Detecting and monitoring of water inrush in tunnels and coal mines using direct current resistivity method:A review

Detecting, real-time monitoring and early warning of underground water-bearing structures are critically important issues in prevention and mitigation of water inrush hazards in underground engineering. Direct current （DC） resistivity method is a widely used method for routine detection, advanced detection and real-time monitoring of water-bearing structures, due to its high sensitivity to groundwater. In this study, the DC resistivity method applied to underground engineering is reviewed and discussed, including the observation mode, multiple inversions, and real-time monitoring. It is shown that a priori information constrained inversion is desirable to reduce the non-uniqueness of inversion, with which the accuracy of detection can be significantly improved. The focused resistivity method is prospective for advanced detection;with this method, the flanking interference can be reduced and the detection dis-tance is increased subsequently. The time-lapse resistivity inversion method is suitable for the regions with continuous conductivity changes, and it can be used to monitor water inrush in those regions. Based on above-mentioned features of various methods in terms of benefits and limitations, we propose a three-dimensional （3D） induced polarization method characterized with multi-electrode array, and introduce it into tunnels and mines combining with real-time monitoring with time-lapse inversion and cross-hole resistivity method. At last, the prospective applications of DC resistivity method are discussed as follows： （1） available advanced detection technology and instrument in tunnel excavated by tunnel boring machine （TBM）, （2） high-resolution detection method in holes, （3） four-dimensional （4D） monitoring technology for water inrush sources, and （4） estimation of water volume in water-bearing structures.

Multiple linear system techniques for 3D finite element method modeling of direct current resistivity

The strategies that minimize the overall solution time of multiple linear systems in 3D finite element method (FEM) modeling of direct current (DC) resistivity were discussed. A global stiff matrix is assembled and stored in two parts separately. One part is associated with the volume integral and the other is associated with the subsurface boundary integral. The equivalent multiple linear systems with closer right-hand sides than the original systems were constructed. A recycling Krylov subspace technique was employed to solve the multiple linear systems. The solution of the seed system was used as an initial guess for the subsequent systems. The results of two numerical experiments show that the improved algorithm reduces the iterations and CPU time by almost 50%, compared with the classical preconditioned conjugate gradient method.

Clay Minerals Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) along the Kadey River Using Direct Current (DC) Method

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Tindikala-Boutou (Eastern-Cameroon) area along the Kadey River have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistive meter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument). The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares, and then interpolated with Surfer software. Investigation method used is the Direct Current (DC) method. Interpretations and analyses of results from the investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities. The latter has been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W approximately. The mineralization characterized by conductive zones proves the presence of clay minerals disseminated in weathered quartz vein, which cross the shear zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the studied area are able to attest the presence of clay minerals concentrations.

Finite element numerical simulation of 2.5D direct current method based on mesh refinement and recoarsement

To deal with the problem of low computational precision at the nodes near the source and satisfy the requirements for computational efficiency in inversion imaging and finite-element numerical simulations of the direct current method, we propose a new mesh refinement and recoarsement method for a two-dimensional point source. We introduce the mesh refinement and mesh recoarsement into the traditional structured mesh subdivision. By refining the horizontal grids, the singularity owing to the point source is minimized and the topography is simulated. By recoarsening the horizontal grids, the number of grid cells is reduced significantly and computational efficiency is improved. Model tests show that the proposed method solves the singularity problem and reduces the number of grid cells by 80% compared to the uniform grid refinement.

On-line Measurement for Ohmic Resistance in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell by Current Interruption Method

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equivalent circuits. Therefore, the current interruption method is explored to measure the value of RΩ in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) at different temperatures and current densities. It is found that RΩ decreases as temperature increase, and decreases initially and then increases as current density increases. These results are consistent with those measured by the EIS technique. In most cases, the ohmic resistances with current interruption (R iR ) are larger than those with EIS (R EIS ), but the difference is small, in the range from –0.848% to 5.337%. The errors of R iR at high current densities are less than those of R EIS . Our results show that the R iR data are reliable and easy to obtain in the measurement of ohmic resistance in DMFC.

