Dynamic modeling and direct power control of wind turbine driven DFIG under unbalanced network voltage conditions

This paper proposes an analysis and a direct power control (DPC) design of a wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. A DFIG model described in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames is presented. Variations of the stator output active and reactive powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage and rotor flux. An enhanced DPC scheme is proposed to eliminate stator active power oscillation during network unbalance. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented on a 2-MW DFIG wind power generation system to validate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme under balanced and unbalanced network conditions.

Adaptive controller design based on input-output signal selection for voltage source converter high voltage direct current systems to improve power system stability

An input-output signal selection based on Phillips-Heffron model of a parallel high voltage alternative current/high voltage direct current(HVAC/HVDC) power system is presented to study power system stability. It is well known that appropriate coupling of inputs-outputs signals in the multivariable HVDC-HVAC system can improve the performance of designed supplemetary controller. In this work, different analysis techniques are used to measure controllability and observability of electromechanical oscillation mode. Also inputs–outputs interactions are considered and suggestions are drawn to select the best signal pair through the system inputs-outputs. In addition, a supplementary online adaptive controller for nonlinear HVDC to damp low frequency oscillations in a weakly connected system is proposed. The results obtained using MATLAB software show that the best output-input for damping controller design is rotor speed deviation as out put and phase angle of rectifier as in put. Also response of system equipped with adaptive damping controller based on HVDC system has appropriate performance when it is faced with faults and disturbance.

基于参数辨识的三相电压型整流器VF-DPC策略

三相电压型整流器(VSR)虚拟磁链定向的直接功率控制(VF-DPC)对电感参数的变化较敏感。为此,提出了一种基于电感参数在线辨识的三相VSR的VF-DPC策略。首先,此处介绍了三相VSR的数学模型及最小二乘法参数辨识原理。然后,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的电感参数在线辨识策略。其次,针对常规虚拟磁链计算方法受纯积分运算影响的问题,提出了一种最小阶虚拟磁链观测器。最后,通过将辨识的电感参数输入到所设计的最小阶虚拟磁链观测器,可以大大提高虚拟磁链的观测精度,进而可提高三相VSR的功率控制精度。仿真和实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性。

Review on grid-forming converter control methods in high-proportion renewable energy power systems

Grid-forming(GFM)converters can provide inertia support for power grids through control technology,stabilize voltage and frequency,and improve system stability,unlike traditional grid-following(GFL)converters.Therefore,in future“double high”power systems,research on the control technology of GFM converters will become an urgent demand.In this paper,we first introduce the basic principle of GFM control and then present five currently used control strategies for GFM converters:droop control,power synchronization control(PSC),virtual synchronous machine control(VSM),direct power control(DPC),and virtual oscillator control(VOC).These five strategies can independently establish voltage phasors to provide inertia to the system.Among these,droop control is the most widely used strategy.PSC and VSM are strategies that simulate the mechanical characteristics of synchronous generators;thus,they are more accurate than droop control.DPC regulates the active power and reactive power directly,with no inner current controller,and VOC is a novel method under study using an oscillator circuit to realize synchronization.Finally,we highlight key technologies and research directions to be addressed in the future.

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

Rooted Tree Optimization for Wind Turbine Optimum Control Based on Energy Storage System

The integration of wind turbines(WTs)in variable speed drive systems belongs to the main factors causing lowstability in electrical networks.Therefore,in order to avoid this issue,WTs hybridization with a storage system is a mandatory.This paper investigates WT system operating at variable speed.The system contains of a permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)supported by a battery storage system(BSS).To enhance the quality of active and reactive power injected into the network,direct power control(DPC)scheme utilizing space-vector modulation(SVM)technique based on proportional-integral(PI)control is proposed.Meanwhile,to improve the rendition of this method(DPC-SVM-PI),the rooted tree optimization technique(RTO)algorithm-based controller parameter identification is used to achieve PI optimal gains.To compare the performance ofRTO-based controllers,they were implemented and tested along with some other popular controllers under different working conditions.The obtained results have shown the supremacy of the suggested PIRTO algorithm compared to competing controllers regarding total harmonic distortion(THD),overshoot percentage,settling time,rise time,average active power value,overall efficiency,and active power steadystate error.

A novel technology for control of variable speed pumped storage power plant

Variable speed pumped storage machines are used extensively in wind power plant and pumped storage power plant. This paper presents direct torque and flux control(DTFC) of a variable speed pumped storage power plant(VSPSP). By this method both torque and flux have been applied to control the VSPSP. The comparison between VSPSP's control strategies is studied. At the first, a wind turbine with the capacity 2.2 k W and DTFC control strategies simulated then a 250 MW VSPSP is simulated with all of its parts(including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and its control system) by MATLAB software. In all of simulations, both converters including two-level voltage source converter(2LVSC) and three-level voltage source converter(3LVSC) are applied. The results of applying 2LVSC and 3LVSC are the rapid dynamic responses with better efficiency, reducing the total harmonic distortion(THD) and ripple of rotor torque and flux.

