Hybrid Multi-Infeed Interaction Factor Calculation Method Considering Voltage Regulation Control Characteristics of Voltage Source Converter

Voltage source converter based high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)can participate in voltage regulation by flexible control to help maintain the voltage stability of the power grid.In order to quantitatively evaluate its influence on the voltage interaction between VSC-HVDC and line commutated converter based high voltage direct current(LCC-HVDC),this paper proposes a hybrid multi-infeed interaction factor(HMIIF)calculation method considering the voltage regulation control characteristics of VSC-HVDC.Firstly,for a hybrid multi-infeed high voltage direct current system,an additional equivalent operating admittance matrix is constructed to characterize HVDC equipment characteristics under small disturbance.Secondly,based on the characteristic curve between the reactive power and the voltage of a certain VSC-HVDC project,the additional equivalent operating admittance of VSC-HVDC is derived.The additional equivalent operating admittance matrix calculation method is proposed.Thirdly,the equivalent bus impedance matrix is obtained by modifying the alternating current(AC)system admittance matrix with the additional equivalent operating admittance matrix.On this basis,the HMIIF calculation method based on the equivalent bus impedance ratio is proposed.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in a hybrid dual-infeed high voltage direct current system constructed in Power Systems Computer Aided Design(PSCAD),and the influence of voltage regulation control on HMIIF is analyzed.

Adaptive controller design based on input-output signal selection for voltage source converter high voltage direct current systems to improve power system stability

An input-output signal selection based on Phillips-Heffron model of a parallel high voltage alternative current/high voltage direct current(HVAC/HVDC) power system is presented to study power system stability. It is well known that appropriate coupling of inputs-outputs signals in the multivariable HVDC-HVAC system can improve the performance of designed supplemetary controller. In this work, different analysis techniques are used to measure controllability and observability of electromechanical oscillation mode. Also inputs–outputs interactions are considered and suggestions are drawn to select the best signal pair through the system inputs-outputs. In addition, a supplementary online adaptive controller for nonlinear HVDC to damp low frequency oscillations in a weakly connected system is proposed. The results obtained using MATLAB software show that the best output-input for damping controller design is rotor speed deviation as out put and phase angle of rectifier as in put. Also response of system equipped with adaptive damping controller based on HVDC system has appropriate performance when it is faced with faults and disturbance.

New DDSCR structure with high holding voltage for robust ESD applications

A novel dual direction silicon-controlled rectifier(DDSCR)with an additional P-type doping and gate(APGDDSCR)is proposed and demonstrated.Compared with the conventional low-voltage trigger DDSCR(LVTDDSCR)that has positive and negative holding voltages of 13.371 V and 14.038 V,respectively,the new DDSCR has high positive and negative holding voltages of 18.781 V and 18.912 V in a single finger device,respectively,and it exhibits suitable enough positive and negative holding voltages of 14.60 V and 14.319 V in a four-finger device for±12-V application.The failure current of APGDDSCR is almost the same as that of LVT-DDSCR in the single finger device,and the four-finger APGDDSCR can achieve positive and negative human-body model(HBM)protection capabilities of 22.281 kV and 23.45 kV,respectively,under 40-V voltage of core circuit failure,benefitting from the additional structure.The new structure can generate a snapback voltage on gate A to increase the current gain of the parasitic PNP in holding voltage.Thus,a sufficiently high holding voltage increased by the structure can ensure that a multi-finger device can also reach a sufficient holding voltage,it is equivalent to solving the non-uniform triggering problem of multi-finger device.The operating mechanism and the gate voltage are both discussed and verified in two-dimensional(2D)simulation and experiemnt.

