Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a beating-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz- 360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The beating-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally, the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.

Acoustic multipath structure in direct zone of deep water and bearing estimation of tow ship noise of towed line array

In the towed line array sonar system,the tow ship noise is the main factor that affects the sonar performance.Conventional noise cancelling methods assume that the noise is towards the endfire direction of the array.An acoustic experiment employing a towed line array is conducted in the western Pacific Ocean,and a strange bearing-splitting phenomenon of the tow ship noise is observed in the array.The tow ship noise is split into multiple noise signals whose bearings are distributed between 10°and 90°deviating from the endfire direction.The multiple interferences increase the difficulty in recognizing the target for the sonar operator and noise cancellation.Therefore,making the mechanism clear and putting forward the tow ship noise splitting bearing estimation method are imperative.In this paper,the acoustic multi-path structure of the tow ship in deep water is analyzed.Then it is pointed out that the bearing-splitting phenomenon is caused by the main lobe of direct rays and bottom-reflected rays,as well as several side lobes of direct rays.Meanwhile,the indistinguishability between the elevation angle and the bearing angle due to the axial symmetry of a strict horizontal line array causes the bearing to deviate from the endfire direction.Based on the theory above,a method of estimating bearing of the tow ship noise in deep water is proposed.The theoretical analysis results accord with the experimental results,which helps to identify the target and provide correct initial bearing guidance for noise cancelation methods.

Horizontal-Longitudinal Spatial Correlation of Acoustic Field with Deep Receiver in the Direct Zone in Deep Water

The horizontal-longitudinal correlation of acoustic field for the receiver near the bottom is analyzed by using nu- merical modeling. An approximate analytical solution of horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient is derived based on the ray method. Combining the characteristic of Lloyd＇s mirror interference pattern, the variability of acoustic field and its effect on horizontal-longitudinal spatial correlation are discussed. The theoretical pre- diction agrees well with the numerical results. Experimental results confirm the validity of analytical solution. Finally, the applicability of the analytical solution is summarized. The conclusion is beneficial for the design of bottom-moored array and the estimation of integral time for moving source localization.

Capillary Electrophoretic Determination of Jinggangmycin A in Formulations Using Direct UV Detection

A simple, fast and reliable method was developed for the analysis of jinggangmycin A （validamycin A） in commercial formulations. The running buffer used was acetate buffer （100 mmol/L, pH 4.7） with 15 kV as the applied voltage. The detection was achieved by using direct UV mode at 200 nm and the detection limit was 0.2 μg/mL. Linearity in the concentration range of 5-500 μg/mL was excellent （RE 〉 0.999）. The run-to-run repeatability （n = 3）, as expressed by the relative standard deviation （RSD） for migration times and peak areas were less than 0.5% and 3.0% respectively. The mean recovery ranged from 97.2% to 101.4%.

Focal Mechanism Analysis for Determination of Potential Source Zones in South China and Its Adjacent Regions

Based on the results of focal mechanism solutions in southeastern areas of China （south of 34°N and east of 105° E）, this article analyzes the correlation of focal mechanism solutions with seismogenic structures of moderate strong earthquakes and the direction of potential source zones. The data show that the nodal planes of focal mechanism solutions and the principle stresses in southern China are of predominantly similar directions, most of the solutions for M ≥4.0 earthquakes correspond to the main structure directions as well as the directions of potential source zones. The statistical results of multiple small earthquakes concerning nodal planes and main stress axes are also reliable for determining the direction of potential source zones. According to the analysis of focal mechanism solutions, long-axis direction of isoseismals distribution of aftershocks, geologic structures, and seismic activity in two areas of the Ms6.1 earthquake in the south Yellow Sea in 1996 and the MsS.2 earthquake in Fujian in 1997, the potential source zone division is discussed.

Clay Minerals Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) along the Kadey River Using Direct Current (DC) Method

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Tindikala-Boutou (Eastern-Cameroon) area along the Kadey River have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistive meter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument). The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares, and then interpolated with Surfer software. Investigation method used is the Direct Current (DC) method. Interpretations and analyses of results from the investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities. The latter has been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W approximately. The mineralization characterized by conductive zones proves the presence of clay minerals disseminated in weathered quartz vein, which cross the shear zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the studied area are able to attest the presence of clay minerals concentrations.

