直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制

基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统易发生振荡失稳现象。首先,建立了直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统的小扰动线性化模型,分析了风场有功输出对系统稳定性的影响。然后,建立了MMC及风机并网变流器交流侧dq阻抗模型,从阻抗角度揭示了送端系统振荡失稳机理。进一步,提出了基于MMC交流电压控制外环q轴附加阻尼的振荡抑制策略,可满足系统满功率范围内的运行稳定性要求。最后,基于全比例模型的仿真结果验证了所提振荡抑制策略的有效性。

MMC-HVDC系统直流侧非金属性短路故障电流计算方法

为研究基于模块化多电平换流器的高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统直流侧短路电流的工程实用计算方法,基于金属性短路故障电流通用解析式,分析了MMC-HVDC系统发生非金属性短路故障时换流站放电电流的相互抑制作用以及放电回路的耦合机理,并基于所推导的解析表达式提出了故障电流的解耦计算方法。基于PSCAD/EMTDC对MMC-HVDC系统发生非金属性短路故障工况进行仿真分析,将仿真结果与解析计算值进行对比验证。搭建数字-物理混合仿真实验模型,在数字端和物理端分别设置短路故障,对比实验值与解析计算值。验证结果表明,所提故障电流计算方法能准确地表征MMC-HVDC系统直流侧非金属性短路故障电流的演变趋势。

Constructions and Preliminary HV Conditioning of a Photocathode Direct-Current Electron Gun at IHEP

As one of the most important key technologies for future advanced light source based on the energy recovery linac, a photocathode dc electron gun is supported by Institute of High Energy Physics （IHEP） to address the technical challenges of producing very low ernittance beams at high average current. Construction of the dc gun is completed and a preliminary high voltage conditioning is carried out up to 440 k V. The design, construction and preliminary HV conditioning results for the dc gun are described.

大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的谐振分析与抑制

大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC送出可解决新能源消纳问题,但大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的谐振问题仍待解决。考虑到大容量逆变器具有低开关频率的特点,故进行LCL滤波器设计,建立光伏电站和换流站的频域小信号阻抗模型;再基于阻抗分析法,分析大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的谐振机理及潜在的谐振点,发现大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网时存在谐振风险。针对互联系统谐振问题,采用无源阻尼重塑互联系统阻抗的方案,并明确无源阻尼、相位裕度和系统损耗的对应关系。所提方案能够显著抑制互联系统的谐振现象,为大容量光伏电站经MMC-HVDC并网的稳定性问题提供一种符合实际工程的解决方法。最后基于Matlab/Simulink建立仿真模型,仿真结果验证了文中理论分析的正确性和所提措施的有效性。

Anomalous Direct-Current Josephson Effect in Semiconductor Nanowire Junctions

We investigate the dc Josephson effect in one-dimensional junctions where a ring conductor is sandwiched between two semiconductor nanowires with proximity-induced superconductivity. Peculiar features of the Josephson effect arise due to the interplay of spin-orbit interaction and external Zeenmn field. By tuning the Zeeman field orientation, the device can vary from 0 to π junction. Afore importantly, nonzero ,losephson current is possible at zero phase difference across the junction. Although this anomalous Josephson current is not relevant to the topological phase transition, its magnitude can be significantly enhanced whe, n the nanowire, s become topological superconductors where Majorana bound states emerge. Distinct modulation patterns are obtained for the semiconductor nanowires in the topologically trivial and non-trivial phases. These results are useful to probe the topological phase transition in semiconductor nanowire junctions via the dc Josephson effect.

