Presentation of Empirical Equations for Estimating Internal Friction Angle of GW and GC Soils in Mashhad, Iran Using Standard Penetration and Direct Shear Tests and Comparison with Previous Equations

Presentation of empirical equations for estimating engineering properties of soils is a simple, low cost and widely-used method. One of the major concerns in using these equations is evaluating their accuracy in different conditions and regions which often lead to doubts about obtained results. Most of these equations were derived in special laboratories, different climate conditions and in soils with different geotechnical and geological engineering properties and were generalized to other conditions. The main question is that whether these methods are also applicable to other conditions. Using local equations and narrowing the usage range of various methods based on each region’s properties are appropriate methods to solve these problems. This leads to simplified and faster analysis and high reliability in the obtained results. In this paper, empirical equations were derived to estimate internal friction angle, based on SPT numbers of Mashhad City’s soils in Iran, using SPT and direct shear tests results from 50 samples (25 GW and 25 GC soil samples). The results showed similar values for predicted?φ?values by SPT test and?φ?values determined by direct shear tests.

Mathematical Modeling of Shear Stress and Direct Shear Test for Compressible Soil: Case of Soil Bordering the Wouri River

This paper focuses on the development of the mathematical model of shear stress by direct shear test for compressible soil of the littoral region, which will be a great tool in the hand of geotechnical engineers. The most common use of a shear test is to determine the shear strength which is the maximum shear stress that a material can withstand before the failure occurs. This parameter is useful in many engineering designs such as foundations, roads and retaining walls. We carried out an experimental laboratory test of ten samples of undisturbed soil taken at different points of the border of Wouri river of Cameroon. The samples were collected at different depths and a direct shear test was conducted. The investigations have been performed under constant vertical stresses and constant sample volume with the aim to determine the frictional angle and the cohesion of the compressible soil which are so important to establish the conditions of buildings stability. Special care was taken to derive loading conditions actually existing in the ground and to duplicate them in the laboratory. Given that the buildings constructed in this area are subjected to settlement, landslide, and punch break or shear failure, the cohesion and the frictional angle are determined through the rupture line after assessed the mean values of the shear stress for the considered ten samples. The bearing capacity of the soil, which is the fundamental soil parameter, was calculated. From the laboratory experimental results, the least squared method was used to derive an approximated mathematical model of the shearing stress. Many optimizations methods were then considered to reach the best adjustment.

Shear Strength of Unbound Crop By-Products Using the Direct Shear Box Apparatus

The return to old building methods by mixing crop by-products with mineral binders is arousing great interest in Europe since about 25 years.The use of these bio-aggregates based materials for the design of building envelopes is a valuable opportunity to deal with increasingly demanding thermal regulations.In addition,the regulatory framework is moving towards reducing the overall car-bon footprint of new buildings.Some traditional and historic buildings are based on timber framing with earth-straw as infill material for instance.Hemp concrete is a bio-based material that can be manually tamped in timber stud walls or more recently in the form of precast blocks.Owing to their low compressive strength,bio-based concretes using a large volume fraction of plant-derived aggregates are only considered as thermal and sound insulation materials.The structural design practice of wood frame walls does not assume any mechanical contribution of hemp concrete whereas it may contribute to the racking strength of the structure.In this context,more research is needed regarding the shear behavior of crop by-products and bio-based concretes.In this case,the objective of the study was to perform direct shear tests under three levels of normal pressure on hemp shiv and rice husk as unbound crop by-products.The results showed that the friction angle of the granular skeleton based on rice husk for a given relative displacement was significantly lower than that measured on hemp shiv.This is in accordance with what had been observed on bio-based concretes cast by mixing aggregates with lime and shear strength parameters measured by means of triaxial compression.

Evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different loading cycles and stress paths

Surrounding rocks at different locations are generally subjected to different stress paths during the process of deep hard rock excavation.In this study,to reveal the mechanical parameters of deep surrounding rock under different stress paths,a new cyclic loading and unloading test method for controlled true triaxial loading and unloading and principal stress direction interchange was proposed,and the evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different stress paths was studied,including the deformation modulus,elastic deformation increment ratios,fracture degree,cohesion and internal friction angle.Additionally,stress path coefficient was defined to characterize different stress paths,and the functional relationships among the stress path coefficient,rock fracture degree difference coefficient,cohesion and internal friction angle were obtained.The results show that during the true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading process,the deformation modulus and cohesion gradually decrease,while the internal friction angle gradually increases with increasing equivalent crack strain.The stress path coefficient is exponentially related to the rock fracture degree difference coefficient.As the stress path coefficient increases,the degrees of cohesion weakening and internal friction angle strengthening decrease linearly.During cyclic loading and unloading under true triaxial principal stress direction interchange,the direction of crack development changes,and the deformation modulus increases,while the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease slightly,indicating that the principal stress direction interchange has a strengthening effect on the surrounding rocks.Finally,the influences of the principal stress interchange direction on the stabilities of deep engineering excavation projects are discussed.

