Optimal coordination of directional over current relays using evolutionary programming

Co-ordination of directional over current relays(DOCR) requires the selection and setting of relays so as to sequentially isolate only that portion of the power system where an abnormality has occurred.The problem of coordinating protective relays in electrical power systems consists of selecting suitable settings such that their fundamental protective function is met,given operational requirements of sensitivity,selectivity,reliability and speed.Directional over current relays are best suited for protection of an interconnected sub-station transmission system.One of the major problems associated with this type of protection is the difficulty in coordinating relays.To insure proper coordination,all the main/back up relay pairs must be determined.This paper presents an effective algorithm to determine the minimum number of break points and main/back up relay pairs using relative sequence matrix(RSM).A novel optimization technique based on evolutionary programming was developed using these main/back up relay pairs for directional over current relay coordination in multi-loop networks.Since the problem has multi-optimum points,conventional mathematics based optimization techniques may sometimes fail.Hence evolutionary programming(EP) was used,as it is a stochastic multi-point search optimization algorithm capable of escaping from the local optimum problem,giving a better chance of reaching a global optimum.The method developed was tested on an existing 6 bus,7 line system and better results were obtained than with conventional methods.

新一代高韧性直流输电技术(二):高倍载模块化换向式换流器

针对高韧性直流输电技术对高倍载、高经济性直流换流器的需求,提出一种高倍载模块化换向式换流器(high-overload modular commutated converter,MCC)。首先,对MCC的拓扑构造和运行原理进行详细分析,指出其器件软开关特性、桥臂能量脉动优化和高倍载潜力;针对MCC的宽范围电压变比调节、串联模块电压均衡控制、架空线应用中的直流故障自清除等关键问题,给出解决方案;以±500 kV/2000 MW直流输电系统为例,分析MCC的元件用量、体积、效率、成本等技术特性,并与常规模块化多电平IGBT换流器进行综合对比;最后,研制基于IGCT-Plus器件的±15 kV/60 MVA MCC产品,开展综合性测试验证。结果表明,提出的MCC有望将现有换流器技术方案的体积、成本、损耗率分别减小达50%,在电能变换与传输中具有广阔的应用前景。

Hybrid Simulation of ±500 kV HVDC Power Transmission Project Based on Advanced Digital Power System Simulator

In order to effectively imitate the dynamic operation characteristics of the HVDC （high voltage direct current） power transmission system at a real ±500kV HVDC transmission project, the electromechanical-electromagnetic transient hybrid simulation was carried out based on advanced digital power system simulator （ADPSS）. In the simulation analysis, the built hybrid model＇s dynamic response outputs under three different fault conditions are considered, and by comparing with the selected fault recording waveforms, the validities of the simulation waveforms are estimated qualitatively. It can be ascertained that the hybrid simulation model has the ability to describe the HVDC system＇s dynamic change trends well under some special fault conditions.

面向新型电力系统的常规直流在线潮流反转应用启示

高压直流输电系统是中国大范围能源资源优化配置的主体。现有常规直流潮流反转以直流闭锁方式下电压极性反转为核心,难以满足含高比例新能源的新型电力系统跨分区的灵活调节互济和暂态稳定支撑需求。文中面向国内跨异步分区互济需求,结合国外常规直流柔性调节应用经验,提出面向常规直流的新型在线潮流反转技术,可以显著提升常规直流的柔性调节能力。基于标准两区域异步互联系统和南方区域极端场景,验证了所提在线潮流反转控制的有效性。所提方法对于构建直流异步互联跨区域互济体系具有重大意义。

基于改进遗传算法的交直流混联电网的无功优化方法

随着中国经济的持续增长,对能源的需求也在不断上升。然而,由于一次能源与负荷中心的逆向分布,采用新能源进行大规模远距离输电已成为行业内的迫切需求。在众多输电技术中,基于换相换流器的高压直流输电技术(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)具有无功消耗特性,可能加剧电网的电压波动与无功平衡的问题。针对这一挑战,重点研究交直流混联电网,并构建了一个旨在优化无功功率的数学模型。为克服遗传算法在初始种群选取困难和易早熟的问题,对传统遗传算法进行了创新性改进。在改进后的IEEE 14节点系统和IEEE 39节点系统上进行系列实验验证,所提改进遗传算法展现出显著的实用性和有效性。该算法能够有效优化电网的无功功率,显著提升电网运行的稳定性和效率,为电网无功优化提供了一种新的解决方案。

利用CWIviDCPower控件实现电源控制

介绍IVI仪器驱动程序概念,及利用电源IVI仪器驱动程序,在VB6.0编程环境下,通过调用CWIviDCPower控件实现对电源控制,该方法无需编程、操作使用非常方便,希望读者广为利用。