考虑放电耦合的MMC-HVDC系统直流线路单极接地故障电流的计算方法

直流线路单极接地短路故障是基于模块化多电平换流器的高压直流输电(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)系统中最常见的故障类型,分析其故障特性、掌握故障电流水平对于继电保护的设计及相关参数的优化具有重要意义。作为分析基础,首先分析并得出MMC直流侧故障电流表达式,然后重点针对金属回线单侧接地方式的MMC-HVDC系统,分析了直流线路故障后的故障点两侧系统在接地电阻上的耦合作用,根据耦合作用的产生原因及本质提出了等效解耦方法,从而得出一种针对单极接地故障电流的实用计算方法。通过对比所提方法与PSCAD/EMTDC的电磁暂态仿真结果,验证了所提计算方法的正确性。

Modeling of Pulsed Direct-Current Glow Discharge

A self-consistent model was adopted to study the time evolution of low-voltage pulsed DC glow discharge. The distributions of electric field, ion density and electron density in nitrogen were investigated in our simulation, and the temporal shape of the discharge current was also obtained. Our results show that the dynamic behaviors of the discharge depends strongly on the applied pulse voltage, and the use of higher pulse voltages results in a significantly increase of discharge current and a decrease of discharge delay time. The current-voltage characteristic cMculated by adjusting secondary electron emission coefficient for different applied pulse voltage under the gas pressure of 1 Torr is found in a reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

Effects of the sputtering power on the crystalline structure and optical properties of the silver oxide films deposited using direct-current reactive magnetron sputtering

This paper reports that a series of silver oxide （AgzO） films are deposited on glass substrates by direct-current reactive magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 250 ℃ and an oxygen flux ratio of 15：18 by modifying the sputtering power （SP）. The AgxO films deposited apparently show a structural evolution from cubic biphased （AgO ＋ Ag20） to cubic single-phased （Ag20）, and to biphased （Ag20 ＋ AgO） structure. Notably, the cubic single-phased Ag20 fihn is deposited at the SP = 105 W and an AgO phase with （220） orientation discerned in the Ag^O films deposited using the SP 〉 105 W. The transmissivity and refiectivity of the AgxO films in transparent region decrease with the increase the SP, whereas the absorptivity inversely increases with the increase of the SP. These results may be due to the structural evolution and the increasing film thickness. A redshift of the films＇ absorption edges determined in terms of Tauc formula clearly occurs from 3.1 eV to 2.73 eV with the increase of the SP.

Research on corona discharge suppression of high-voltage direct-current transmission lines based on dielectric-film-covered conductor

Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.

Structural,Morphological and Electrical Properties of In-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Thin Films Grown on p-Type Gallium Nitride by Simultaneous Radio-Frequency Direct-Current Magnetron Co-Sputtering

Zinc oxide （ZnO） is one of the most promising and frequently used semiconductor materials. In-doped nanos- tructure ZnO thin films are grown on p-type gallium nitride substrates by employing the simultaneous rf and dc magnetron co-sputtering technique. The effect of In-doping on structural, morphological and electrical properties is studied. The different dopant concentrations are accomplished by varying the direct current power of the In target while keeping the fixed radio frequency power of the ZnO target through the co-sputtering deposition technique by using argon as the sputtering gas at ambient temperature. The structural analysis confirms that all the grown thin films preferentially orientate along the c-axis with the wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure without having any kind of In oxide phases. The presenting Zn, 0 and In elements＇ chemical compositions are identified with EDX mapping analysis of the deposited thin films and the calculated M ratio has been found to decrease with the increasing In power. The surface topographies of the grown thin films are examined with the atomic force microscope technique. The obtained results reveal that the grown film roughness increases with the In power. The Hall measurements ascertain that all the grown films have n-type conductivity and also the other electrical parameters such as resistivity,mobility and carrier concentration are analyzed.

MMC-HVDC子模块高频脉冲产生机理分析及保护策略研究

MMC-HVDC工程中子模块数众多,工程中普遍采用最近电平逼近(nearest level modulation,NLM)调制算法,结合桥臂电流方向和子模块电压的大小进行均压排序。基于现有调制均压策略在工程实施过程中不可避免的会产生子模块高开关频率甚至超高开关频率现象。首先分析了工程中高频现象及产生机理,以及高频对换流阀子模块驱动器、功率器件损耗、结温和二极管反向恢复特性影响;然后结合功率器件高频耐受能力及保护的可靠性提出两段式反时限子模块高频保护策略;建立了保护定值整定方法及依据。仿真验证了策略的有效性并开展了保护策略功能测试。该策略具有良好的实时性与可靠性,对系统正常运行无影响,可应用于在运MMC-HVDC工程可靠性提升。

