Dynamic modeling and direct power control of wind turbine driven DFIG under unbalanced network voltage conditions

This paper proposes an analysis and a direct power control (DPC) design of a wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. A DFIG model described in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames is presented. Variations of the stator output active and reactive powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage and rotor flux. An enhanced DPC scheme is proposed to eliminate stator active power oscillation during network unbalance. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented on a 2-MW DFIG wind power generation system to validate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme under balanced and unbalanced network conditions.

Adaptive controller design based on input-output signal selection for voltage source converter high voltage direct current systems to improve power system stability

An input-output signal selection based on Phillips-Heffron model of a parallel high voltage alternative current/high voltage direct current(HVAC/HVDC) power system is presented to study power system stability. It is well known that appropriate coupling of inputs-outputs signals in the multivariable HVDC-HVAC system can improve the performance of designed supplemetary controller. In this work, different analysis techniques are used to measure controllability and observability of electromechanical oscillation mode. Also inputs–outputs interactions are considered and suggestions are drawn to select the best signal pair through the system inputs-outputs. In addition, a supplementary online adaptive controller for nonlinear HVDC to damp low frequency oscillations in a weakly connected system is proposed. The results obtained using MATLAB software show that the best output-input for damping controller design is rotor speed deviation as out put and phase angle of rectifier as in put. Also response of system equipped with adaptive damping controller based on HVDC system has appropriate performance when it is faced with faults and disturbance.

Predictive direct power control of three-phase PWM rectifier based on TOGI grid voltage sensor free algorithm

In predictive direct power control(PDPC)system of three-phase pulse width modulation(PWM)rectifier,grid voltage sensor makes the whole system more complex and costly.Therefore,third-order generalized integrator(TOGI)is used to generate orthogonal signals with the same frequency to estimate the grid voltage.In addition,in view of the deviation between actual and reference power in the three-phase PWM rectifier traditional PDPC strategy,a power correction link is designed to correct the power reference value.The grid voltage sensor free algorithm based on TOGI and the corrected PDPC strategy are applied to three-phase PWM rectifier and simulated on the simulation platform.Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the power tracking deviation and the grid voltage.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results.

Direct Power Control of Variable Wind Speed Based on the Doubly Fed Asynchronous Machine

In this work, the authors propose the study of a wind speed variable based on the DFAM （double fed asynchronous machine）. The model of the turbine is drawn from the classical equations describing the operation of a variable wind speed. The torque generated by the turbine is applied to the DFAM directly connected on the network side and the stator via a bidirectional converter side rotor. This configuration allows velocity variations of ±30% around the synchronous speed and the converter is then sized to one third of the rated power of the machine. The DFAM is controlled by a control vector ensuring operation of the wind turbine power coefficient maximum.

Direct Torque Control System and Sensorless Technique of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

The direct torque control theory has achieved great success in the control ofinduction motors. However, in the DTC drive system of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM)proposed a few years ago, there are many basic theoretical problems that must be clarified. Thispaper describes an investigation about the effect of the zero voltage space vectors in the DTCsystem of PMSM and points out that if using the zero voltage space vectors rationally, not only canthe DTC system be driven successfully but also the torque ripple is reduced and the performance ofthe system is improved. This paper also studies the sensorless technique in the DTC system of PMSMand configures the DTC system of PMSM with sensorless technique including zero voltage spacevectors. Numerical simulations and experimental tests have proved the theory correct. In thecondition of sensor-less, the DTC system of PMSM is wide-rangely speed adjusting, and the ratio ofspeed adjustment is 1: 100.

Review on grid-forming converter control methods in high-proportion renewable energy power systems

Grid-forming(GFM)converters can provide inertia support for power grids through control technology,stabilize voltage and frequency,and improve system stability,unlike traditional grid-following(GFL)converters.Therefore,in future“double high”power systems,research on the control technology of GFM converters will become an urgent demand.In this paper,we first introduce the basic principle of GFM control and then present five currently used control strategies for GFM converters:droop control,power synchronization control(PSC),virtual synchronous machine control(VSM),direct power control(DPC),and virtual oscillator control(VOC).These five strategies can independently establish voltage phasors to provide inertia to the system.Among these,droop control is the most widely used strategy.PSC and VSM are strategies that simulate the mechanical characteristics of synchronous generators;thus,they are more accurate than droop control.DPC regulates the active power and reactive power directly,with no inner current controller,and VOC is a novel method under study using an oscillator circuit to realize synchronization.Finally,we highlight key technologies and research directions to be addressed in the future.