震源运动学破裂过程对马尼拉俯冲带潜在海啸的影响研究

提高对马尼拉俯冲带海啸生成机制的认识对研究我国东南沿海地区海洋防灾减灾具有重要意义。目前,大型俯冲带震源破裂的运动过程对海啸生成的影响逐渐受到关注,但震源运动学破裂过程对马尼拉俯冲带潜在海啸的影响尚未明确。基于马尼拉俯冲带的典型破裂模型,对不同破裂速度和方向设定的海啸情景开展数值模拟,评估分析破裂速度和方向对海啸波传播特征的影响。结果表明:破裂方向相同时,破裂速度越慢,海啸波到时越晚,峰值波高越小;破裂速度相同时,与不考虑破裂运动过程的模拟结果相比,破裂前方的场点峰值波高更大,距离初始破裂位置更近的场点到时越早;不同设定情境下,沿海场点的海啸波到时最大相差10 min左右,峰值波高最大值约为最小值的1.5倍。

高位定向钻孔抽采瓦斯搭接部位研究与应用

相邻钻场高位定向钻孔合理搭接是保证抽采瓦斯效果稳定、提高钻孔有效利用率的重要环节。根据顶板裂隙带高位定向钻孔抽采瓦斯机理研究结果,通过分析布置高位定向钻孔空间层位、煤层顶板裂隙带分布特征、钻孔轨迹等抽采效果影响因素,确定了实现成功接替的钻孔合理搭接部位,并在党家河煤矿进行了工程应用。应用显示:80~121 m钻孔搭接长度能够满足瓦斯抽采效果,在搭接部位外端点接替使每个钻孔减少钻孔工程量约40 m。

A Coastal Zone Segmentation Variational Model and Its Accelerated ADMM Method

Effective and efficient SAR image segmentation has a significant role in coastal zone interpretation. In this paper, a coastal zone segmentation model is proposed based on Potts model. By introducing edge self-adaption parameter and modifying noisy data term, the proposed variational model provides a good solution for the coastal zone SAR image with common characteristics of inherent speckle noise and complicated geometrical details. However, the proposed model is difficult to solve due to to its nonlinear, non-convex and non-smooth characteristics. Followed by curve evolution theory and operator splitting method, the minimization problem is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem. A fast alternating minimization iterative scheme is designed to implement coastal zone segmentation. Finally, various two-stage and multiphase experimental results illustrate the advantage of the proposed segmentation model, and indicate the high computation efficiency of designed numerical approximation algorithm.

地面定向钻孔预注浆掩护巷道穿断层破碎带技术应用

为了解F2断层发育情况,解决岩巷穿断层期间由于顶、底板及巷道围岩破碎导致的水害、断层破碎带支护问题,在分析矿区地质条件的基础上,通过实施地面L型多分支定向钻孔对巷道穿F2断层周围破碎岩体进行预注浆加固,综合运用理论计算、工程效果监测分析等方法,对巷道掘进期间的围岩塑性圈范围进行了理论分析研究;实测分析了F2断层地面区域治理工程注浆前后地层单位吸水量变化及注浆效果。结果表明,地面定向钻孔高压预注浆有效提升了巷道围岩稳定性,研究成果为类似地层条件下巷道的安全、高效掘进提供了实践经验。

境外经贸合作区如何助推中国对外直接投资高质量发展

境外经贸合作区是中国企业“走出去”的有力引擎和中国为全球治理贡献中国智慧的有效途径。面对部分中国企业对外直接投资(OFDI)过程中重数量轻质量、重规模轻绩效的问题,探索以境外经贸合作区为载体进行高质量OFDI具有重要的现实意义。本文基于国家层面和企业微观层面的面板数据,运用双重差分法(DID)对境外经贸合作区的投资效应进行了全面分析。合作区不仅显著提高中国对东道国OFDI的规模,更从技术创新、产业协调、生态绿色和开放共享等方面推动了中国OFDI高质量发展。合作区对高质量投资的带动主要通过影响东道国制度质量、税收优惠力度以及基础设施建设程度来实现。本文研究结论为中国由投资大国转向投资强国提供了新颖路径,为中国企业找准高质量对外投资着力点提供了理论参考。

