Spatial correlation of the high intensity zone in deep-water acoustic field

The spatial correlations of acoustic field have important implications for underwater target detection and other ap- plications in deep water. In this paper, the spatial correlations of the high intensity zone in the deep-water acoustic field are investigated by using the experimental data obtained in the South China Sea. The experimental results show that the structures of the spatial correlation coefficient at different ranges and depths are similar to the transmission loss structure in deep water. The main reason for this phenomenon is analyzed by combining the normal mode theory with the ray theory. It is shown that the received signals in the high intensity zone mainly include one or two main pulses which are contributed by the interference of a group of waterbome modes with similar phases. The horizontal-longitudinal correlations at the same receiver depth but in different high intensity zones are analyzed. At some positions, more pulses are received in the arrival structure of the signal due to bottom reflection and the horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient decreases accordingly. The multi-path arrival structure of receiving signal becomes more complex with increasing receiver depth.

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a beating-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz- 360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The beating-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally, the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.

Soil water movement and deep drainage through thick vadose zones on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain: Croplands vs.natural lands

Regional aridity is increasing under global climate change,and therefore the sustainable use of water resources has drawn attention from scientists and the public.Land-use changes can have a significant impact on groundwater recharge in arid regions,and quantitative assessment of the impact is key to sustainable groundwater resources management.In this study,the changes of groundwater recharge after the conversion of natural lands to croplands were investigated and compared in inland and arid region,i.e.,the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain.Stable isotopes suggest that soil water in topsoil(<2 m)has experienced stronger evaporation under natural lands than croplands,and then moves downward as a piston flow.Recharge was estimated by the tracer-based mass balance method,i.e.,chloride and sulfate.Recharge rates under natural conditions estimated by the chloride mass balance(CMB)method were estimated to be 0.07 mm/a in deserts and 0.4 mm/a in oases.In contrast,the estimated groundwater recharge ranged from 61.2 mm/a to 44.8 mm/a in croplands,indicating that groundwater recharge would increase significantly after land changes from natural lands to irrigated croplands in arid regions.Recharge estimated by the sulfate mass balance method is consistent with that from the CMB method,indicating that sulfate is also a good tracer capable of estimating groundwater recharge.

Acoustic multipath structure in direct zone of deep water and bearing estimation of tow ship noise of towed line array

In the towed line array sonar system,the tow ship noise is the main factor that affects the sonar performance.Conventional noise cancelling methods assume that the noise is towards the endfire direction of the array.An acoustic experiment employing a towed line array is conducted in the western Pacific Ocean,and a strange bearing-splitting phenomenon of the tow ship noise is observed in the array.The tow ship noise is split into multiple noise signals whose bearings are distributed between 10°and 90°deviating from the endfire direction.The multiple interferences increase the difficulty in recognizing the target for the sonar operator and noise cancellation.Therefore,making the mechanism clear and putting forward the tow ship noise splitting bearing estimation method are imperative.In this paper,the acoustic multi-path structure of the tow ship in deep water is analyzed.Then it is pointed out that the bearing-splitting phenomenon is caused by the main lobe of direct rays and bottom-reflected rays,as well as several side lobes of direct rays.Meanwhile,the indistinguishability between the elevation angle and the bearing angle due to the axial symmetry of a strict horizontal line array causes the bearing to deviate from the endfire direction.Based on the theory above,a method of estimating bearing of the tow ship noise in deep water is proposed.The theoretical analysis results accord with the experimental results,which helps to identify the target and provide correct initial bearing guidance for noise cancelation methods.

Horizontal-Longitudinal Spatial Correlation of Acoustic Field with Deep Receiver in the Direct Zone in Deep Water

The horizontal-longitudinal correlation of acoustic field for the receiver near the bottom is analyzed by using nu- merical modeling. An approximate analytical solution of horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient is derived based on the ray method. Combining the characteristic of Lloyd＇s mirror interference pattern, the variability of acoustic field and its effect on horizontal-longitudinal spatial correlation are discussed. The theoretical pre- diction agrees well with the numerical results. Experimental results confirm the validity of analytical solution. Finally, the applicability of the analytical solution is summarized. The conclusion is beneficial for the design of bottom-moored array and the estimation of integral time for moving source localization.

