Synthesis of Long-Chain Oligomeric Donor and Acceptors via Direct Arylation for Organic Solar Cells

The rapid synthesis of structurally complicated electron donors&acceptors still remains a major challenge in organic solar cells(OSC).In this work,we developed a highly efficient strategy to access long-chain oligomeric donor and acceptors for OSC applications.A series of cyclopentadithiophene(CPDT)and benzothiadiazole(BT)-basedπ-conjugated oligomers,i.e.,three oligomeric acceptors(BTDT)n-IC(n=1—3)and one long-chain oligomeric donor(BTDT)4-RD,are facilely synthesized by an atom-and step-economical,and labor-saving direct C—H arylation(DACH)reaction(i.e.,C—H/C—Br cross coupling).Note that(BTDT)4-RD involving five CPDT,four BT and two rhodamine(RD)building blocks is the longest oligomeric donor in the fullerene-free OSC devices ever reported.The dependence of the structure-property-performance correlation of(BTDT)n-IC(n=1—3)and(BTDT)4-RD on theπ-conjugation lengths is thoroughly investigated by opto-electrochemical measurements,bulk heterojunction(BHJ)OSC devices and microscopies.The(BTDT)1-IC:PBDB-T and(BTDT)4-RD:Y6 BHJs achieve power conversion efficiencies of 9.14%and 4.51%,respectively.Our findings demonstrate that DACH reaction is a powerful tool to tune the opto-electronic properties and device performances by regulating the lengths ofπ-conjugated oligomers with varied numbers of repeating units.

α-C(sp^(3))-H Arylation of Cyclic Carbonyl Compounds

α-C(sp^(3))-H arylation is an important type of C-H functionalization.Various biologically significant natural products,chemi-cal intermediates,and drugs have been effectively prepared via C-H functionalization.Cyclic carbonyl compounds comprise of cyclic ketones,enones,lactones,and lactams.Theα-C(sp^(3))-H arylation of these compounds have been exhibited high efficiency in forming C(sp^(3))-C(sp^(2))bonds,played a crucial role in organic synthesis,and attracted majority of interests from organic and medicinal communities.This review focused on the most significant advances including methods,mechanism,and applications in total synthesis of natural products in the field ofα-C(sp^(3))-H arylations of cyclic carbonyl compounds in recent years.

定向引入N⁃糖基化位点促进芳基醇氧化酶热稳定性及底物亲和力

芳基醇氧化酶在木质素降解过程中发挥重要作用,N-糖基化修饰影响其酶学性质。该文旨在通过研究刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii)来源的芳基醇氧化酶N-糖基化,来提高其热稳定性和底物亲和力。利用毕赤酵母GS115表达系统和定点突变技术,构建表达6种芳基醇氧化酶突变体蛋白,并对纯化后的野生型和突变体酶进行酶学性质和热稳定性分析。结果表明,芳基醇氧化酶N89和N249糖基化位点突变导致最适温度和70℃时酶热稳定性降低;在这个过程中,将其引入新的糖基化位点后的突变体,其最适酸碱度没有变化,最适温度以及70℃下的热稳定程度都明显优于野生型;以藜芦醇为底物时,突变体[AAO(F-X-N-X-T)]与底物亲和力最高。N-糖基化主要影响芳醇氧化酶的热稳定性,其中N89和N249位点的N-糖基化对酶的热稳定性起重要作用;引入N-糖基化位点[AAO(F-X-N-X-T)]能获得具有高活力和高稳定性的芳醇氧化酶。

钯催化N-磺酰基吲哚衍生物碳氢键芳基化反应

以碘代芳烃为芳基化试剂,探讨了N-对甲苯磺酰基吲哚通过磺酰基团导向的钯催化C—H键选择性芳基化反应过程。结果表明,以醋酸钯为催化剂、三苯基膦为配体、碳酸钠为碱、碳酸银为添加剂的条件下,N-对甲苯磺酰基吲哚在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中于120℃下反应24 h可获得2位和2,7位芳基化的产物,反应总产率可达93%。在该条件下,通过改变底物和碘代芳烃的结构测试了该法的适用范围与局限性,共制备得到28种芳基化吲哚衍生物,总产率为22%~93%,产物经~1HNMR、^(13)CNMR和HRMS表征确定了其化学结构。

