Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Performance analysis of 20 Pole 1.5 KW Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper gives performance analysis of a three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Low speed wind condition (less than 5 m/s) is taken in consideration and the entire simulation is carried in Matlab/Simulink environment. The rated power for the generator is fixed at 1.5 KW and number of pole at 20. It is observed under low wind speed of6 m/s, a turbine having approximately1 mof radius and2.6 mof height develops 150 Nm mechanical torque that can generate power up to 1.5 KW. The generator is designed using modeling tool and is fabricated. The fabricated generator is tested in the laboratory with the simulation result for the error analysis. The range of error is about 5%-27% for the same output power value. The limitations and possible causes for error are presented and discussed.

Integrated Equivalent Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine for Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm Simulation

The high-speed simulation of large-scale offshore wind farms(OWFs) preserving the internal machine information has become a huge challenge due to the large wind turbine(WT) count and microsecond-range time step. Hence, it is undoable to investigate the internal node information of the OWF in the electro-magnetic transient(EMT) programs. To fill this gap,this paper presents an equivalent modeling method for largescale OWF, whose accuracy and efficiency are guaranteed by integrating the individual devices of permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) based WT. The node-elimination algorithm is used while the internal machine information is recursively updated. Unlike the existing aggregation methods, the developed EMT model can reflect the characteristics of each WT under different wind speeds and WT parameters without modifying the codes. The access to each WT controller is preserved so that the time-varying dynamics of all the WTs could be simulated. Comparisons of the proposed model with the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC have shown very high precision and high efficiency. The proposed modeling procedures can be used as reference for other types of WTs once the structures and parameters are given.

Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Energy Storage for Stand-Alone Systems

This paper investigates a variable speed wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-scale power converter in a stand-alone system.An energy storage system(ESS)including battery and fuel cell-electrolyzer combination is connected to the DC link of the full-scale power converter through the power electronics interface.Wind is the primary power source of the system,the battery and FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system to provide or absorb power in the stand-alone system,respectively.In this paper,a control strategy is proposed for the operation of this variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system,where the generator-side converter and the ESS operate together to meet the demand of the loads.This control strategy is competent for supporting the variation of the loads or wind speed and limiting the DC-link voltage of the full-scale power converter in a small range.A simulation model of a variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system is developed using the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC.The dynamic performance of the stand-alone wind turbine system and the proposed control strategy is assessed and emphasized with the simulation results.

PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

Enhancement of DC-Link Protection of PMSG Based Wind Turbine under Network Disturbance by Using New Buck Controller System

Protection system for DC-link circuit of back-to-back converter of PMSG （Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator） based wind turbine is essential part for the system to ride through a network fault in grid system. Voltage on the DC-link circuit can be increased significantly due to power unbalance between stator side converter and grid side converter. Increase of DC-link circuit voltage can lead to a damage of IGBT of the converter and control system failure. In this paper performance enhancement of DC-link protection of PMSG based Wind turbine by using new control system of buck converter is proposed. The buck converter is used to control supplied voltage of a breaking resistor to dissipate energy from the wind generator during network disturbance. In order to investigate effectiveness of the proposed DC-link protection system, fault analysis is performed in the simulation study by using PSCAD/EMTDC software program. In addition, comparative analysis between the proposed protection system and the conventional protection system using DC chopper is also performed.

Multi-objective design optimization of a large-scale directdrive permanent magnet generator for wind energy conversion systems

This paper presents a simukaneous multi- objective optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator and a three-blade horizontal-axis wind turbine for a large scale wind energy conversion system. Analytical models of the generator and the turbine are used along with the cost model for optimization. Three important characteristics of the system i.e.,the total cost of the generator and blades, the annual energy output and the total mass of generator and blades are chosen as objective functions for a multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithm （GA） is then employed to optimize the value of eight design parameters including seven generator parameters and a turbine parameter resulting in a set of Pareto optimal solutions. Four optimal solutions are then selected by applying some practical restrictions on the Pareto front. One of these optimal designs is chosen for finite element verification. A circuit-fed coupled time stepping finite element method is then performed to evaluate the no-load and the full load performance analysis of the system including the generator, a rectifier and a resistive load. The results obtained by the finite element analysis （FEA） verify the accuracy of the analytical model and the proposed method.