全球天然氢气勘探开发利用进展及中国的勘探前景

在全球能源脱碳背景下,天然氢气作为一种一次能源,因其零碳、可再生的优点而备受关注,但中国目前还未开展专门针对天然氢气的勘探工作。通过介绍全球已知高含量天然氢气(体积分数大于10%)气藏的主要形成地质环境及成因类型,系统总结了天然氢气富集的有利地质条件,并结合国外天然氢气的勘探开发现状,评价了中国天然氢气的勘探前景。研究结果表明:(1)全球高含量天然氢气主要发育于蛇绿岩带、裂谷和前寒武系富铁地层中,且以无机成因为主,富铁矿物的蛇纹石化过程是天然氢气最主要的成因来源,其次为地球深部脱气和水的辐解。(2)优质的氢源与良好的运移通道是氢气富集的前提,而盖层的封盖能力是天然氢气能否成藏的关键要素;天然氢气作为伴生气时,传统盖层对其具备封盖能力,但当其含量较高时,传统盖层可能难以形成有效封盖;裂谷环境、蛇绿岩发育区以及断裂发育的前寒武系富铁地层是富氢气藏的勘探有利区。(3)国外多个国家和地区已制定了天然氢气的勘探开发和利用计划,其中,马里已实现天然氢气的商业开采,美国、澳大利亚也已成功钻探天然氢气勘探井。(4)中国高含量氢气区与富氢地质条件高度匹配,天然氢气勘探前景良好,郯庐断裂带及周缘裂陷盆地区、阿尔金断裂带及两侧盆地区、三江构造带—龙门山断裂带及周缘盆地区的天然氢气勘探潜力较大;中国应尽快开展天然氢气普查工作,加强氢气成藏过程研究和潜力评价,并进行勘探技术、开采分离技术和储运技术的攻关,为天然氢气的大规模开发利用做好技术储备。

基于物质点法的深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素

我国深部煤层气资源丰富,但深部煤层渗透率极低,高应力−压力环境下深部煤层气解吸困难,导致产量低下。水平井水射流冲孔造穴是一种大范围卸压增透煤层的新技术,但在深部赋存环境下其破岩成孔机制还有待研究。由于深部煤层赋存于高地应力、高应力差的地质环境,室内物理模拟实验难以开展。因此,首先基于黏弹塑性理论和物质点法建立了水射流冲孔破岩数值模型,该模型集成拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势,能有效模拟射流破岩过程中的动量交换、煤岩大变形、破岩、流体剥蚀携岩反排等全过程。然后,通过该数值模型开展了深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素研究,得到结论如下:①深部煤层以高地应力荷载作用造成的剪切破坏为破岩的主导机制,射流主要起到冲蚀和携岩反排的作用,而无应力荷载时以水射流碰撞煤岩产生的应力波造成张拉破坏为破岩的主导机制,由于煤岩塑性较强,水楔效应不明显。②深部煤层高地应力荷载作用加速了破岩过程,冲出煤量比无应力荷载时高,同时应力荷载促使煤体向开孔方向移动,造成空腔体积减小,但塑性损伤区较无应力荷载时明显增大。③冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积都随射流时间增加而增加,但增幅逐渐变缓。冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随入射角度的增加整体呈下降趋势,射流角度越小,水射流冲孔破岩效果越好,射流垂直入射并不是破岩的最佳方式。④冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随应力差、煤岩开孔宽度的增加而增加,但应力差的增加对深部煤层射流破岩的促进作用不大。煤层开孔宽度不宜过高,适当增加开孔宽度可以提高射流破岩效率。