Evidence of Iron Mineralization Channels in the Messondo Area (Centre-Cameroon) Using Geoelectrical (DC &IP) Methods: A Case Study

A geophysical survey was conducted in the Kelle-Bidjocka village, Messondo subdivision, in the Centre Region, Cameroon. The data acquisition was made by combining Schlumberger profiling and electrical soundings along six (06) profiles of 1500 m in length for a total of 64 geoelectrical stations’ survey conducted through a variable mesh 100 m × 200 m, or 100 m × 300 m. The equipment used is the DC resistivimeter Syscal Junior 48 (Iris Instrument). Processing and modelling of field data are made by using the Res2Dinv, Qwseln and Surfer software. The investigation methods used are electrical resistivity (DC) and induced polarization (IP) methods. The analyses and interpretations have helped to highlight areas of weakness or conductive discontinuities (fractures, faults, shear zones, etc.) in Precambrian gneiss formations, sometimes undergoing weathering processes. They identify the weathering or mineralogical accumulation horizons, the most promising is a mineralization channel identified in the NE-SW direction. The highlighted mineralization is characterized by strong gradients of chargeability or polarization. Samples and other geological evidences observed in the area are used to associate the most polarizable structures with ferriferous formations. Weakly polarizable and particularly conductive backgrounds identified by the inverse pseudo-sections are thought to be sulphate minerals or groundwater targets for future hydrogeological studies.

Gold Mineralization Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) Using Geoelectrical (DC &IP) Methods: A Case Study

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Ngoura area (Tindikala-Boutou villages) have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistivimeter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument) which uses the electrical current. The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares then interpolated with Surfer software. Electrical methods used are the Direct current (DC) and the Induced Polarization (IP). Interpretation and analyses of results from each investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities and mineralized zones. Conductive zones have been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W. The mineralization within it is N-S and characterized by high values of chargeability, essentially in the eastern part of the area under study. This mineralization proves the presence of metalliferous or sulphide heaps disseminated in weathered quartz veins which cross shear zones. Also, the poor mineralization and conductive structures in shear zones characterize the groundwater zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the area enable to link that mineralization to gold within quartz veins. The near surface gold mineralization is eluvial or alluvial, and in depth this mineralization is primary.

Combined Geoelectrical Approach DC and IP Methods in the Identification of the Mineralized Bodies Parallel to the NE-SW Tectonic Line of Kadei River: Case of Quartz or Pegmatite Gold Bearing Veins of Ngoura Subdivision (East Cameroon)

A geophysical investigation of subsurface structures using the Syscal Junior 48 resistivity-meter was conducted in Ngoura subdivision (East Cameroon) following a combined geoelectrical direct current (DC) approach involving Resistivity and IP methods. This investigation was allowed to collect data on forty-five (45) profiling lines at three acquisition levels (AB = 100 m, MN = 10 m;AB = 200 m, MN = 20 m and AB = 500 m, MN = 50 m) and two electric panels L1 and L4, using the Schlumberger array. Processing, modeling and interpretation of data collected using the Winsev, Res2Dinv and Surfer software helped in highlighting a conductive and strongly mineralized discontinuity in granite formations, which lined up with the NE-SW Kadei tectonic line. It extends beyond 100 m depth over an average width of 600 m. The mineralization associated with this discontinuity is identified by a high concentration of disseminated metalliferous minerals in quartz or pegmatite veins. The mining reconnaissance works in the study area and those of several authors have characterized this anomaly to a lode gold quartz or large pegmatite. The results of this study correlate with geological and tectonic data for the region marked by NE-SW Kadei tectonic line. Therefore, they confirm the reliability of a geoelectrical DC investigation method combining Resistivity and IP to the identification of ore bodies.

基于MMC的两端TWBS-HVDC直流侧短路故障电流计算方法

基于三线双极结构的高压直流(TWBS-HVDC)输电系统能够较大程度地发挥直流线路的输电能力,是一种实现交改直和线路增容改造的有效方式。针对TWBS-HVDC系统与双极直流系统在接线形式上的差异,文中提出了一种适用于两端TWBS-HVDC的直流侧短路故障电流计算方法。首先基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)暂态等效电路建立两端TWBS-HVDC在不同直流侧故障发生至线路直流断路器动作阶段的暂态等效模型。以暂态等效电路中独立回路数和动态元件阶数为标准,将所有直流故障归纳为3类,分析推导各类故障下的状态方程,通过求解状态方程中系数矩阵的特征值和特征向量得到故障电流解析表达式。最后在MATLAB/Simulink数字仿真平台中,搭建两端TWBS-HVDC模型进行仿真验证,结果验证了所提TWBS-HVDC直流侧短路故障状态方程求解法的准确性和有效性,为直流断路器选型和限流电抗器参数整定提供了可靠依据。