直接芳基化制备D-A型聚噻吩复合材料综述

近年来,共轭聚合物引起了人们的广泛关注,它们可以将金属或无机半导体材料优异的电学和光学性能与聚合物的机械灵活性结合起来,从而创造出性能更优越的新材料。在寻找更有效的合成方法来制备共轭聚合物的过程中,综述了直接(杂)芳基聚合领域的进展,总结了以不同给体单元制备高相对分子质量、无缺陷共轭聚合物的最通用和最适应的反应条件,同时还讨论了溴化噻吩单元在聚合过程中所面临的瓶颈问题,并提出了一些潜在问题以及解决方案。

Transition-metal-catalyzed remote meta-C-H alkylation and alkynylation of aryl sulfonic acids enabled by an indolyl template

Transition-metal-catalyzed remote sp^(2)C-H functionalization of aryl sulfonic acids was hardly ever real-ized owing to competitive ortho-C-H functionalization of aryl sulfonates and electron-deficient nature of phenyl ring.Herein,with the assistance of a practical biaryl indolyl directing template,palladium-catalyzed remote sp^(2)C-H alkylation of aryl sulfonic acids have been achieved in moderate to good yields with exclusive meta selectivity.Moreover,remote meta-selective C-H alkynylation of aryl sulfonic acids was also accomplished with a rhodium catalyst.These meta-C-H functionalized products proved to be the superior synthetic precursors,which are difficult to access using the conventional strategy.

Synergistic silver-mediated and palladium-catalyzed nondirected olefination of aryl C–H bond: quick access to multi-substituted aryl olefins

Transition metal-catalyzed olefination of aryl C-H bond is a powerful tool for the synthesis of alkenes. While the Pd-catalyzed oxidative C-H olefination of arenes, also known as Fujiwara-Moritani reaction, has been established as one of the most efficient methods, the substrates are largely limited to terminal olefins with electron-withdrawing group(s). Herein, we report a synergistic silver-mediated and palladium-catalyzed non-directed C-H olefination of arenes with vinyl(pseudo)halides, which offers a complementary strategy to the typical Fujiwara-Moritani reaction. The reactions proceeded well for a variety of halogenated arenes, heteroarenes, and olefin substrates, providing an efficient access to various multi-substituted aryl olefins, including trisubstituted/tetrasubstituted olefins and several complex olefins derived from medicines or natural products. Mechanistic studies indicated a bimetallic Pd/Ag cooperation is operative in the catalysis, i.e., the reaction is initiated by aryl C-H bond cleavage via ligation with phosphine/Ag species, followed by transferring of the aryl moiety to a vinyl palladium intermediate,which is in turn formed by oxidative addition of vinyl(pseudo)halide to a Pd complex. This method enables the synthesis of a wide range of challenging multi-substituted vinyl products from simple arenes(directing-group free) in a streamlined and controllable fashion.

Direct Arylation Polycondensation of Thiophene-Based C−H Monomers

Direct arylation polycondensation(DArP)has emerged as an eco-friendly and atom-efficient methodology for the syntheses ofπ-conjugated polymers(CPs).This approach features the direct C—H arylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon with an aryl halide.Given the prevalence of thiophene-containing CPs,achieving efficient and defect-free DArP of thiophene-based C−H monomers is of great significance.This review presents a mechanistic insight into DArP and describes the development of DArP catalytic systems for varied thiophene-based C−H monomers.Moreover,the control of the primary defects(i.e.,branching and homo-coupling)in thiophene-based DArP is also elaborated.By emphasizing the principles behind monomer selection and catalytic system optimization,this review intends to provide a framework for future advancements in the DArP of thiophene-containing CPs.

3-Methylcyclohexanone Processed n-Channel Organic Thin-Film Transistors Based on a Conjugated Polymer Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation

The solubility of a direct arylation polycondensation(DArP)synthesized conjugated polymer,i.e.,poly(3,6-bis(furan-2-yl)-2,5-bis(4-tetradecyloctadecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-1,2-bis(3,4-d ifl uorothien-2-yl)ethene)(PFuD PP-4FTVT),in variou s organic solvents was studied.The polymer is soluble in 3-methylcyclohexanone(3-MC),a green solvent from peppermint oil,besides other solvents such as anisole,cyclopentyl methyl ether(CPME)and o-dichlorobenzene(o-DCB),etc.Based on the Hansen solu bility parameters(HSP)analysis,3-MC is identified as a"marginal solvent"of PFuDPP-4FTVT.The morphology of the spin-coated films with 3-MC as the solvent strongly correlated with the solution preparation conditions.With a 3-MC solution aged for 3 h at 70℃,n-channel organic thin-film transistors(OTFTs)with electron mobility(μe)above 1 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1) and current on/off ratio(Ion/Ioff)higher than 105 were fabricated by spin-coating.This is the first report on high mobility conjugated polymers for OTFTs processible with natu rally occurred green solvent.