基于并网逆变器的新型多代价函数MPDPC研究

模型预测直接功率控制方法简单,响应速度快,被广泛应用于并网逆变器系统。本文首先介绍了现有的模型预测直接功率控制的原理,建立了相对应的模型预测控制数学模型。然后在现有理论的基础上,提出了多代价函数模型预测直接功率控制,通过增加代价函数的数量,让系统跟随功率偏差确定合适的代价函数,提高了控制系统的可选择性。最后,搭建了多代价函数模型预测直接功率控制的仿真模型和实验样机,证实了所提多代价函数直接功率控制策略的正确性和有效性。

电网故障下含直驱风电机组的电力系统频率动态响应分析

电网受扰后基于模型解析的频率响应分析对电力系统安全评估与紧急控制具有重要意义。电网发生故障时,直驱风电机组(DDWT)并网点电压幅值跌落引发控制器暂态响应,同时电压相位突变引发锁相暂态响应,锁相暂态响应又通过变流器控制传导产生功率控制误差,可能导致现有以负荷突变场景为对象的频率特性分析产生较大偏差。为此,提出了电网故障下DDWT锁相偏差的量化方法;解析了锁相偏差经DDWT变流器控制的传导路径,提出了锁相暂态响应导致DDWT功率控制误差的机理及其计算方法;建立了电网故障下含DDWT的电力系统频率响应模型,提出了锁相暂态响应影响下系统频率变化率和最大频率偏差的计算方法,解析了电网故障下考虑DDWT功率控制误差的电力系统频率动态响应特性,并通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

计及弱磁效应的直驱式波浪发电系统变系数模型预测控制策略

为提高波浪发电系统(wave energy converter,WEC)能量捕获效率,并保证其在运行过程中满足系统的各种约束条件,该文以平均捕获功率最优为目标,提出计及弱磁效应的直驱式波浪发电系统变系数模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)策略。针对波浪激励力过大导致的变流器输出电压过调制问题,将弱磁控制引入优化算法,在满足发电机弱磁极限的前提下增大发电系统的运行范围,提高WEC的能量捕获效率。此外,基于仿真分析,发现了规则波下MPC目标函数的正则系数与平均捕获功率的对应关系。在此基础上,引入快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transformation,FFT)与叠加定理,构建了适用于不规则波输入的直驱式WEC变系数MPC控制策略。仿真结果表明,在不规则波浪下,所提方案能在满足系统约束条件的同时,有效提高能量捕获效率。

虚拟惯量控制对直驱风电机组载荷影响的分析及评估

针对虚拟惯量控制诱发风电机组机械载荷的问题,开展虚拟惯量控制对采用直驱永磁同步发电机(D-PMSG)的风电机组载荷影响的理论分析和仿真评估研究。从叶片、塔筒等机械结构低阶模态出发,建立虚拟惯量控制下D-PMSG线性化多体动力学模型,并通过线性化多体动力学模型分析虚拟惯量控制对机组载荷的影响机理。采用软件联合建模方法,构建涵盖永磁同步电机及其控制、电网、机械和气动特性等的D-PMSG非线性机电耦合模型。依据冲击载荷最大值、最大变化幅度百分比及等值疲劳载荷等指标,通过所建立的非线性机电耦合模型仿真分析并量化评估虚拟惯量控制对机组冲击载荷和动态疲劳载荷的影响。结果表明,D-PMSG附加虚拟惯量控制后,电网侧频率突变会使得传动轴和塔底侧向出现显著冲击载荷,且其随虚拟惯量时间常数增大而增大,在湍流风运行工况下机组传动轴和塔底侧向等值疲劳载荷较无附加虚拟惯量控制均有所减小。

基于MPC的耦合电感飞跨电容双向DC/DC变换器功率均衡解耦控制策略

耦合电感功率变换器因耦合电感阻抗、电感值等参数差异易导致功率不均衡。针对耦合电感飞跨电容双向DC/DC变换器,提出一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的功率均衡解耦控制策略。通过对变换器原理进行分析,建立基于电感电流解耦的数学模型,得到包括电感电流和飞跨电容电压等6个控制变量的解耦控制方法。在此基础上,提出基于MPC的功率均衡解耦控制策略。同时,为降低MPC算法的运算负荷,根据解耦控制模型重构模型预测价值函数,实现各控制变量独立动态寻优,使系统能在稳定控制输出电压及飞跨电容电压的同时,实现两相耦合电感的功率均衡控制。最后,通过理论分析及实验对所提策略进行有效验证。