基于MMC-HVDC的井下直流输电换流站设计

为解决煤炭井下设备电压等级偏低和闪变两大故障,考虑将具有模块化多电平换流站的柔性直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统直接应用于煤矿井下设备输电。介绍了换流站的基本物理构成,引入了PWM调制和均压方式的控制器,控制部分分为内环控制和外环控制,内环采用电流控制,外环采用电压控制,对控制参数进行了整定。通过Simulink开展稳态试验,证明该系统在井下运行时有良好的稳定性,可实现井下用电设备有功功率和无功功率的单独调节;若系统受到外部扰动时,可快速稳定直流电压;可将逆变站输出的电压幅值和相位保持在额定值。试验结果验证了井下柔性直流输电系统的实用性。

三种MMC-HVDC直流故障处理方法下电力系统暂态稳定性分析

首先介绍在远距离大容量输电场合,3种基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的高压直流输电(high voltage direct current,HVDC)拓扑及其处理直流故障的方法:基于半桥子模块(half bridge sub-module,HBSM)的HMMC-HVDC跳换流站交流侧断路器,基于箝位双子模块(clamp double sub-module,CDSM)的CMMCHVDC通过换流器控制实现直流侧故障自清除,以及基于电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)和MMC的混合拓扑在MMC直流出口处加装大功率二极管(LCC-D-MMC-HVDC)。然后,在由MMC-HVDC和交流线路构成的交直流并列简化系统中,基于等面积法则,对上述3种直流故障处理方法的暂态过程进行理论分析,并提出评价指标。最后通过仿真验证了分析结果。

虚拟同步控制在MMC-HVDC无缝切换控制的应用

针对MMC(modular multilevel converter)型VSC-HVDC(voltage source converter-high voltage direct current)在并网运行模式与孤岛运行模式相互切换过程中易于发生切换失败、冲击电流大的难题,将虚拟同步控制运用到MMC的运行模式切换中。在虚拟同步控制和MMC基本原理的基础上,提出基于虚拟同步控制的MMC-HVDC(modular multilevel converter-high voltage direct current)无缝切换控制方法。引入的虚拟同步控制无需采用专门的同步控制电路,并网前可自动与电网同步;并网后能准确跟随电网频率,实现友好并网。当电网出现故障或需要检修时,MMC仍可孤岛运行,从而实现了运行模式的无缝切换。PSCAD/EMTDC平台下的仿真结果验证了所述控制策略的可行性和有效性。

MMC-HVDC的环流抑制和并网控制策略

为了使得柔性直流输电MMC-HVDC更加稳定地接入电网,并且有效地抑制其桥臂环流,提出了一种改进型的控制策略.首先,实时监测上、下桥臂电流以及子模块电容电压;通过计算得到环流抑制分量以及子模块电容电压平衡分量,将两者叠加到MMC的调制波中,从而有效地抑制桥臂二次环流分量,同时也降低了系统的开关损耗.然后,利用并网控制策略,独立地控制系统的整流侧和逆变侧的电力潮流,保证直流母线电压在负荷改变时保持恒定,实现了子模块电容电压的动态平衡.最后,搭建MMC-HVDC系统的仿真模型,仿真结果表明,桥臂环流被有效地抑制,直流母线电压保持恒定.同时,搭建了五电平实验样机,实验结果也有效地证明了控制策略的正确性.