Facile and Cost-Efficient Synthesis of Photovoltaic Polymers via Direct Arylation Coupling

As the high calibre candidate of lightweight and flexible solar cells,polymer solar cells(PSCs)have made tremendous progress in recent years.However,the active photovoltaic materials in PSCs are mainly synthesized by metal-mediated coupling reaction requiring harsh reaction conditions,multiple-step synthesis,and cumbersome purification,which is not cost-efficient and may bring toxicity concerns.It is not favorable to the production of photovoltaic polymers and PSC devices on a large scale,and therefore unsuitable for the PSCs industrialization.Direct arylation coupling reaction via aromatic C―H bonds activation enables the synthesis of conjugated polymers under mild conditions and simultaneously reduces synthetic steps,difficulty,and toxic reaction byproducts.This review provides an overview of the history of preparing representative photovoltaic polymers utilized in PSCs through direct arylation reactions and discusses the activity and selectivity of C―H bonds in typical building blocks under different reaction conditions.Especially,the impact of direct arylation condition on defect formation and photovoltaic performance of the photovoltaic polymers is addressed and compared with conventional Stille coupling methods.

Synthesis of Novel Poly(aryl ether amide)s Containing the Phthalazinone Moiety

Two novel heterocyclic diamine monomers: 1,2-dihydro-2-(4-aminophenyl)-4-[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl] (2H)phthalazin-1-one and 1,2-dihydro-2-(4-aminophenyl)-4-[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-3,5-dimethylphenyl](2H)phthalazin-1-one were successfully synthesized from readily available heterocyclic bisphenol-like monomers in two steps in high yield. A series of novel poly(aryl ether amide)s containing the phthalazinone moiety were successfully prepared by the direct polymerization of the novel diamines and aromatic dicarboxylic acids using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents.

正丁醇促进苯的直接C-H芳基化研究

简单且经济的正丁醇能够促进苯的直接芳基化反应.在叔丁醇钾存在下,以碘苯类化合物为底物,反应进行顺利,并且能得到相应的联苯化合物.反应在相对温和的条件下,经历了均裂芳环取代(HAS)过程.研究提供了一类无需过渡金属存在并且条件温和简单的直接C-H芳基化方法.

Rhodium(Ⅲ)-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H imidation of arenes via umpolung of the imidating reagent

Rh(Ⅲ)-catalyzed, chelation-assisted oxidative C-H imidation of arenes with N-H imide have been realized using PhI(OAc)2 as an oxidant. This transformation exhibits a broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups. The reaction proceeded via in situ generation of an iodine(Ⅲ) imido. DFT calculations suggest that this oxidative imidaton system proceeds via a Rh(Ⅲ)-Rh(Ⅴ)-Rh(Ⅲ) pathway.

N-杂环卡宾钯催化C-H活化构建咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶的芳基化研究

为了促进咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶芳基化的高效偶联反应,本文设计了一种大位阻的Pd-PEPPSI催化剂用于催化直接C-H活化芳基化反应。论文探讨了卡宾配体对位阻的反应影响。在优化反应条件的基础上,钯配合物C2能够在0.1～0.05 mol%时高效合成一系列目标产物。

Dimethylacetamide-promoted Direct Arylation Polycondensation of 6,6’-Dibromo-7,7’-diazaisoindigo and(E)-1,2-bis(3,4-difluorothien-2-yl)ethene toward High Molecular Weight n-Type Conjugated Polymers