基于机网变流器协同的波浪发电系统控制策略

为实现波浪发电系统的高效平稳入网,以直驱式波浪发电装置为例,建立其数学模型和并网结构。将装置输出功率分解为平均分量和波动分量,从发电系统主动式控制的角度,进一步提出了阻尼控制和阻尼弹力控制下的最优策略,以使其高效运行。通过直流侧储能配置及机侧和网侧变流器的协同控制,实现电能的平稳入网。仿真结果表明,阻尼弹力控制较于阻尼控制,发电效率更高同时波动更大,直流侧储能及机网侧协同控制可有效平抑功率波动,为波浪发电系统的入网控制设计提供参考。

基于双重移相的双向变换器优化控制策略

为解决双向DC-DC变换器(dual active bridge,DAB)采用单移相(single-phase-shift,SPS)控制产生的回流功率较高及动态性能较差的问题,提出一种采用双重移相(dual-phase-shift,DPS)控制下的最小回流功率算法与直接功率控制相结合的方法。首先对DPS控制下的基本原理及回流功率特性进行分析,并建立回流功率与移相比之间的数学关系,从而推导出各分段条件下回流功率在各阶段最小化的方案。其次在保证对变换器回流功率最小化的同时提出结合直接功率法来显著提高变换器的动态性能。最后通过MATLAB/Simulink中建立的仿真验证了上述控制策略的有效性。

海上风电柔性直流输电变流器P-DPC控制研究

基于预测控制原理,根据瞬时功率理论计算出每个开关周期开始时变流器侧输入电压矢量平均值,结合空间矢量调制和直流母线电压外环控制,消除在开关周期结束时产生的有功、无功功率跟踪误差,从而直接控制变流器的有功、无功功率,达到稳态无静差控制。同时,对外环控制器进行理论分析与设计。与传统直接功率控制方法相比,预测直接功率控制(P-DPC)的特点为无需检测电网电压相位信息(如锁相环等)、实施同步旋转坐标变化和电流环解耦控制;开关频率固定,减少了跟踪误差带来的干扰以及参数不准确造成的解耦不彻底等问题,提高了系统的稳定性;在两相静止坐标系下即可实现网侧单位功率因数运行。采用Matlab/Simulink构建PWM-VSC系统仿真模型进行仿真,结果证明了该控制方法的可行性和有效性,为海上风电场柔性直流输电变流器数字控制系统提供了一种可行的控制方案。

PWM整流器的无网压传感器DPC研究

为了更好地实现三相电压型PWM整流器的无电网电压传感器运行控制,给出了基于虚拟磁链的无电网电压传感器的直接功率控制(DPC)策略,根据PWM整流器的直流侧电压、交流电流和开关状态等得到虚拟磁链矢量,并据此对交流电网电压进行实时估算;采用SVPWM调制代替传统的开关表,采用连续PI调节器代替了传统的滞环调节器,给出了三相PWM整流器的无电网电压传感器DPC控制系统结构,不但可实现开关频率固定,还可获得更好的工作波形。仿真试验结果表明了所给估算方法和控制策略的有效性和可行性。

基于DPC的海上风场VSC-HVDC变流器控制策略

针对海上风场并网电压源直流输电系统,设计了基于虚拟磁链的直接功率控制(DPC)方法,通过虚拟磁链技术计算系统功率,省去了电压传感器和锁相环,实现了无交流电压传感器运行,提高了系统可靠性,降低了成本。同时,针对常规DPC的功率滞环造成变流器开关频率变化范围大、系统滤波器设计困难及对处理器运算速度要求高等不足,利用三相电压源变流器的虚拟磁链模型和功率模型估计磁链和功率,通过功率误差直接计算电压参考信号,生成SPWM调制波,既替代滞环控制又避免内环PI调节器参数的整定。利用Matlab/Simulink搭建相应的仿真模型,结果表明两端变流器均可无交流电压传感器运行,需调整参数较少,且具有较快的响应速度和稳态跟踪精度,因此所设计系统正确有效。

DFIG的SVM-IPC与SVM-DPC比较

为比较间接功率控制(indirect power control,IPC)和直接功率控制(direct power control,DPC)的控制特点,提出了双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)的间接功率控制(IPC)和直接功率控制(DPC)策略。首先提出采用空间矢量调制(space vector modulation,SVM)的SVM-IPC策略,该策略通过对转子电流的直接控制间接实现对定子有功和无功功率的解耦控制;其次提出基于SVM的SVM-DPC策略,该策略不通过电流控制环节,直接实现定子有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制。分析结果表明,SVM-IPC具有良好的稳态性能,但动态响应能力取决于PI参数的优化程度;SVM-DPC不仅稳态性能好,而且具有快速的动态响应能力。实验结果验证了提出策略的可行性和正确性。