低温和含水率对重塑性煤体抗剪强度影响研究

为了研究温度—含水率耦合作用下重塑性煤体抗剪强度的变化规律,保障松软煤层安全高效稳定开采,采用直剪试验分析了重塑性煤体在较低温度(20、0、-10、-20、-30、-40℃)、一定含水率(0、0.8%、4%、8%、12%、16%)耦合作用下的抗剪强度特性,并通过数学统计分析了温度与含水率对抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:含水率为0时重塑性煤体的黏聚力随着温度的降低呈幂指数增加;温度—含水率耦合作用下重塑性煤体的抗剪强度均与垂向应力成正比,均符合莫尔-库仑准则;在温度为10~20℃、含水率为12%~16%时,黏聚力达到最大值322.9 kPa,最小值138.0 kPa出现在温度-40℃、含水率4%附近;在-20~-40℃温度下,重塑性煤体内摩擦角随含水率的增加逐渐降低至最小值18.25°;当含水率为6%~13%、温度为-20~10℃时,内摩擦角达到最大值31.45°,对应抗剪强度达到最大值。温度—含水率耦合作用下,重塑性煤体抗剪强度、内摩擦角与黏聚力均受温度的影响较大。

动静组合加载下砂岩剪切力学特性试验研究

动载扰动作用是影响遗煤复采过程中围岩稳定性的重要因素,为研究不同预静载水平下动载扰动对砂岩抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角、应变场及声发射等参数的影响,采用动静载多场耦合试验系统、声发射监测系统和DIC应变监测系统对砂岩进行了动静组合加载变角剪切试验。研究结果表明:在组合加载下,随着预静载水平的增大,砂岩抗剪强度和黏聚力呈先增大后减小的趋势,内摩擦角和扰动前后最大主应变差值呈先减小后增大的趋势,均在75%τ预静载水平处达到极值;在组合加载下,声发射累计能量和累计振铃计数整体上可划分为第一稳定增长期、第一突增期、平静期、第二突增期、第二稳定增长期和第三突增期6个阶段,在扰动阶段声发射信号活跃程度随着预静载水平的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,极值出现在60%τ预静载水平处。研究成果可为动静组合加载下围岩稳定性控制提供理论参考。

An experimental study of shear strength of gas-hydrate-bearing core samples

The shear strength of gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs is one of the most important parameters used to study mechanical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs. The shear strength of gas-hydrate- bearing reservoirs changes with filling and cementation of gas hydrates, which will affect the wellbore and reservoir stability. Traditional shear tests could not be conducted on gas-hydrate-bearing core samples because the gas hydrates exist under a limited range of temperature and pressure conditions. This paper describes a novel shear apparatus for studying shear strength of gas-hydrate-bearing core samples under original reservoir conditions. The preparation of gas-hydrate-bearing core samples and subsequent shear tests are done in the same cell. Cohesion and internal friction angle of the core samples with different saturations of gas hydrates were measured with the apparatus. The effect of gas hydrates on the shear strength of reservoirs was quantitatively analyzed. This provides a foundation for studying wellbore and reservoir stability of gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs.

负温养护下水泥稳定粉质黏土的剪切特性研究

水泥稳定土广泛应用于寒区岩土的改良,明晰负温养护条件下水泥稳定土剪切强度的主控因素及变化机制对于寒区工程安全运维具有重要意义。本文开展了不同养护温度、水泥含量、含水率、龄期条件下水泥稳定粉质黏土的剪切特性试验,分析了负温养护下水泥稳定粉质粘土剪切强度的变化规律。结果表明:负温养护下水泥稳定土的抗剪强度小于常规养护下水泥稳定土的抗剪强度;不同养护温度下水泥稳定土的剪切破坏形态表现出不同程度的脆性效应;抗剪强度随着水泥含量的增加而增大,初始含水率为16%~20%时对水泥稳定土强度增长最为有利;水泥稳定土的黏聚力随着水泥含量的增加而增大,随着初始含水率的增加先增大后减小;内摩擦角随着水泥含量及初始含水率的增加也呈现先增大后减小的趋势。