Damping controller design based on FO-PID-EMA in VSC HVDC system to improve stability of hybrid power system

Wind energy sources have different structures and functions from conventional power plants in the power system.These resources can affect the exchange of active and reactive power of the network.Therefore,power system stability will be affected by the performance of wind power plants,especially in the event of a fault.In this paper,the improvement of the dynamic stability in power system equipped by wind farm is examined through the supplementary controller design in the high voltage direct current(HVDC)based on voltage source converter(VSC)transmission system.In this regard,impacts of the VSC HVDC system and wind farm on the improvement of system stability are considered.Also,an algorithm based on controllability(observability)concept is proposed to select most appropriate and effective coupling between inputs-outputs(IO)signals of system in different work conditions.The selected coupling is used to apply damping controller signal.Finally,a fractional order PID controller(FO-PID)based on exchange market algorithm(EMA)is designed as damping controller.The analysis of the results shows that the wind farm does not directly contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of power system.However,it can increase the controllability of the oscillatory mode and improve the performance of the supplementary controller.

A novel technology for control of variable speed pumped storage power plant

Variable speed pumped storage machines are used extensively in wind power plant and pumped storage power plant. This paper presents direct torque and flux control(DTFC) of a variable speed pumped storage power plant(VSPSP). By this method both torque and flux have been applied to control the VSPSP. The comparison between VSPSP's control strategies is studied. At the first, a wind turbine with the capacity 2.2 k W and DTFC control strategies simulated then a 250 MW VSPSP is simulated with all of its parts(including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and its control system) by MATLAB software. In all of simulations, both converters including two-level voltage source converter(2LVSC) and three-level voltage source converter(3LVSC) are applied. The results of applying 2LVSC and 3LVSC are the rapid dynamic responses with better efficiency, reducing the total harmonic distortion(THD) and ripple of rotor torque and flux.

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

基于参数辨识的三相电压型整流器VF-DPC策略

三相电压型整流器(VSR)虚拟磁链定向的直接功率控制(VF-DPC)对电感参数的变化较敏感。为此,提出了一种基于电感参数在线辨识的三相VSR的VF-DPC策略。首先,此处介绍了三相VSR的数学模型及最小二乘法参数辨识原理。然后,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的电感参数在线辨识策略。其次,针对常规虚拟磁链计算方法受纯积分运算影响的问题,提出了一种最小阶虚拟磁链观测器。最后,通过将辨识的电感参数输入到所设计的最小阶虚拟磁链观测器,可以大大提高虚拟磁链的观测精度,进而可提高三相VSR的功率控制精度。仿真和实验结果证明了所提方法的有效性。

海上风电柔性直流输电变流器P-DPC控制研究

基于预测控制原理,根据瞬时功率理论计算出每个开关周期开始时变流器侧输入电压矢量平均值,结合空间矢量调制和直流母线电压外环控制,消除在开关周期结束时产生的有功、无功功率跟踪误差,从而直接控制变流器的有功、无功功率,达到稳态无静差控制。同时,对外环控制器进行理论分析与设计。与传统直接功率控制方法相比,预测直接功率控制(P-DPC)的特点为无需检测电网电压相位信息(如锁相环等)、实施同步旋转坐标变化和电流环解耦控制;开关频率固定,减少了跟踪误差带来的干扰以及参数不准确造成的解耦不彻底等问题,提高了系统的稳定性;在两相静止坐标系下即可实现网侧单位功率因数运行。采用Matlab/Simulink构建PWM-VSC系统仿真模型进行仿真,结果证明了该控制方法的可行性和有效性,为海上风电场柔性直流输电变流器数字控制系统提供了一种可行的控制方案。

PWM整流器的无网压传感器DPC研究

为了更好地实现三相电压型PWM整流器的无电网电压传感器运行控制,给出了基于虚拟磁链的无电网电压传感器的直接功率控制(DPC)策略,根据PWM整流器的直流侧电压、交流电流和开关状态等得到虚拟磁链矢量,并据此对交流电网电压进行实时估算;采用SVPWM调制代替传统的开关表,采用连续PI调节器代替了传统的滞环调节器,给出了三相PWM整流器的无电网电压传感器DPC控制系统结构,不但可实现开关频率固定,还可获得更好的工作波形。仿真试验结果表明了所给估算方法和控制策略的有效性和可行性。