基于声发射波形能量谱的岩石裂隙演化研究

通过白砂岩预制裂纹样的三维声发射监测试验,采用声发射波形的空间能量分布确定岩石裂隙扩展方向,研究了单轴压缩下白砂岩的裂隙演化特征;运用短时傅里叶变换(STFT)获取各通道波形的能量谱,以能量最小通道到能量最大通道的方向表示微裂隙方向,以能量大小表征裂隙长度,得到微裂隙声发射矢量。研究表明:白砂岩的裂隙扩展以平行于主应力方向和理论共轭剪切面方向为主,在初始压密段和弹性段,以某一方向裂隙为主导;从裂隙变形段开始,3个方向上的裂隙占比开始逐渐趋同,在峰前软化段趋于30%;声发射矢量沿主破裂面集聚分布,且在峰前软化段形成贯穿岩样的剪切带,是较为可靠的岩石破坏临界前兆。

激光定向能量沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr修复5083-H112铝合金的组织和性能

激光定向能量沉积增材修复技术具有时间短、效率高、成本低、力学性能好等优点,具有很大的发展潜力。采用Al-7.5Mg-0.3Sc-0.28Zr作为修复材料对轨道交通用5083-H112铝合金进行激光修复实验,得到了致密、无缺陷的修复试样,并对其组织和性能进行研究,探讨了激光修复铝合金的可行性。结果表明,熔合线附近过渡区可划分为修复区、部分熔化区、热影响区和母材。修复区为完全等轴晶,由平均晶粒尺寸为4.95μm的细晶带和18.34μm的粗晶区组成。从修复区到部分熔化区再到热影响区的过渡区域,Al元素含量逐渐升高,Mg元素含量逐渐下降,硬度逐渐下降,修复后母材未被软化。由于激光增材制造技术的快速凝固,在熔合线附近的细晶带有较大的应力集中,由于较小的热输入在部分熔化区、热影响区的残余应力较小。修复试样的屈服强度为(152±2)MPa,为母材的89.4%;抗拉强度为(305±5)MPa,为母材抗拉强度的100%;伸长率为(15.5±0.5)%,为母材的85.2%;断裂发生在强度较弱的母材。高性能的激光修复铝合金是可实现的,具有广泛的应用前景。

基于机器学习的岩体结构面剪切破坏区域预测研究

剪切破坏区域是岩体结构面上下盘相对运动的主要接触区域,对抗剪强度具有重要影响。鉴于结构面剪切破坏区域与形貌特征的高度非线性关系,本文在分析结构面表面形貌特征及剪切机制的基础上,以粗糙度参数倾向、倾角、曲率、高差和孔径分布来描述结构面表面形貌特征。对结构面试样开展法向应力为1.0 MPa的直剪试验,通过图像分割技术提取剪切破坏区域,利用多种机器学习方法构建结构面剪切破坏区域预测模型,建立结构面粗糙度参数与破坏状态之间的非线性关系,并采用训练准确率和AUC(Area Under Curve)值等指标对模型预测性能进行评估。结果表明所建立的模型中集成装袋树预测性能最好,其次是K最近邻,其训练准确率最高分别可达98.02%和97.38%,AUC值最高分别可达0.78和0.74。通过敏感性分析发现孔径分布对剪切破坏区域的影响最大。本研究对有效分析结构面的剪切破坏机理和准确评价抗剪强度具有重要意义。

广西水网先导区建设重点突破方向的思考

分析了广西水网发展现状及存在的问题,结合广西水网先导区建设目标、任务,提出了先导区建设重点突破方向,从水网关键工程建设、大石山区集中供水保障、新建大型灌区、水网水运融合发展等方面提出了建议。