天然氢气规模生成的成因类型与成藏特点

目前对全球天然氢气资源的估量十分巨大,寻找天然氢气的规模聚集区有赖于对其形成机理和富集规律的不断认识。通过对国内外典型天然氢气显示的数据统计,系统总结了全球天然氢气规模聚集的成因类型、并分析了天然氢气藏的分布和成藏特征。研究结果表明:①天然氢气的成因复杂多样,主要包括水岩反应、地幔脱氢、水的辐解、岩石破碎、有机质热解以及微生物作用等,其中,水岩反应生氢和地幔脱气生氢在自然界中普遍发生,在各种地质环境中广泛存在,且其生氢速率高、生氢量大,因此是天然氢气规模生成最重要的2种成因类型。②天然氢气藏的赋存环境集中体现于三大地质背景中:板块俯冲带、前寒武纪富铁地层发育区以及裂谷构造系统。③天然氢气藏的盖层条件受多个因素的影响,不仅要考虑盖层本身的封盖能力,还要考虑由于氢活跃的物理化学性质导致盖层机械性能发生的变化,影响其脆性-韧性行为形成新的裂缝而产生氢气的逃逸。④地下微生物利用氢气进行代谢活动、中深层的加氢生烃作用等耗烃作用不利于氢气规模聚集,因此在寻找天然氢气生成有利区时,应该避开氢被大量消耗的区域。⑤天然氢气的生成时间尺度短和易扩散性等因素,使得天然氢气成藏表现出动态成藏的特征,只要氢生成与散失始终处于一种动态平衡,就能够富集成藏。地下水是水岩反应生氢的必要条件,国外发现的很多天然氢气藏都分布在地下水循环较好的地区。

深海声影区时频谱干涉结构与声源定位

被动声呐探测位于深海声影区的水面舰船辐射噪声时,接收信噪比通常较低,导致声源被动定位方法的性能较差。针对这一问题,提出一种利用接收信号时频谱干涉结构的声源距离和径向速度联合估计方法。首先根据射线声学理论,建立时频谱沿频率轴和时间轴的干涉条纹周期与声源距离和径向速度的关系,然后对接收信号时频谱进行二维傅里叶变换和多频带处理以估计上述干涉条纹周期,最后解算声源距离和径向速度。仿真和海试数据处理结果表明,相比于现有利用接收信号自相关的声源距离估计方法,该文利用时频谱二维傅里叶变换的声源定位方法具有较好的稳健性,比较适用于低信噪比条件下的声源被动定位。

基于DEW模型的地球深部流体组成与水岩相互作用计算方法综述

水岩相互作用会导致流体中元素的价态、赋存形式等发生改变,进而对元素的富集成矿、循环通量等产生影响。由于地球深部样品与实验数据有限,建立和使用地球深部流体模型可以有效地增加人们对深部流体及水岩相互作用的认知。Deep Earth Water(DEW)模型是一种描述地球深部流体热力学性质的数据库,其可以与矿物热力学数据库联用,实现对地球深部水岩相互作用过程的模拟研究。本文阐释了使用DEW模型描述深部流体的必要性,叙述了应用DEW模型进行深部流体物种和水岩相互作用计算的基本原理,介绍了一种基于DEW模型计算流体物种的软件——FluidsLab,列举了地球深部流体以及水岩相互作用的应用案例与研究现状,最后对DEW模型后续的应用与发展方向进行展望。

一种饱和盐水水泥浆用新型促凝剂的研究

钻遇深水巨厚盐层时,易发生盐溶解和盐蠕变,给固井作业带来了极大的技术挑战。为了减少盐溶解对固井水泥浆性能造成的不良影响,采用饱和盐水配制水泥浆。针对饱和盐水水泥浆存在稠化时间长、抗压强度低的问题,开发出一种新型促凝剂C-A96L,并评价其在饱和盐水水泥浆中的各项性能。结果表明:C-A96L能够缩短水泥浆稠化时间和静胶凝过渡时间,提高水泥石24 h抗压强度,且不会影响水泥浆流变性能;以C-A96L为核心材料构建的饱和盐水水泥浆体系各项性能也均满足现场施工需求。