Soil shear properties as infl uenced by straw content:An evaluation of field-collected and laboratory-remolded soils

Following a rice or wheat harvest, a large amount of crop residue （straw） is retained in fields. The straw is often incorporated into the soil in order to increase the soil organic carbon storage and to reduce soil erosion. However, it has become apparent that the incorporated straw can significantly alter soil shear properties, which can dramatically affect energy inputs for tilling and other soil management practices. In this study, laboratory-remolded wheat straw-soil samples were compared with field-collected straw-soil samples; we found high correlations for the cohesion （R2=0.9084） and internal friction angle （R2=0.9548） properties of the samples. Shear tests on rice and wheat straw with different moisture content levels clearly demonstrated the relatively higher shear strength of wheat straw compared to rice straw. The cohesion of remolded rice and wheat straw-soil samples exhibited an increasing linear trend with an increase in densities, whereas the internal friction angle data for these samples exhibited a quadratic trend. Overlapping the cohesion curves revealed that the wheat straw-soil and rice straw-soil samples had the same cohesion at a straw density of 0.63%. Similar results were obtained when the internal fraction angle curves overlapped; the resultant point of intersection was observed at a straw density of 0.46%. As a whole, the remolded sample methodology was found suitable to simulate the shear properties of soils sampled directly from fields.

压实黏性土固结排水多级直剪试验

抗剪强度是决定岩土工程中地基、边坡等土体和结构稳定性的重要力学参数,一般通过直剪或三轴试验获取.这类试验常采用3~4个试样测定土的黏聚力和内摩擦角,但多个试样的差异性会影响结果准确性.基于此,在常规直剪仪器的基础上进行改进,使其可针对一个试样反复剪切,获取样品的抗剪强度参数,由Mohr-Coulomb包络线得到土的黏聚力和内摩擦角,并将压实土的固结排水多级直剪试验与常规直剪试验结果进行对比.结果表明,多级直剪试验抗剪强度略小于常规直剪,内摩擦角误差在±2.5°.该固结排水多级直剪方案可以用来评估压实黏性土抗剪强度.

应变式直剪仪与微型十字板剪切仪测定土壤抗剪强度的对比分析

[目的]分析两种仪器(应变式直剪仪与微型十字板剪切仪)测得的土壤抗剪强度指标(土壤黏聚力值c、内摩擦角φ、土壤剪切力τ)特征,并建立直剪仪测得的c和φ与十字版仪测得的τ之间的函数关系,以期深化对土壤抗剪强度的认识,提高土壤抗剪强度指标测定效率。[方法]选取黄土高原3种典型质地类型土壤(杨凌黏黄土、安塞黄绵土、定边沙黄土),每种土壤设5个含水量梯度(12%,16%,20%,24%,28%),分别用上述两种仪器测定不同处理下土壤抗剪强度指标c,φ和τ,探究了3指标对土壤质地、土壤含水量的响应特征以及3指标间的函数关系。[结果](1)试验条件下,c值在16.88~27.12 kPa范围,φ值在5.03°~21.30°范围,τ值在1.76~7.72 kPa范围变化;(2)不同土壤类型下,c和τ均随含水量的增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,而φ随含水量增大呈现逐渐降低趋势;(3)总体来看,安塞黄绵土的τ,c,φ值略高于定边沙黄土,但它们均显著大于杨凌黏黄土。(4)3种土壤类型下,微型十字板剪切仪所测定的τ值与直剪仪测定的c值均具有较强的线性相关关系(R 2>0.90);而φ值与τ值间并无显著相关关系。如不考虑土壤类型差异,τ与c之间仍有较强的相关性,关系式为c=1.59τ+14.10(R 2=0.51,p<0.01)。[结论]应变式直剪仪测得的黏聚力c值和微型十字版仪测得的土壤剪切力τ值对土壤质地、含水量的响应相似,且二者有显著的相关关系,在一定条件下可以用快速便捷的微型十字版仪测得的τ值估算原本需用直剪仪测的c值。研究结果可为野外极端条件下提高土壤抗剪强度测定效率方面提供参考。