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

PowerMaster智能高频开关电力操作电源系统的原理分析

直流电源是电力系统的重要设备,作为发电厂变电站自动控制、保护、开关分合、事故照明等的重要电源,其性能和质量的好坏直接关系到电网的稳定运行和设备安全。

混合级联特高压直流功率损失计算方法研究

混合级联特高压直流(UHVDC)在降低直流换相失败风险的同时提升了直流输电的灵活性,但由于LCC与VSC混合拓扑导致不同阀组闭锁后健全阀组的功率传输能力存在不确定性,影响了直流功率损失准确计算。此处提出了一种适用于混合级联UHVDC的功率损失计算方法。直流控制系统以极为单位计算阀组闭锁后的直流功率并发送安控系统计算直流功率损失,设计了合理接口与数据处理方式保证阀组单次及相继故障直流功率损失计算的准确性。最后通过试验,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

扩展P-ROQR环流抑制策略在船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统中的应用

为了解决船舶中压直流(MVDC)电力系统中应用的模块化多电平变换器(MMC)存在的环流问题,分析自阻型MMC的拓扑结构及环流产生机理,采用基于2阶广义积分器(SOGI)的滤波器过滤环流中的直流分量。对于环流中的交流分量,提出一种基于比例降阶准比例谐振控制器的新型环流抑制器对其进行抑制。在MATLAB/Simulink软件中搭建船舶自阻型MMC-MVDC电力系统模型。仿真结果表明:所提策略能有效抑制环流中的交流分量;自阻型MMC应用于逆变侧时具有直流故障闭锁能力。所提策略应用于船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统的环流抑制效果优异,同时具有减少桥臂电流畸变,稳定子模块电容电压的作用。

Simulation of Power Flow and Protection of a Limited Bus Grid System with Injected Solar Power

In recent years, injection of renewable energy such as solar power into the power grid is increasing. However, inclusion of large-scale intermittent-type renewable energy requires better management in proper understanding of grid’s variable characteristics and its protection systems. In this paper, the investigation on overvoltage issue is illustrated. Overvoltage in distribution feeder occurs when large amount of solar power is injected at low power demand. Another investigation is on false operation of overcurrent relays due to reverse power to the 33 kV loads. The potential solutions to the two issues are illustrated in the small-sized power grid system using bi-directional inverters on AC buses in charging battery banks and adjusting the relay current settings. The benefits of solar power injection are illustrated whereby output power from generators is decreased and transmission losses are reduced. Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) was used for investigations.

换相失败后提升送端暂态功角稳定性的实时控制方法

直流换相失败引起的功率瞬降易增加送端交流系统的功角失稳风险,但当前研究尚缺少应对多直流换相失败的暂态功角稳定实时控制方法。针对这一问题,该文首先分析了换相失败功率冲击下送端系统发电机相对动能和转速的变化规律,指出送端系统的相对动能变化可仅由等值发电机的相对转速表征,不依赖于直流系统功率跌落和恢复的曲线态势;然后根据直流功率恢复至稳态时等值发电机的相对转速计算转子运动剩余加速面积,进而得到维持送端系统暂态功角稳定性所需的减速面积及相应的切机量;最后根据切机量计算结果制定了实时切机控制策略,并基于简单系统和实际电网进行了仿真分析和验证。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够较准确地计算维持送端系统暂态功角稳定性所需的切机量,有效减小换相失败后送端系统的暂态功角失稳风险。

三重移相控制的DAB变换器多目标统一优化控制策略

针对双有源桥变换器存在电流应力大、全部开关管软开关实现困难以及动态响应慢的问题,提出1种基于三重移相控制的多目标统一优化控制策略。分析三重移相控制正向功率流的全局模式,选出其中3种高效率模式并建立电流应力和软开关解析模型。结合模型,采用成本函数优化方程推导不同模式下的最优移相比组合和最小电流应力,使开关管运行在零电压开关功率约束范围内。同时在效率优化过程中引入虚拟功率分量,构建小信号模型并阐明不同状态变量的小扰动对输出电压的影响较小。实验结果表明,所提控制策略可以在全功率范围内降低双有源桥变换器的电流应力且使所有开关管实现零电压开通,同时还能够提高输出电压的动态性能。

绿色铁路背景下区间用电负荷直流配电设计探讨

本文分析了铁路区间用电负荷的构成及其对直流配电的适应性,通过研究直流配电系统基本拓扑结构、母线接线型式、电压等级对供电能力和人身安全的影响,结合直流配电电缆耐压等级的选择与直流配电接地型式,对铁路区间用电负荷直流配电设计进行分析和探讨,提出了适用于铁路区间用电负荷直流配电设计的技术方案。