一种适用于MMC-HVDC直流输电线路的保护新原理

模块化多电平换流器(Modular Multilevel Converter,MMC)作为一种新型多电平拓扑结构的电压源换流器,具有扩展性强、输出电压质量高、谐波含量少等优点,已经展现出极其重要的工程应用前景。首先介绍了模块化多电平高压直流输电(Modular Multilevel Converter based High Voltage Direct Current,MMC-HVDC)的拓扑结构及运行原理,然后通过故障附加状态网络分别对区内和区外故障进行了分析,并利用二阶微分法提取了故障时电压、电流的故障分量,得出了保护策略。根据故障网络分析可知,当直流线路发生区内故障时,电流故障分量极性相同;当直流线路发生区外故障时,电流故障分量极性相反。因此,可以根据电流故障分量的极性是否相同来识别区内、外故障,利用二阶微分法来提取故障时电流的故障分量,用以识别区内、外故障。另外,根据故障网络分析还发现,当直流线路发生区内故障时,单极故障时电压故障分量极性相同,双极故障时电压故障分量极性相反。因此,可以根据电压故障分量的极性是否相同来识别故障极。利用二阶微分法来提取故障时电压的故障分量,根据电压故障分量的极性,识别故障所在的极。最后利用PSCAD电磁暂态仿真软件建立了MMC-HVDC的仿真模型。仿真结果验证了故障分析以及保护方法的正确性。

一种MMC-HVDC的直流电压波动抑制新方法

针对柔性直流输电系统常规直流电压波动抑制算法中存在的缺陷,提出一种适用于模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电系统(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)的直流电压波动抑制方法。该方法利用MMC特有的"储能"特性,在交流系统不对称时,控制MMC交、直流侧瞬时有功功率不再平衡,从而实现MMC交流侧电流依然保持对称运行,同时直流侧电压、电流和功率保持为恒定。为了实现上述控制功能与目标,建立三相交流系统不对称时MMC直流回路的模型,设计0坐标系下以比例谐振调节器为基础的控制策略,且探讨MMC-HVDC中的协调控制问题。最后,搭建71电平背靠背MMC-HVDC系统模型进行数字仿真,结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。

MMC-HVDC系统中阀侧交流母线故障保护策略研究

模块化多电平换流器直流输电系统(Modular Multilevel Converter HVDC,MMC-HVDC)的阀侧交流母线与换流器直接相连,其故障对换流阀造成的危害相对于网侧交流母线故障要严重的多。对其控制保护策略进行深入的研究分析有助于提高MMC-HVDC系统电力传输的安全性和可靠性。首先对MMC基本结构及原理进行了介绍。然后对阀侧交流母线故障进行了分类,就单相接地故障对系统的影响进行了深入的研究分析,并提出了针对性的控制保护策略。最后通过对阀侧交流母线单相接地故障进行仿真,验证了故障特性分析的正确性和对应保护策略的可行性。

MMC-HVDC直流侧故障特性仿真分析

由于拓扑和调制策略的不同,基于模块化多电平换流器的高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统在直流侧发生故障时呈现出与两电平电压源型直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统不同的故障特性。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建的仿真模型基础上,首先分析了MMC-HVDC直流侧线路单极接地、断线和两极短路的故障特性及其对系统运行的影响;然后针对半桥型子模块结构不能够双向阻断故障电流的问题,对子模块拓扑进行了重新设计,通过改变流经子模块电流方向,实现了桥臂电容双向充电,从而提供了续流二极管阻断电压;最后对直流侧两极短路故障进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明,改进拓扑有效地抑制了直流侧故障电流,避免了交流断路器动作。

基于虚拟线路阻抗的MMC-HVDC输电系统单端故障测距方法

直流故障测距是保障新能源远距离跨区输送的关键技术,对于提高系统运行的经济性和可靠性具有重要意义。根据MMC-HVDC输电系统发生单极接地故障后不控整流运行方式下的谐波特征,提出基于频变参数模型的单端故障测距方法。综合使用直流侧输电线路沿线电压和电流中的直流和谐波分量,定义虚拟线路阻抗,通过对虚拟线路阻抗分析得知其仅在故障点处为恒定常数。因此通过对沿线电压、电流数据组进行一元线性回归分析,利用故障点处残差和函数最小的特点进行故障测距。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台上搭建双端柔性直流输电系统模型,大量的仿真结果验证了该测距方法的有效性,以及在采样频率、测距精度和抗过渡电阻能力等方面的优势。