A highly efficient and eco-friendly protocol for the synthesis of an alternating copolymer poly(7,7'-diazaisoindigo-alt-(E)-1,2- bis(3,4-difluorothien-2-yl)ethene)(PAIID-4FTVT) via direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) is presented. Through detailed study, we found that the inhibitory effect of 7,7'-diazaisoindigo on DArP stemmed from the coordination of N atom with catalyst can be overcome by using dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the co-solvent. Thus, PAIID-4FTVT with number-average molecular weight (Mn)>100kDa was synthesized via DArP by optimizing the content of DMAc. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy revealed that PAIID-4FTVT was defect-free. Top gate and bottom contact (TG/BC) organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated to characterize the semiconducting properties of the polymers. PAIID-4FTVT displayed unipolar n-type characteristics with the electron mobility (μe) strongly dependent on Mn. The highest μe up to 0.25 cm^2·V^-1 s^-1 was achieved with the high molecular weight sample.

Thienylmethylene Oxindole Based Conjugated Polymers via Direct Arylation Polymerization and Their Electrochromic Properties

Direct arylation methods have been used to polymerize thienylmethylene oxindoles(TEIs)and 3,3-bis[[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2 H-thieno-[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepin(ProDOT)for new donor-acceptor conjugated polymers.The polymers exhibited blue hues in neutralstate with distinct color-to-transmissive reversible electrochromic switching under applied potentials from 0 V to+1.5 V,and showed high coloration efficiencies(436-438 cm^(2)·C^(-1))in near-infrared regions with high switching speeds around 1-2 s under ambient conditions.

Direct C-H Bond Activation of Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole with Aryl Bromides Catalyzed by Palladium（Ⅱ）-N-heterocyclic Carbene Complexes

Herein, we report that a series of novel palladium（II）-NHC complexes （NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene） were synthesized. The structures of all novel complexes were characterized by ^1H NMR, ^13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis techniques. These palladium（ll）-NHC complexes were tested as efficient catalysts in the direct C-H bond activation of benzoxazole and benzothiazole with aryl bromides in the presence of 1 mol% catalyst loading at 150 ℃ for 4 h. Under the given conditions, various aryl bromides were successfully applied as the arylating reagents to achieve the 2-arylbenzoxazoles and 2-arylbenzothiazoles in acceptable to high yields.

Substituent Effects on Direct Arylation Polycondensation and Optical Properties of Alternating Fluorene-Thiophene Copolymers

Four thiophene derivatives were prepared by replacing the 3,4 positions of thiophene by―OCH3, ―CH3―COOCH3 and ―CN, respectively. The polycondensations via direct arylation took place between the four thiophene derivatives and 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene under six various catalytic conditions to investigate the substituent effects. The substituent can affect the electron cloud density of the active C―H bond, which can be monitored by the NMR chemical shift. The experimental results show that the reactivity decreases with increasing the chemical shift of active C―H bonds in the four thiophene derivatives, and thus can promote the direct arylation polycondensation. This phenomenon is explained by the electrophilic aromatic substitution（SEAr） mechanism. UV-Visible absorption and photoluminescence were studied to investigate the substituent effect on optical properties of the four copolymers. The results show that these alternating fluorene-thiophene copolymers with different substituents are good fluorescent materials and promising in PLED applications.

Synthesis of structurally diversified BINOLs and NOBINs via palladium-catalyzed C-H arylation with diazoquinones

Privileged biaryl frameworks,BINOL and NOBIN,were efficiently constructed with sole 1-DNQs as arylation reagents under one set of reaction conditions.The judicious selection of palladium-catalytic system plays a pivotal role in the excellent selectivities.This transformation accommodated fairly broad substrate generality for both 2-naphthol and N-Boc-2-naphthylamine and afforded the structurally diversified BINOLs and NOBIN derivatives in high efficiency.Notably,the bromosubstituents which cannot survive in conventional palladium-catalyzed reactions were well-compatible with this set of conditions,providing an effective handle for further enriching the library of BINOLs and NOBINs.Preliminary attempts on the asymmetric variant of this reaction were also performed with up to 80:20 er for BINOLs synthesis.

Photoinduced C–H direct arylation of unactivated arenes

Two general protocols have been developed for the photoinduced, metal-free direct arylation of unactivated arenes with aryl iodide. Both methods gave good to excellent yields for most substrates. Notably, the C-F bond in method A and the C-F, C-C1 and C-Br bonds in method B could survive the arylation reaction. These methods offered excellent options for syntheses of biaryls.