Low Voltage Direct Current Supply and Utilization System:Definition,Key Technologies and Development

With rapid increase of distributed solar power generation and direct current(DC)based loads such as data centers,electric vehicles(EVs),and DC household appliances,the development trend of the power system is changed from conventional alternate current(AC)to DC.Traditional AC power systems can scarcely meet the development demand of new DC trends,especially since both the generation side and load side are comprised of DC-based electronic power components.With this background,low voltage direct current supply and utilization system(LVDCSUS)has attracted more and more attention for its great advantages over an AC grid to overcome challenges in operation,reliability,and energy loss in renewable energy connection,DC load power utilization and a number of other aspects.However,the definition of the LVDCSUS is still not clear even though many demonstration projects have been put into planning and operation.In order to provide a clear description of LVDCSUS,first,the characteristics of LVDCSUS are illustrated in this paper to show the advance of the LVDCSUS.Second,the potential application scenarios of LVDCSUS are presented in this paper.Third,application of LVDCSUS technologies and some demonstration projects in China are introduced.Besides the development of the LVDCSUS,key technologies,including but not limited to planning and design,voltage levels,control strategies,and key equipment of LVDCSUS,are discussed in this paper.Finally,future application areas and the research orientations of LVDCSUS are analyzed.

一种抑制后续换相失败的电流偏差控制参数整定方法

电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter-based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统若发生后续换相失败,将严重影响交直流混联电网的安全稳定运行。文中首先针对LCC-HVDC系统故障恢复过程中电流偏差控制作用阶段易再次发生换相失败的问题,对电流偏差控制参数与换相失败之间的关系进行理论分析,发现此阶段系统若不发生换相失败,逆变侧LCC直流电压和交流换相电压须满足一定的约束关系,且该约束关系受电流偏差控制参数的直接影响。然后,基于理论分析结果,提出一种电流偏差控制参数整定方法,可改善系统故障恢复过程中对直流电压恢复速度和程度的控制要求,使系统更易满足直流电压与交流换相电压稳定运行约束关系,以降低后续换相失败概率。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台CIGRE标准测试模型验证了理论分析的正确性以及参数整定方法的有效性。

级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统配置及策略

该文针对金上直流工程主回路拓扑结构与运行方式的特点,设计了送端分址级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统的配置方案;提出送端分站的高、低压换流器的电压平衡控制方案,根据送端两站间通信条件,切换采用附加电压平衡控制的触发角协调控制和串联两换流器一个定电压、另一个定电流的控制策略;基于送端分站级联拓扑,研究了其直流保护功能配置方案,并提出针对送端站1内的极区/换流器区故障或者送端两站之间直流线路永久故障的快速清除方法。基于控制保护工程样机的RTDS闭环仿真结果表明,该级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统可以满足实际工程应用的要求。

混合级联特高压直流功率损失计算方法研究

混合级联特高压直流(UHVDC)在降低直流换相失败风险的同时提升了直流输电的灵活性,但由于LCC与VSC混合拓扑导致不同阀组闭锁后健全阀组的功率传输能力存在不确定性,影响了直流功率损失准确计算。此处提出了一种适用于混合级联UHVDC的功率损失计算方法。直流控制系统以极为单位计算阀组闭锁后的直流功率并发送安控系统计算直流功率损失,设计了合理接口与数据处理方式保证阀组单次及相继故障直流功率损失计算的准确性。最后通过试验,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。

考虑MAF延时和前馈补偿的高压直流快速锁相环

同步参考坐标系锁相环是高压直流(high voltage direct current,HVDC)同步触发控制系统中广泛应用的一种窄带宽锁相环,在交流系统故障引起相位跳变情况下,其动态响应缓慢。为增大锁相环的带宽,一种滑动平均滤波器(moving average filter,MAF)被前置于锁相环路,然而MAF本身存在响应延迟,制约了锁相环的同步速度。为了缓解响应延迟问题,文中提出一种考虑MAF延时和前馈补偿的HVDC快速锁相环。首先,利用MAF线性暂态特征预测相位变化,并分别针对故障接入和切除引起的相位跳变问题提出不同的补偿策略;接着,利用不变性原理对锁相环路进行前馈补偿,在负反馈控制和前馈补偿共同构成的复合校正控制系统的作用下,锁相环能够在较小PI参数下实现快速响应;最后,将所提快速锁相环在CIGRE HVDC标准模型和三峡—上海直流工程模型中进行仿真验证。结果表明,该快速锁相环能够有效缓解滤波器响应延迟的制约,缩短失锁时间,进而提高高压直流逆变侧抵御换相失败的能力。