结合风速预测的直驱风电机组减载调频策略

直驱永磁风电机组常用的减载调频控制策略缺乏对风电机组运行经济性和调频能力的考虑,易导致系统出现调频能力不足或备用功率冗余的问题,对此提出了一种基于变减载率的优化减载调频策略。首先划分不同的风速模式,确立不同模式下的超速与变桨距协调控制方案;其次考虑系统调频能力和发电量两因素,设计函数求取不同工况下的最优减载率;由于风速波动频繁,风机控制具有延迟,因此利用风速预测和滑动窗口法对最优减载率做进一步调整;最后搭建系统仿真模型,通过改进的频率控制动态调整减载率参与系统调频。仿真实验表明,所提控制策略与常用的策略相比在实时风速、负荷扰动下系统频率动态偏差减小、达到最低值的时间延长,风机发电量增加,桨距角变化量减小。该策略能满足调频需求,提升调频质量,减小机械磨损,提高风机运行的经济性。

大兆瓦风电机组永磁同步发电机控制

随着风能技术和风电产业的发展,风电机组不断大型化,永磁发电机组成为海上风电的主流技术路线。根据机组运行状态,永磁同步发电机会工作在不同的工况。首先介绍风电机组的功率控制策略,然后基于数学模型分析了永磁同步发电机运行限制条件,推导了永磁同步发电机最优运行轨迹,最后提出了大兆瓦永磁同步发电机控制策略并完成了仿真和实验验证。

基于VSG的永磁风力发电机高/低电压穿越研究

为解决永磁风力发电机在高/低电压穿越期间并网点电压和频率波动问题,提出采用虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制网侧变流器,提高永磁风力发电系统惯性和阻尼,使其在电压穿越期间支撑并网点电压和频率的恢复。通过VSG的有功-频率调节作用,根据系统频率变化量,调节网侧变流器有功功率输出能力,在转动惯量和阻尼系数的作用下实现对频率波动的抑制;调节VSG的无功功率指令实现对虚拟电动势的调节,使其在电压穿越期间为电网提供动态无功支撑,对并网点电压进行调节。并有效抑制连续高/低电压穿越期间系统功率、频率持续性波动,提高系统在连续高/低电压穿越期间的并网稳定性。最后,通过系统仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。

Three-phase AC-DC Converter for Direct-drive PMSG-based Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper,a wind energy conversion system(WECS)is presented for the electrification of rural areas with wind energy availability.A three-phase AC-DC converter based on a bridgeless Cuk converter is used for power extraction from the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).The bridgeless topology enables the elimination of the front-end diode bridge rectifier(DBR).Moreover,the converter has fewer components,simple control,and high efficiency,making it suitable for a small-scale WECS.A squirrel cage induction motor(SCIM)is used to emulate a MOD-2 wind turbine to implement the PMSG-based WECS.A direct-drive eight-pole PMSG is used in this study;thus,a low-input-voltage system is designed.The converter is designed to operate in the discontinuous inductor current mode(DICM)for inherent power factor correction(PFC)and the maximum power point tracking(MPPT)is achieved through the tip-speed ratio(TSR)following.The performance of the developed system is analyzed through simulation,and a 500 W hardware prototype is developed and tested in different wind speed conditions.