深海垂直阵直达声区目标反卷积定位方法

深海声源定位的常规方法通常是利用水听器阵列接收声源信号的多途到达信息与仿真结果进行匹配实现定位。针对常规方法难以直接提取相近多途到达角的问题,提出了一种基于反卷积的深海垂直阵水下目标定位方法。该方法采用自适应迭代的频域Richardson-Lucy算法对深海声源目标多途到达角进行直接估计,通过匹配声场到达角特征模板实现测距与定深。仿真和实验结果表明,该定位方法比常规方法有着更高的定位精度与适用性,并且具有较高的计算效率。

邢台震区应力场特征及M_(L)3.5以上地震的发震背景分析

邢台老震区构造背景复杂,发育多组断裂,属构造较不稳定地带,且区域中小地震频发。2017年至2021年发生6次M_(L)3.5以上地震,其中有两次M L4以上地震。本文基于搜集的震源机制解资料,反演区域现今地壳应力场,模拟震源机制与地壳应力场的关系,计算地壳应力场在地震发震断层面上的相对剪应力和相对正应力,分析地震的发震背景。结果表明,6次M_(L)3.5以上地震中,有2次震源机制节面接近应力场的最大剪应力节面,有4次震源机制节面远离应力场的最大剪应力节面。说明地震不是完全按照震源机制节面上具有最大剪应力的破裂方向发生,有时可能发生在某些薄弱带上。因此,在进行地震预测时,不能只关注最大剪应力破裂方向,还应多关注其边缘的地质薄弱带,这一结果可能会为后续分析该区域的地震危险性,研究地震孕育机制及动力学过程提供一定的参考依据。

江西崇仁县下庙前金矿地质特征与找矿方向分析

本文通过野外调研、岩心编录、分析测试、综合研究等方法,系统总结了下庙前金矿区地质特征、矿体特征及矿石特征,认为区内构造以NE向逆冲推覆型韧性剪切带为主,金矿化受韧性剪切带控制,浅部金矿体产于韧性剪切带内碎裂石英脉、硅化破碎带中,深部见糜棱岩型金矿体,成矿类型属韧性剪切带型金矿。并指出韧性剪切带中深部缓倾部位、韧性剪切带与燕山期花岗斑岩耦合部位是最有价值的找矿方向,有必要开展进一步找矿验证。

煤矸石场自燃区立体分布综合探测技术研究与应用

煤矸石场自燃区治理的关键和难点是对煤矸石场高温区进行立体探测,获取自燃区横向和纵向分布范围。利用覆盖层介质内部直接测温方法和同位素测氡法联合确定自燃区横向分布范围,然后利用钻探取芯和钻孔中测温确定矸石堆积情况及自燃区纵向分布范围和深度,综合获取自燃区立体分布。利用上述方法对陕北某煤矸石场进行探测,结果表明:横向上高温区主要集中在治理区域西北侧并具有向东南延伸的趋势,纵向上高温区主要集中在地表以下浅部至中部区域。该探测思路对确定煤矸石场自燃区分布范围是切实可行的,可为煤矸石场自燃区治理提供基础资料。

含粗粒滑带土剪切带演化及空间展布规律研究

对含不同强度粗颗粒的滑带土进行了可视化中型直剪试验,通过竖直置入铝丝观察剪切后铝丝变形情况获取剪切破坏带的空间信息,并建立了剪切带空间曲面方程。通过粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术对可视面处二维剪切带信息进行提取,并与剪切试验得到的空间曲面方程的边界外推值进行对比,证明了空间曲面方程与PIV技术能够描述剪切带特征。然后通过PIV技术对不同剪切总位移与某一剪切位移下短时间内相对位移规律进行了分析。最后分析了预制损伤与粗颗粒强度对剪切带特征的影响。研究结果表明,剪切带形状为两端薄中间厚的带状,可采用高斯曲面方程对剪切带轮廓进行拟合。剪切带在发展过程中经历压密、自由损伤、损伤沿固定路径发展与剪切带贯通4个阶段,损伤使得剪切带发展各阶段前移,粗颗粒强度会对局部剪切带变形产生较大影响而对整体剪切带的变形影响较小。该研究成果对于揭示滑坡剪切带形成与演变规律从而设计合理的边坡防治方案具有重要意义。