基于DPC的海上风场VSC-HVDC变流器控制策略

针对海上风场并网电压源直流输电系统,设计了基于虚拟磁链的直接功率控制(DPC)方法,通过虚拟磁链技术计算系统功率,省去了电压传感器和锁相环,实现了无交流电压传感器运行,提高了系统可靠性,降低了成本。同时,针对常规DPC的功率滞环造成变流器开关频率变化范围大、系统滤波器设计困难及对处理器运算速度要求高等不足,利用三相电压源变流器的虚拟磁链模型和功率模型估计磁链和功率,通过功率误差直接计算电压参考信号,生成SPWM调制波,既替代滞环控制又避免内环PI调节器参数的整定。利用Matlab/Simulink搭建相应的仿真模型,结果表明两端变流器均可无交流电压传感器运行,需调整参数较少,且具有较快的响应速度和稳态跟踪精度,因此所设计系统正确有效。

DFIG的SVM-IPC与SVM-DPC比较

为比较间接功率控制(indirect power control,IPC)和直接功率控制(direct power control,DPC)的控制特点,提出了双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)的间接功率控制(IPC)和直接功率控制(DPC)策略。首先提出采用空间矢量调制(space vector modulation,SVM)的SVM-IPC策略,该策略通过对转子电流的直接控制间接实现对定子有功和无功功率的解耦控制;其次提出基于SVM的SVM-DPC策略,该策略不通过电流控制环节,直接实现定子有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制。分析结果表明,SVM-IPC具有良好的稳态性能,但动态响应能力取决于PI参数的优化程度;SVM-DPC不仅稳态性能好,而且具有快速的动态响应能力。实验结果验证了提出策略的可行性和正确性。

基于VO-DPC的STATCOM研究

介绍了电压定向直接功率控制的原理,并对其实现过程进行了详细的叙述及分析。文章对DPC-STATCOM进行了建模及仿真,得出了仿真结果并作了分析;以DSP2812为控制器搭建了实验平台,并且得出了实验波形图,经过分析比较仿真波形和实验波形,证明了电压定向直接功率控制的正确性及优越性。

DFIG网侧变换器HC-DPC与SVMP-DPC比较

以双馈风力发电机DFIG(doubly-fed induction generator)网侧变换器滞环直接功率HC-DPC(hysteresis controller direct power control)和基于空间矢量调制SVM(space vector modulation)的预测(predictive,P)直接功率控制(SVM P-DPC)的性能比较为研究目的,采用理论分析与实验验证相结合的方法,根据网侧变换器的数学模型,分别采用HC-DPC和SVM P-DPC策略,对提出的2种策略进行对比实验。实验结果表明:两种策略均具有快速的动态响应能力,但HC-DPC输出电流和输出功率谐波含量高;SVM P-DPC输出电流正弦度好,输出功率波动小,同时具有良好的静态和动态特性。验证了所提策略的可行性和正确性。

基于改进DPC-SVM的三相并网逆变器

针对传统基于空间矢量调制的直接功率控制(Direct power control with space vector modulation,DPC-SVM)三相并网逆变器动态响应速度慢的问题,研究了一种三相并网逆变器的改进DPC-SVM方法。该控制方法基于传统空间矢量脉冲宽度调制(Space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)解耦控制的思想,利用参考功率前馈来提高系统的动态响应速度。详细阐述了传统和改进DPC-SVM方法的工作原理,并以15kVA三相并网逆变器为例对传统和改进DPC-SVM方法进行了仿真和实验验证。与传统控制方法相比,改进控制方法具有更快的动态响应速度。

神经PID控制在SVPWM整流器VFDPC中的应用研究

分析了PWM整流器虚拟磁链直接功率控制(VFDPC)的工作原理,得出了基于虚拟磁链观测的瞬时功率估算式。设计了2个高通滤波器级联构成的二阶环节代替纯积分器滤除直流分量来解决虚拟磁链观测中存在的因积分初值选取不当造成的直流偏移问题。为提高PWM整流器直流电压稳定性,在电压外环设计了神经PID控制器。仿真结果表明,与传统PID控制相比,基于神经PID控制的SVPWM整流器直接功率控制系统直流侧电压稳定、动态性能更好。

有源中点箝位型五电平整流器DPC-SVM控制研究

在高电压领域,有源中点箝位型五电平(ANPC-5L)整流器比三电平更具优势。对大功率ANPC-5L PWM整流器主电路拓扑进行分析,提出一种适用于该拓扑结构的五电平空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)控制算法。通过建立五电平整流器数学模型,为整流器系统的设计奠定了理论基础;根据瞬时功率理论,计算出系统所需的有功、无功功率,并采用SVPWM控制方法实现了ANPC-5L的定频控制、高动态性能及单位功率因数控制;最后,通过实验验证了所提SVPWM控制策略及该定频直接功率控制(DPC)方法的正确性和有效性。