高强度堵剂优化及其在高含水油藏靶向调堵中的应用

针对河南油田高渗高凝特高含水砂岩油藏,对双激发无机堵剂的配方优化、耐温耐盐性能、封堵性能、耐冲刷性能、粒径匹配等多方面进行系统研究。结果表明,缓凝剂和离子平衡剂是控制体系凝固时间的主导因素,随着主剂与激发剂浓度以及温度的增加,双激发无机堵剂固结速度增大。配液水中矿化度较高时,硫酸根和氯盐会加快体系固结时间。双激发无机堵剂封堵能力强,耐冲刷能力和深部液流转向效果较好,可对高渗透层大孔道有效封堵,提高低渗岩芯分流率,其封堵率高于98.5%。现场应用效果证实,双激发无机堵剂能够实现深部靶向封堵,具有强度高、有效期长、成本低等优点,调堵后含水率大幅下降。

陕蒙矿区深部开采导水裂隙带发育特征与高度预测方法

导水裂隙带发育高度是矿井防治水及安全开采的重要依据。由于陕蒙矿区地层沉积环境和沉积过程的特殊性,使得该区域导水裂隙发育高度与传统认识差别较大。考虑到目前围绕陕蒙矿区导水裂隙带发育高度计算方法缺失问题,以鄂尔多斯市营盘壕煤矿2217工作面为工程背景,采用UDEC模拟研究了不同开采进度下导水裂隙带发育规律及演化特征,分析了大能量事件与导水裂隙带发育的关联关系,进而基于GA-SVR算法,建立了区域导水裂隙带发育高度精准预测方法。结果表明:直罗组砂岩巨厚的特性使得其在覆岩运动中表现出坚硬岩层的特点,裂隙带在其下充分发育,稳定后也形成“马鞍形”;微震监测数据能精准反映区域导水裂隙带发育高度,预测相对误差仅为3.90%;建立的导水裂隙带高度预测模型的决定系数R^(2)为0.81,相对平均误差r为14.55%,预测精度显著优于经验公式(R^(2)<0,r=59.57%)。研究成果对于陕蒙矿区保水开采与安全生产设计及矿井水防治具有重要的实践意义。

破碎带条件下深基坑内外水位动态平衡控制技术研究

在破碎带条件下深基坑开挖施工,存在基坑周边地下水水位下降以及建筑沉降增大等施工风险。基于此,开展破碎带条件下深基坑内外水位动态平衡控制技术研究,建立深基坑内外水位动态平衡控制系统,结合坑外不间断回灌和坑内抽水施工技术,实现施工过程深基坑内外地下水水位的动态平衡控制,确保施工过程周边建(构)筑物的安全稳定,提高了施工效率,保证了施工质量。

陇东某矿区深埋巨厚煤层采动导水裂隙带发育规律研究

随着我国煤炭开采规模的不断扩大,浅层的煤炭资源逐渐枯竭,开采重心已逐步转移至更深的地层,但对于深埋、巨厚煤层条件下导水裂隙带发育高度研究尚不深入。以陇东地区某矿区深埋巨厚煤层为研究对象,通过相似材料模拟分析,发现裂隙的发育过程可以划分为三个阶段:初始垮落前阶段、垮落带与裂隙带发育阶段,以及裂隙带的稳定阶段。通过对邻近矿区实测导水裂隙带高度进行统计和灰色关联度分析,发现开采厚度、工作面宽度和工作面长度是影响导水裂隙带发育高度的主要因素。通过采用相似材料模拟、经验公式、回归分析等手段,预测了研究区导水裂隙带发育的高度为206.4~233.0m,裂采比为17.2~19.4。回归分析的预测结果与实测结果误差仅有0.6%,显著提高了导水裂隙带高度的预测精度,为矿井防治水工作的开展提供重要的科学依据。

深海海底斜坡环境下的声传播

海底地形变化对声传播具有很大影响,在南海深海区域海底斜坡环境下进行了一次声传播实验,实验显示倾斜海底环境下声传播损失出现了一些不同于平坦海底环境下的现象,分析并解释了海底地形变化对产生声传播差异的原因.结果表明,海底斜坡对声波的反射增强作用可使斜坡上方的声传播损失减少约5 d B.当声波第一次入射到达的海底位置有较小幅度的山丘(凸起高度小于1/10海深)时,海底小山丘即可对声波有反射遮挡作用,导致在其反射区特定传播距离和深度上出现倒三角声影区,比平坦海底环境下相同影区位置处的传播损失增大约8 d B,影响深度可达海面以下1500 m.而海底斜坡对声波的反射阻挡作用使得从海面反射及水体向下折射的会聚区结构消失,只剩下从水体向上折射的会聚结构.因此,海底地形对深海声传播影响较大,在水下目标探测和性能评估等应用中应予以重视.