基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的柔性直流系统潮流新算法

目的 为了解决当前柔性直流输电系统潮流算法求解效率低的问题,方法 首先提出基于七阶NR法的潮流算法,该算法相较于传统的潮流算法具有更高的收敛阶数,可以有效减少迭代次数,提高算法效率;其次,针对七阶NR法单步迭代计算量大的问题,提出基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的改进算法,利用七阶NR法突出的收敛特性,减少迭代次数,同时保留Broyden方法单步迭代计算成本较低的优势,避免浪费计算能力,使计算效率得到较大提升;最后提出一种经验法则,以确定改进算法中高阶NR法的迭代次数。结果 使用经典和改进算法对修改后的IEEE标准算例进行仿真测试,结果表明:与经典NR法相比,交流和直流的改进算法潮流计算结果最大误差分别为1×10^(-8)和2×10^(-8);平均计算时间方面,在IEEE-14、IEEE-30、IEEE-57、IEEE-118共4种算例系统下,改进算法的平均计算时间比经典NR法的减少了约61%;当算例系统由双端变为三端和双馈入后,改进算法的迭代次数保持不变,计算时间分别增加0.352 ms和0.636 ms;在重负荷情况下,改进算法的计算效率最高,且预设迭代次数较简单,当负荷值达到2.992时,其计算时间仅为经典NR法的60%。结论 本文的改进算法具有与经典NR法相同的精确性,但在计算速度方面更有优势,且更有利于在重负荷等极端情况下使用。

基于小波神经网络的特高压直流输电线路故障测距方法

传统特高压直流输电线路故障测距方法直接对故障区段进行识别,未对故障电压信号空间状态模型进行构建,这导致了传统方法测距的精度存在较大误差。针对这一问题,文章提出了基于小波神经网络的特高压直流输电线路故障测距方法。通过构建故障电压信号空间状态模型进行故障区段识别,最后基于小波神经网络实现故障测距。对比实验结果表明,本文研究方法测距精度误差较小,具有重要的实际应用价值。

兼顾直流电压安全与无功支撑的柔性直流输电故障穿越控制

受端电网三相故障下柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的直流电压骤升,可能引发过电压闭锁并威胁电网稳定。现有基于卸荷的VSC-HVDC故障穿越方法大多以直流电压为投切条件,未计及受端换流站交流母线电压和无功功率对直流电压安全的影响,可能因投切条件不合理或受端换流站无功功率过大引发卸荷非必要投入,对交直流系统造成额外冲击并增加能量损失。为此,该文建立了受端换流站功率可行域,以刻画受端电网故障下受端换流站的功率控制能力;分析发现了受端换流站功率可行域的缩减特征,进而提出避免直流电压越限的受端电网故障极限切除时间的概念和计算方法;通过解析引发直流电压越限的门槛电压,提出基于最大限度避免直流电压越限的协调控制点的VSC-HVDC故障穿越控制方法。算例表明,所提方法在受端强电网或VSCHVDC卸荷风险较高的场景中,能够兼顾VSC-HVDC的直流电压安全和对受端电网的无功功率支撑,在最大限度避免卸荷投入的同时,尽可能地为受端电网提供无功功率。

高压直流稳态工况无功调节能力

高压直流(high voltage direct current,HVDC)换流器具有一定的动态无功调节能力,充分利用换流站的无功调节能力,可显著改善HVDC系统的稳定性能。文中研究了HVDC系统稳态运行时的无功功率可调节能力,分析了有功功率和无功功率相互耦合的特性,以国际大电网(conference International des grands reseaux electriques,CIGRE)的HVDC标准测试模型和贵广Ⅱ直流输电工程模型为算例,对稳态工况的直流电流可运行范围进行了解析,进而求出整流、逆变两侧的无功功率可调节能力,并将其应用在无功控制中。研究发现,CIGRE的HVDC标准测试模型对于容性的无功功率和感性的无功功率调节能力相近,而贵广Ⅱ直流输电工程模型对感性无功的调节能力远大于对容性无功的调节能力。在电磁暂态仿真程序PSCAD/EMTDC中验证了无功功率可调节能力的正确性和应用价值。

新型船舶中压直流固态断路器拓扑分析与设计

为解决船舶中压直流(medium voltage direct current,MVDC)电力系统直流电流开断困难,以及发生短路时故障电流上升率高且峰值大的问题,提出一种基于耦合电抗器的阻容限流型固态直流断路器拓扑。以晶闸管(silicon controlled rectifier,SCR)作为主开断器件,通过耦合电抗器来辅助晶闸管开断,并在直流系统发生故障时,通过换流过程将阻容限流元件接入,有效限制故障电流上升率和峰值,减少故障开断所需时间。基于所提拓扑设计了6 kV/4.2 kA的直流断路器模型,在PSCAD/EMTDC中进行仿真,并与现有拓扑进行对比分析。仿真结果表明:所设计断路器可针对直流系统不同的运行状态,按照不同的控制策略顺利完成对直流电流的开断,并且在开断速度、限流能力和金属氧化物避雷器(metal oxide arrester,MOA)耗能方面均具有一定优势。