FeO_(x)/TiO_(2) catalyst prepared via mechanochemically method was investigated for the catalytic removal of PCDD/Fs.The removal efficiency of 1,2-DCBz,pure PCDD/Fs gas generated in the lab,PCDD/Fs from actual fue gas,long-term were studied,and the degradation mechanism was explored using FTIR and TOFMS.The degradation efficiency of 1,2-DCBz and PCDD/Fs on VO_(x)-FeO_(x)/TiO_(2) were higher than that of VO_(x)/TiO_(2)catalyst,and the optimal FeOx addition ratio was 3 wt.%.The characterization results show that the addition of FeOx can effectively improve the pore structure,surface acidity,and VOx dispersion of the catalyst,thus contributing to increasing the V^(5+)content and surface-active oxygen,which is conducive to the improvement of adsorption and redox performance of the catalyst.Under the actual MSWI (municipal solid waste incineration)fue gas,the PCDD/Fs removal efficiency over VTi-3Fe-MC maintained long-term stability,higher than 85%for 240 min.This result was not significantly reduced compared with the data obtained in the laboratory.According to the analysis results of intermediate products by FTIR and GC-TOFMS,it can be inferred that the epoxidation fracture of benzene ring is the rate-limiting step of dioxin catalytic degradation reaction.This work gives an in-depth view into the PCDD/Fs removal over VO_(x)-FeO_(x)/TiO_(2) catalysts and could provide guidelines for the rational design of reliable catalysts for industrial applications.
文摘Major environmental problems related to refractories are discussed based on their historical studies mostly in Japan. Those issues have been experienced in a wide range of industrial scenes, from processing raw materials, making refractories to relining furnaces, handling after-use refractories. The key substances dealt with in this paper include, for example, suspended particulate, SOx and other exhaust gaseous emissions, hexa-valent chromium, and dioxin. The measures so far taken to avoid or reduce their influences upon environments are described with some future problems to be tackled.
文摘At combustion of hospital waste numerous harmful pollutants were formed inclusive persistent PCDD/F （polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofuranes） compounds. To eliminate these substances an existing incinerator consisting of the furnace heat exchanger with flue gas cleaning was used. This incinerator had a capacity of 250 kg of waste per hour. Elimination od acid gases was executed by dosing of solid sorbents （calcium hydrate and bicarbonate） at two points of the waste gases duct. Local temperatures of waste gases at these two points were different. Sorbents were dosed at different distances from the textile filter by which ash and sorbent were separated from the stream of waste gases. By this arrangement it was possible to alter the residence time of sorbents in waste gases. The effect of addition of bicarbonate on dechlorination and desulphurisation was also studied. The executed experiments indicated that at dosing of calcium hydroxide into waste gases at higher temperatures sulphur oxides reacted preferably to hydrogen chloride. The strong effect of HCI in waste gases on formation of PCDD/F was proved. For sufficient elimination of persistent compounds from waste gases it was necessary to add beside calcium hydrate also active carbon. Two types of sorbents based on carbon were tested, namely Norit and Chezacarb B. Both were macroporous. Chezacarb B was carbon black from the process of hydrogen production by partial oxidation. Efficiency of both sorbents for removal of PCDD/F was similar.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFC1800304 and 2019YFC1805504).
文摘Informal electronic-waste(e-waste)recycling sites pose substantial health risks to surrounding environments and populations,yet they are not properly regulated.In this study,the soil levels of copper,lead,cadmium,eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),and 18 polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)were measured at two e-waste recycling sites in South China between 2014 and 2019.Both sites have been abandoned for natural restoration.Our results indicate that the mean Cd and PCDD/F levels at Site A in 2019 were higher than those recommended by current safety guidelines.Meanwhile,the highest exposure among children was 1.36×10^(−2)mg/(kg·d)for Cu,followed by 5.05×10^(−3)mg/(kg·d)for Pb,9.71 ng/(kg·d)for PBDEs,and 6.82 ng TEQ/(kg·d)for PCDD/Fs.Children were at elevated risk for health problem posed by Pb and Cu exposure at both sites(hazard quotient>1)and by PCDD/Fs at Site A.Further risk assessment was conducted on the target organs and endpoints of heavy metals and PCDD/Fs.The hazard index(HI)for the target organ mixed-risk of heavy metals was high(HI=1.27),as was that of PCDD/Fs(HI=1.66),which can disrupt endocrine function and pose a risk of reproductive toxicity in children.Owing to incomplete cleaning,contaminants persist in soils over long periods and may harm nearby environments and communities.Our study demonstrates that heavy metal,PBDE,and PCDD/F contamination have not yet been remediated,and intervention is needed to reduce pollution and associated risks in areas affected by e-waste.
文摘Many environment problems of the full using of several categories of processing include mining,heat generators,direct combustion of forest fires,cement production,power plant,transport,medical waste.Dioxin/furan releases from these categories are one of these environment problems.Possible lines of reducing the PCDD/PCDF (Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins/Polychlorinated dibenzofurans) releases from these categories are elucidated.The contribution of this paper is present the identification and estimation of the latest figure of dioxin/furan releases in the climate of environment of Jordan in the period 2000-2008 from the following categories (cement,aluminum,ceramic,medical waste,power plant,land fill,ferrous and non-ferrous metals,uncontrolled combustion process (biomass burning,waste burning,accidental fires in house,transport).These finding shows the sign of growth of estimated PCDD/PCDF releases from categories which did not calculated and followed after 2003.The result shows the highest PCDD/PCDF release from landfill fires (62.75 g TEQ/year),medical waste (8.8264 g TEQ/year),and transport (3.0145 g TEQ/year).Jordan seeks by next years,a reduction in total releases of dioxins and furans from sources resulting from human activity.This challenge will apply to the aggregate of releases to the air nationwide and of releases to the water within the Jordan area.Jordan should conduct air monitoring for dioxin in order to track fluctuations in atmospheric deposition levels.