并联型MMC-MTDC系统直流故障特性分析及保护策略

模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)多用于基于高压直流输电(high voltage direct current transmission,HVDC)的多端输电系统。针对该系统中直流电缆或架空线路的意外短路或断路故障,影响输电线路和换流站安全的问题,提出一种基于三端电压裕度控制下的旁路晶闸管和直流侧IGBT断路器(IGBT-Circuit Breaker)的混合保护方案。分析了子模块闭锁前直流电流超调的数学模型及故障机理,根据直流短路电流的峰值及上升时间动态特性,选取了MMC的参数。利用仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC对控制方法及保护策略的效果进行验证,结果表明剩余系统主站切换及时,能够持续隔离发生永久故障的线路,使得其余线路继续运行,实现了系统直流故障时及时保护,提高了系统稳定性。

计及VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流统一混合算法

进化类算法和内点法交替迭代的混合算法在求解含电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter basedhigh voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统最优潮流(optimal power flow,OPF)问题时由于截断误差的影响和VSC-HVDC控制方式的限制,容易发生振荡,因此提出一种基于差分进化(differential evolution,DE)和原—对偶内点法(primal-dual interior point method,PDIPM)的统一混合迭代算法。算法的主要思想是以DE算法为框架,对离散变量进行优化,在DE算法的每一次迭代过程中,采用PDIPM对每个DE个体进行连续变量的优化和适应度评估。由于采用PDIPM进行DE种群适应度评估,无需设定VSC-HVDC的控制方式,因此提高了算法的全局寻优能力。多个算例结果表明,该混合算法数值稳定性高,寻优能力强,能很好地解决含两端、多端、多馈入VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流问题。

超宽工作面三维电法数据特征研究及应用

超宽工作面的构建有助于推动煤炭资源的安全、高效开采。然而,受巷道空间、施工条件的限制,常规矿井地球物理的探测深度有限,无法准确获取超宽工作面内部及顶底板一定范围内的地质信息。为了提高超宽工作面底板富水区的探测精度,给实测数据处理及解释提供依据,在总结分析当前矿井地球物理探测技术的基础上,针对可应用于超宽工作面探测的三维直流电阻率法,结合河南永城某煤矿21106工作面底板灰岩水的赋存特征,采用理论分析、数值模拟和实测数据相结合的研究方法,系统研究了三维观测和二维观测模式的数据特征和分辨能力。研究结果表明:相较于传统的同侧发射接收二维观测模式,对侧发射接收的三维观测模式对工作面底板低阻体的反应更为灵敏;对侧发射接收三维观测模式所得数据,经过常规视电阻率公式计算后,视电阻率与实际电性有时相反,因此需要采用三维反演方式进行数据处理;对河南永城某煤矿21106工作面观测到的三维模式数据进行了三维反演处理,经井下钻探资料验证了三维观测结果的可靠性。研究结果为二极装置条件的二维观测和三维观测数据解释提供了依据。

基于改进牛顿法的VSC-HVDC潮流计算

根据电压源换流器(VSC)新型高压直流输电(HVDC)的稳态特性和控制方式,建立了含VSC-HVDC稳态潮流计算数学模型,分别采用牛顿法、简化牛顿法、三阶收敛牛顿法和六阶收敛牛顿法进行潮流求解,仿真验证了各算法在VSC-HVDC不同控制方式下的有效性,并对各种算法的计算速度作了比较,并在此基础上提出了2种混合算法,仿真验证了其优越性。

担水沟煤矿特厚煤层开采底板导水破坏带深度实测研究

为了研究特厚煤层开采对工作面底板破坏深度的影响,通过在担水沟煤矿9204工作面底板2个观测钻孔,运用直流电法观测分析工作面回采过程中底板岩体视电阻率的变化特征,结合工作面与测点的空间位置关系,得出采动影响下的底板破坏深度,并将其与未考虑煤厚因素影响的统计公式和理论公式的计算值进行比较分析。结果表明,工作面实测底板破坏深度为17.3 m和18.3 m;实测底板最大破坏深度小于统计公式值7.81%~12.90%,大于理论公式值24.81%。探讨其机理认为,相对于工作面斜长、采深等因素,煤厚因素对底板破坏深度影响较低;且工作面底板下17 m赋存有一厚层隔水砂质泥岩,不易产生导水裂缝,降低了底板导水破坏深度。