裂隙性对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响研究

胀缩性、裂隙性是膨胀土的基本特性,膨胀土内部裂隙对边坡破坏有着巨大的影响,常引起工程事故.为研究裂隙性对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响,以南阳膨胀土作为研究对象,分别研究裂隙倾角、裂隙条数、裂隙形状等因素对膨胀土力学性质产生的影响.采用CT扫描试验观测了原状土内部裂隙发育情况;通过对含有不同裂隙倾角、条数、形状以及不同裂隙间填充物情况的含裂隙土样进行直剪试验,分析裂隙性对膨胀土抗剪强度的影响.结果表明:裂隙的产生会破坏土体整体性,降低膨胀土抗剪强度;裂隙条数增多,裂隙相互交汇会进一步降低土体强度;膨胀土抗剪强度指标(黏聚力、内摩擦角)随裂隙面倾角的减小先减小后增大;当裂隙面倾角为膨胀土破坏面倾角时其抗剪强度最低;裂隙面倾角越接近破坏面倾角其抗剪强度越低,反之越高;引入裂隙膨胀土黏聚力和内摩擦角的弱化度,建立了其抗剪强度指标随倾角变化的预测模型.

含水率对普朗铜矿自然崩落法覆盖层散体抗剪强度影响研究

覆盖层的物料特性是自然崩落法能否顺利进行的重要因素,普朗铜矿自然崩落法的覆盖层为高原冰碛物散体,其抗剪强度参数与含水率密切相关。以高海拔环境下的冰碛物为研究对象,采用散体直剪实验方法,获得不同含水率条件下的高原冰碛物散体抗剪强度参数,探索含水率对高原冰碛物散体抗剪强度参数的规律关系。研究结果表明:高原冰碛物散体物质的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水率的增加而减小,黏聚力与含水率之间呈现较强的对数关系,而内摩擦角与含水率之间呈现较强的指数关系;根据冰碛物散体抗剪强度参数随含水率的变化程度,黏聚力对含水率的变化较为敏感,而内摩擦角对含水率的变化敏感性较低,说明黏聚力对含水率的敏感性要强于内摩擦角,含水率对高原冰碛物散体抗剪强度的影响主要是通过黏聚力变化来体现的。研究成果可为自然崩落法高原冰碛物覆盖层研究提供一定的理论依据。

基于三轴试验的水泥土抗剪强度参数分析

针对现有文献中关于水泥土三轴抗剪强度参数的研究总体上较少,而黏聚力和内摩擦角对水泥土边坡稳定分析至关重要这一问题,采用室内三轴剪切试验,对胶凝材料的总掺量、龄期、围压和粉煤灰掺量等因素及其对三轴抗剪强度参数的影响进行分析。研究结果表明:黏聚力随着龄期的增加而增加,且二者之间大致为线性关系;总掺量越大,相同龄期下的黏聚力也越大。内摩擦角总体上随着龄期的增大而减小,且龄期越小,内摩擦角减小得越快;总体上总掺量越大,相同龄期下的内摩擦角越小。黏聚力随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加,内摩擦角与粉煤灰掺量之间无明显的关系。黏聚力增量、内摩擦角增量与龄期之间均无明显的关系。当总掺量较小时,黏聚力增量随着粉煤灰掺量的增大而增大;当总掺量较大时,黏聚力增量随着粉煤灰掺量的增加先增大再减小。该研究成果可为珠三角软土区水泥土的设计与施工提供试验依据。

上海地区饱和软黏土的直剪试验特性研究

上海地区饱和软黏土的剪切特性对建筑物地基的稳定性具有重要影响,在实际工程中,主要通过室内直剪试验来确定软黏土的剪切指标。试验方法普遍采用固结快剪,而快剪和慢剪试验方法较少采用,研究也不多。通过对上海典型(4)层软黏土分别进行快剪,固结快剪和慢剪试验,研究不同试验方法得到的软黏土的剪切指标,总结软黏土的剪切特性。

Shear properties of cemented rockfills

Application of cemented rockfilling to underground mining could not be separated from the corresponding backfill’s shear strength properties. The shear of cemented rockfill(CRF)-rock wall and the shear interaction occurring within CRFs both have some disadvantageous failure chances. In this study,we tried to investigate the complete shear properties of CRFs using direct shear and triaxial tests of cemented granite rockfill. Large-scale triaxial testing was held to accommodate the large CRF sample.Direct shear testing on the prepared flat and smooth surfaces was assessed with brief conversions and their corrections were used to approximate the shear strength envelopes of CRF joint interfaces. Two types of CRFs with the same aggregate size and distribution but different unconfined compressive strengths(UCSs) due to different mixture designs indicated insignificant differences between their basic friction angles, and also their asperity inclination angles. Nevertheless, investigation between direct shear test and triaxial test showed that the specimen with higher UCS tended to have a slightly lower friction angle but a higher cohesion than the other one.