古岩溶盆地岩溶作用模式及古地貌精细刻画——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳天然气勘探的核心问题是寻找储层 ,关键技术是对古沟槽、古台地的识别。该区风化壳储层不发育有两方面的原因 :一是沉积相带不利 ;二是风化壳岩溶部位不利 ,属于岩溶洼地 ,溶蚀作用较弱 ,充填作用较强。鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳古岩溶地貌为地势平坦、向东开口的半封闭岩溶盆地 ,这就为该区古风化壳岩溶的发育创造了相对于其他全封闭盆地更好的条件。将岩溶盆地划分为谷地、台地、残丘、沟槽、浅洼 5种三级地貌单元类型 ,东部发育 3个水平岩溶带 ,第三水平岩溶带距夷平面 70～ 85m。根据观察结果及地下水的渗流规律 ,提出深潜流溶蚀带—深泉排水模式 ,为岩溶盆地风化壳储集体的发育提供了另一种可能的溶蚀作用方式。岩溶盆地在中深埋藏期压释岩溶作用较强 ,有利于储集体孔渗的改善、上古生界烃类的带入、古台地边缘致密带的产生及圈闭的形成。综合利用地质、钻井、地震及测井手段精细刻画了神木—榆林地区奥陶系风化壳古地貌 ,结果表明该地区古台地规模适中、古沟槽较多 。

黄土高原关键带全剖面土壤水分空间变异性

土壤水分是黄土高原关键带水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素。为揭示黄土高原关键带黄土整个剖面的土壤水分空间变化特征,通过土芯钻探的方式获取了黄土高原关键带5个典型样点(杨凌、长武、富县、安塞和神木)从地表到基岩的土壤水分样品,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了剖面土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及空间结构。结果表明:黄土高原关键带剖面土壤水分从南往北,土壤平均含水量由高变低;5个样点的土壤水分均为中等变异,随着深度由40 m增加到200 m,土壤水分变异性变弱,且样点之间的土壤含水量差异降低;地统计学分析表明样点的半方差函数能被理论模型较好地拟合(杨凌除外),指数模型能够描述大部分样点深剖面的空间变异结构。相关结果有助于了解黄土高原深层土壤水分状况及分布规律,对于黄土高原土壤水资源估算和区域植被恢复具有重要价值。

水致黄土深层滑坡灾变机理

在黄土地区,雨后观测和人工降雨试验均表明地表水在黄土中的入渗深度有限,并不影响黄土深部的含水率。因此水分入渗是否直接造成斜坡深层滑移颇受争议。本文通过黄土地区自然降雨条件下的现场观测,发现地表水在黄土中的入渗沿垂直剖面可以划分为3个带:即活动带,稳定带和饱和带。活动带受大气降雨和蒸发的影响,为瞬态流,向下则转化为稳定流;稳定带含水率不变,但仍有稳定的水分运移至地下水位。地下水以下降泉的形式排泄。在入渗和排泄条件长期不变的情况下,地下水位可维持动态平衡。若地表入渗量加大,如灌溉或管道漏水等,稳定带含水率升高,并伴随地下水位抬升,以达到新的平衡,此水文动态转化过程会诱发滑坡。以延炼滑坡为例,分析了长期地表水间歇性滴渗条件下,边坡的水力动态变化过程,及其对边坡稳定性的影响。观测及分析结果表明,黄土深层滑坡主要与地表水入渗导致的地下水位抬升有关,由于其过程缓慢,容易被忽视而致灾。