面向低成本轻型化直流耗能装置的滞环控制策略

直流耗能装置是海上风电经柔直并网系统中的重要装备,用于受端电网故障时吸收风场馈入的盈余功率防止系统过压。该文针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)型和混合型两种工程主流耗能装置技术路线,提出一种通用的直流母线电压滞环控制策略,可显著降低耗能阀内部电容、电阻及绝缘栅双极晶体管(insulated-gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)的电气应力与选型规格参数,实现装备低成本和轻型化设计。建立融合耗能装置的柔直系统直流侧等效数学模型,揭示控制参数对系统暂态过电压和耗能装置热应力的影响机理,给出控制参数的详细设计方法。最后,搭建±250 kV/1 500 MW海上风电并网系统模型验证上述内容的正确性,仿真结果表明,所提控制策略具有良好系统特性,MMC型耗能装置无需额外配置37%的全桥子模块,电容值降低75%;混合型耗能装置内部电阻发热降低97.7%,不再需要水冷散热装置。

直流分流器电阻测量结果的不确定度评定

测量不确定度是直流分流器校准的一项重要内容。但实际校准过程中经常会因为测量模型不准确、不确定度传播率计算错误、不确定度分量考虑不全面和不确定度分量重复计算等原因而导致无法得到较为准确、客观的不确定度。分别介绍了使用直流标准源法、标准分流器法、直流电流比较器法和直流电阻电桥法校准直流分流器电阻参数时的不确定度评定过程,并给出了各校准方法下的测量模型、不确定度传播率、不确定度来源,以及各不确定度分量、合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度的计算方法,以期对相关人员有所帮助。

一种铝箔直流电阻的测定方法和不确定度评定分析

直流电阻是电子、电力电容器用铝箔产品质量检测中的重要检测项目,是铝箔电性能的重要指标。本文根据直流电流-电压降直接法原理,使用高精度数字式直流电阻测试仪和四端测量夹具,对铝箔直流电阻进行了测定,并建立数学模型,分析各影响因素,对铝箔直流电阻测量不确定度进行了评定,对于铝箔直流电阻测定结果的判定具有重要意义。

具有2.414阶收敛速率的VSC-HVDC系统改进潮流算法

相比传统高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct arrent),基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电VSC-HVDC(voltage source converter based HVDC)具有较多独特优势,是智能电网发展具有代表性的关键技术之一。首先,基于VSC-HVDC稳态模型的标幺制处理分析了VSC-HVDC的稳态方程,并给出了适用于求解含VSC-HVDC的交直流系统潮流的统一法迭代形式;进而,通过计算预估值和校正值2个步骤,利用具有2.414阶次收敛速率的改进牛顿-拉夫逊法修正交直流系统的雅可比矩阵,以节省程序迭代过程中的数据存储空间,加快程序执行调用的速度,从而提高雅可比矩阵的计算速率。最后,基于修改后的IEEE标准算例,从交直流潮流结果、控制方式、算法效率等方面的对比分析,验证了该方法求解含VSC-HVDC的交直流系统潮流的有效性和正确性。

基于预测-校正内点法的HVDC交直流系统最优潮流

高压直流输电在远距离大容量输电、海底电缆输电等方面具有独特的优势,但直流设备的引入也使得交流系统最优潮流算法无法直接应用于现存的交直流系统,为此,先基于传统最优潮流算法,结合直流系统的稳态模型,提出一种含高压直流输电的预测-校正内点法最优潮流。多个算例仿真表明,该算法在不同的控制方式下均具有较好的适应性和收敛性,且迭代次数少于原对偶内点法,可减少计算量,节省计算时间。

新型煤矿巷道随掘超前探测方法研究

本文提出了新型煤矿巷道随掘超前探测方法,为实现巷道掘进和超前探测并行作业提供了可行思路。首先,提出随掘超前探测方案,将掘进机的截割头作为随掘场源,融合物探方法与掘进主体;然后,构建随掘超前探测理论模型并获取测点电位变化规律,与有限元计算结果比对,验证了测点电位数值计算方法的准确性与可行性;最后,确定随掘场源的分流规则,以正常地质体作为参照,对比研究随掘过程中低阻和高阻两类不同异常体的视电阻率演化规律,当场源越接近低阻含水带,视电阻率均值降幅从5.40%提高至29.80%,越接近高阻断层,视电阻率均值增幅从7.12%提高至35.53%,水箱模拟实验表明,所提煤矿巷道随掘超前探测方法可实时、连续探测掘进工作面前方地质状况。