扩展P-ROQR环流抑制策略在船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统中的应用

为了解决船舶中压直流(MVDC)电力系统中应用的模块化多电平变换器(MMC)存在的环流问题,分析自阻型MMC的拓扑结构及环流产生机理,采用基于2阶广义积分器(SOGI)的滤波器过滤环流中的直流分量。对于环流中的交流分量,提出一种基于比例降阶准比例谐振控制器的新型环流抑制器对其进行抑制。在MATLAB/Simulink软件中搭建船舶自阻型MMC-MVDC电力系统模型。仿真结果表明:所提策略能有效抑制环流中的交流分量;自阻型MMC应用于逆变侧时具有直流故障闭锁能力。所提策略应用于船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统的环流抑制效果优异,同时具有减少桥臂电流畸变,稳定子模块电容电压的作用。

模块化高压大容量DC/DC变换器综述

随着新能源发电占比增加和电网规模的不断扩大,直流输电系统的容量不断提升,含有不同电压等级的直流电网是未来发展的必然趋势。在此背景下,DC/DC变换器作为直流电网关键设备,在多电压等级互联场景中发挥着重要作用。文中首先对已有的模块化高压大容量DC/DC变换器进行归纳、分类和比较,然后阐述了目前模块化高压大容量DC/DC变换器的拓扑结构、工作原理与特点,并针对其特点提出了不同变换器的适用场景,最后对未来的研究方向提出了建议。

基于CNN-BiGRU的高压直流输电线路故障识别

针对高压直流(high voltage direct current,HVDC)输电线路故障暂态行波具有时序性和强非线性的特点,导致高过渡电阻情况下故障识别率低的问题,提出基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)和双向循环门单元(bidirectional gate recurrent unit,BiGRU)的HVDC输电线路故障识别方法。首先,采用故障后整流侧的双极暂态电流行波作为特征向量,利用CNN提取全局特征,并从中剔除噪声和不稳定成分,完成对数据的降维处理。然后,采用BiGRU来捕获CNN提取到特征的前后时间信息,进一步提取数据中的时序特征,以实现HVDC输电线路故障识别。仿真结果表明:该方法可在不同故障地点以及不同过渡电阻下对单极接地、双极短路、雷击故障、雷击干扰共四种故障实现准确识别,可靠性高,具有较强的耐受过渡电阻能力,同时具备一定的抗噪性能。

辅助放电针对气体间隙直流自击穿特性的影响

为降低气体放电间隙直流条件下自击穿电压分散性,尽可能不影响其自击穿电压,基于环形电极放电间隙,设计了一种在阴极中心植入辅助放电针的辅助放电电极结构。通过电场仿真,研究了辅助放电针直径、长度和顶部倒角对放电间隙场畸变的影响。实验研究了放电间隙无辅助放电针和植入辅助放电针后,其在干燥空气和SF_(6)气体中的直流自击穿特性。结果表明:辅助放电针直径越小、长度越长,电极环对其电场屏蔽作用越弱,放电间隙场畸变强度越大;辅助放电针对SF_(6)气体放电间隙直流自击穿电压影响较小,随着场畸变系数的增大,同一气压下干燥空气自击穿电压下降百分数为SF_(6)气体自击穿电压下降百分数的2~3倍;辅助放电针对直流条件下干燥空气和SF_(6)气体放电间隙自击穿电压稳定性具有有益作用,分散性减小百分数较无辅助放电针结构均提高约25%。

HVDC送端系统振荡引发受端换相失败的机理分析

高压直流输电系统送、受端存在电气耦合及两端的控制配合,因此,送端振荡可通过系统控制逻辑、电气量及控制量变化等影响受端系统的运行状态,增加了受端换相失败的风险。现有工作主要研究了送端大扰动引发受端换相失败的现象与机理,通过对标准直流系统进行小信号分析,发现直流系统中存在低频频段的固有振荡频率,一旦交流系统发生相近频段的振荡,将可能诱发直流系统共振。在此基础上,首先分析共振引起系统电气量以及控制量的波动对换相失败的影响,通过HVDC的准稳态方程分析共振后直流电流上升导致关断角下降,进而引发首次换相失败的机理;然后从两端的控制系统出发,研究逆变侧控制切换引发后续换相失败的机理;最后对CIGRE直流输电标准测试系统进行验证,并结合换相失败发生机理对换相失败的抑制策略进行了初步讨论。