Strip loading test theory and equipment development

One of the important issues for geotechnical engineers is the characterization of soil properties such as cohesion and internal friction angle by means of soil testing. A new experimental method of soil characterization based on the surface displacement of strip loaded soils is proposed. The theory to relate the soil deformation/displacement to soil strength properties is presented and compared with a series of conventional soil characterization techniques with direct shear tests. The proposed/developed strip loading tests provide reasonably accurate results compared with traditional direct shear tests. The new strip loading physical simulation and testing devices are helpful for understanding soil strength concepts and also provide an effective bridge connecting with engineering mechanics and foundation engineering courses instructions wherein derivation of bearing capacity theory equations is based on the same MohrCoulomb soil strength parameters. The advantages, limitations, and use of the strip loading modeling/testing technique in engineering education and further more in depth researches are discussed in the concluding remarks part.

纤维加筋水泥风积砂三轴压缩试验研究

为研究聚丙烯纤维加筋水泥风积砂的抗剪强度特性,采用正交试验方法进行不固结不排水三轴(UU)试验,研究纤维掺量、纤维长度、水泥掺量和含水率对纤维加筋水泥风积砂抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:对纤维加筋水泥风积砂抗剪强度影响的主次因素依次为水泥掺量、纤维长度、含水率、纤维掺量,最优试验配比为水泥掺量10%,纤维长度12 mm,含水率8%,纤维掺量0.2%。在水泥风积砂中掺入适量的纤维,可明显提高试样的峰值应力和峰值应变。黏聚力随纤维掺量的增加先增大后减少,随纤维长度的增加呈递增趋势,纤维掺量对内摩擦角的影响较小。研究结果可为纤维加筋水泥风积砂路基防治提供科学依据。

直剪试验方法对轻量土抗剪强度的影响规律研究

【目的】为了快速、准确地获取轻量土抗剪强度相关指标,确定不同直剪试验方法对轻量土抗剪强度的差异,【方法】通过快剪、固结快剪以及慢剪试验,分析了轻量土剪应力-剪切位移曲线、黏聚力和内摩擦角在不同剪切方法及不同配比下的变化规律。【结果】结果显示:轻量土的抗剪强度及抗剪强度指标随着其配比不同表现出一定的差异,其中,随着EPS颗粒体积比的增大,剪应力-剪切位移曲线由应变软化型转变为应变硬化型,轻量土抗剪强度大幅降低。随着水泥掺量的增加,轻量土抗剪强度总体呈现增大的趋势,同时轻量土黏聚力随EPS颗粒体积比增大而大幅减小,随水泥掺量的增大略有增大;内摩擦角随EPS颗粒体积比的增大急剧减小,随水泥掺量增大略微减小。其中以快剪试验为例,当水泥掺量为15%、EPS颗粒体积比由20%增长至40%和60%时,轻量土黏聚力相对减少量为22.20%、44.73%。【结论】结果表明,不同EPS颗粒体积比下,慢剪方法对轻量土试样黏聚力的变化较为敏感,而快剪方法对轻量土试样内摩擦角的变化较为敏感。与素土相比,三种直剪方法下得到的不同配比轻量土剪应力-剪切位移曲线形态、抗剪强度值均比较相近,实际工程中可用直剪快剪方法获取轻量土抗剪强度。

掺水泥粉土的改良风积沙三轴压缩特性

基于单掺5%水泥的经济性设计指标,开展了混掺水泥粉土的改良风积沙三轴压缩试验,分析了改良风积沙试样不同围压下的应力-应变及强度特性,揭示了不同掺比改良风积沙黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化规律,以及改良风积沙的破坏形式及剪切破坏机理。结果表明:改良风积沙的应力-应变关系曲线均为应变软化型曲线;弹性模量和破坏强度与围压正相关,弹性模量在粉土掺量增至15%时达到峰值;破坏强度与粉土掺量正相关;10%粉土掺量下改良风积沙黏聚力最大,内摩擦角则随粉土掺量增加而单调增长。水泥水化物包裹在沙粒表面,增加了沙粒表面粗糙度,并在沙粒之间的空隙形成网状结构,将沙粒联结起来,阻碍沙粒相对运动;掺入适量粉土可填充沙粒和水化物之间的空隙,但过量粉土会制约水化反应,同时碱性离子与水化物反应产生胶结能力差的硅酸钠和铝酸钠,导致改良风积沙整体性能下降。