直流电场下涂层对导线表面水滴电致运动及电晕放电的影响

架空输电线路上的电晕放电现象通常由导线表面凸起物造成,如雨滴、污秽等,其中雨滴产生的电晕放电现象最为普遍。当前世界各国对于直流输电线路电晕放电机理的研究仍不够深入,因此其也成为发展高压直流输电亟待解决的问题之一。通过球板试验平台研究了涂敷涂层的铝球在表面附着水滴时,涂层对直流电晕特性及铝球表面水滴电致运动特性的影响;利用仿真软件建立了水滴电致运动多相流模型,分析了涂层接触角与水滴运动形态对水滴周围场强分布的影响。结果表明:水滴半径随接触角的增大而减小,水滴长度随接触角的增大先增大后减小;超亲水性涂层表面水滴吸附效应较强,水滴的运动幅度大大降低,水滴周围的电场强度畸变程度较小,同时电晕电流脉冲有效值最低;而超疏水性涂层表面的水滴难以稳定存在,水滴周围场强畸变程度较大,在电场作用下极易发生喷射现象,水滴喷射后场强的畸变程度会降低。

高压直流稳态工况无功调节能力

高压直流(high voltage direct current,HVDC)换流器具有一定的动态无功调节能力,充分利用换流站的无功调节能力,可显著改善HVDC系统的稳定性能。文中研究了HVDC系统稳态运行时的无功功率可调节能力,分析了有功功率和无功功率相互耦合的特性,以国际大电网(conference International des grands reseaux electriques,CIGRE)的HVDC标准测试模型和贵广Ⅱ直流输电工程模型为算例,对稳态工况的直流电流可运行范围进行了解析,进而求出整流、逆变两侧的无功功率可调节能力,并将其应用在无功控制中。研究发现,CIGRE的HVDC标准测试模型对于容性的无功功率和感性的无功功率调节能力相近,而贵广Ⅱ直流输电工程模型对感性无功的调节能力远大于对容性无功的调节能力。在电磁暂态仿真程序PSCAD/EMTDC中验证了无功功率可调节能力的正确性和应用价值。

直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制

基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统易发生振荡失稳现象。首先,建立了直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统的小扰动线性化模型,分析了风场有功输出对系统稳定性的影响。然后,建立了MMC及风机并网变流器交流侧dq阻抗模型,从阻抗角度揭示了送端系统振荡失稳机理。进一步,提出了基于MMC交流电压控制外环q轴附加阻尼的振荡抑制策略,可满足系统满功率范围内的运行稳定性要求。最后,基于全比例模型的仿真结果验证了所提振荡抑制策略的有效性。

考虑海上风电与MMC阻抗耦合的柔性直流送出系统等效阻抗建模方法

海上风电经柔直并网系统的阻抗模型是其稳定分析的基础。然而,现有阻抗建模方法忽略海上风电与模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)间的阻抗耦合,可能导致系统稳定性判定失准。为此,该文提出一种考虑海上风电与MMC阻抗耦合的柔性直流送出系统等效阻抗精确计算方法。首先,采用谐波状态空间理论(harmonic state-space,HSS)建立MMC与风电机组的序阻抗模型;在此基础上,分析风电机组与MMC两者交流端口电压、电流与阻抗的相互耦合机理,以获得风电机组与MMC交流等效阻抗;最后,提出风电机组与MMC阻抗耦合度指标,以量化分析不同控制环节对风电机组与MMC的耦合程度的影响。在MATLAB/Simulink搭建海上风电经柔直送出系统仿真模型验证该文所建模型的精确性及阻抗耦合度的对系统稳定性的影响,并通过RT-Lab硬件在环实验证明该文所建模型在系统稳定性分析中有效性。