基于自抗扰控制策略的直接转矩风力发电系统研究

针对直接转矩控制的永磁直驱风力发电系统中系统未能较好地跟踪最大功率点的问题,提出将自抗扰控制策略加入风力发电系统机侧控制结构中以提高系统性能。基于风力机和永磁同步风力发电机数学模型,结合自抗扰控制的基本模型构建发电机自抗扰速度环,最后以Matlab/Simulink软件对所提控制策略进行仿真分析,对比传统PI控制直接转矩风电系统,自抗扰控制策略的引入可提升系统整体的抗干扰能力和跟踪性能。

半直驱中速永磁同步发电机轴承发生微电流腐蚀的故障诊断分析

轴承滚道形貌出现“搓衣板”纹路的故障模式是风电机组常见的主要故障之一。针对半直驱中速永磁同步发电机轴承发生微电流腐蚀故障,首先通过在线监测系统采集发电机轴承运行时的振动信号,然后对振动信号故障特征进行提取与诊断分析,研究和复现轴承滚道微电流腐蚀的失效模式和故障发展历程,最后同步验证抑制轴电流的措施的有效性,以此保障风电机组健康可靠地运行。分析表明:该故障风电机组的发电机轴承滚道出现的“搓衣板”纹路并非轴承的主要失效模式,而是轴承滚道发生二次损伤的表现。随着时间推移,轴承滚道出现的损伤(浅坑)纹路逐渐重复叠加并变得更加清晰,说明该发电机的主要失效模式为轴承微电流腐蚀。

基于变流器控制的永磁风电机组低电压穿越控制策略

针对永磁风电机组低电压穿越(low voltage ride-through,LVRT)采用改变背靠背变流器控制策略的方法时,存在未考虑因转子转速越限导致机组发生超速脱网的问题,提出了基于变流器控制的LVRT控制策略。基于转子运动方程,推导了能够抑制机组转子转速越限的机侧变流器有功功率整定计算公式,设计了可降低卸荷电阻使用率的卸荷电阻投切方法,仿真结果验证了该策略的有效性。

一种用于永磁同步发电机倍频噪音抑制的控制方法

由于永磁同步发电机结构设计存在不可避免的偏差,以及风电变流器开关器件的非线性特性,永磁同步发电机的输出转矩存在一定的脉动。然而,电机较大的转矩脉动会增加风电机组系统的机械应力,加速部件磨损,产生噪声和振动,影响塔筒寿命,从而影响整个系统的稳定性和可靠性。针对国内某厂家3.2 MW风电机组发生机组噪声大、振动明显问题,提出了一种基于负载电流的主动谐波注入自适应转矩脉动抑制控制方法,通过理论研究及现场分析测试,该方法有效降低了该款机型76%以上的噪声和振动。该方法针对发电机机侧产生的5次、7次电压谐波,通过在机侧变流器控制算法中注入5次、7次补偿电流,该电流与基波永磁磁势相互作用,保持电机内部总磁链接近于期望值,降低发电机振动频率。并通过现场数据实测,选定每个转速段固定的消谐参数,实现倍频噪音抑制的目的。

PMSG Wind Energy Conversion System: Modeling and Control

In this paper, a model of a variable speed wind turbine using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is presented and the control schemes are proposed. The model presents the aerodynamic part of the wind turbine, the mechanic and the electric parts. Simulations have been conducted with Matlab/Simulink to validate the model and the proposed control schemes.

A Review of Direct Driven PMSG for Wind Energy Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive overview study of the DDPMSG （direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator） for wind energy generation system. Wind turbine controls are provided. The PMSG （permanent magnet synchronous generator） is introduced as construction and model. Configurations of different power converters are presented for use with DDPMSG in wind systems at variable speed operation and maximum power capture. Control techniques for the system are discussed for both machine-side and grid-side in details. Grid integration is provided with focus on how to insure power quality of the system and the performance at disturbances.

永磁风力发电机产能效率优化策略研究

永磁同步风力发电机存在产能效率不高的问题,而诠释产能效率的两个分解因素是?效率和输出功率,因此该研究借助一种响应面法(RSM)和存档微遗传算法(AMGA)相结合的优化方法,以改善内部结构参数开展提高发电机产能效率的双目标优化研究。首先建立发电机?平衡模型,确立优化双目标;其次,采用敏感性分析法确定定子内径、气隙长度、永磁体厚度及铁芯长度组合为设计变量,通过Box-Behnken试验设计(BBD)试验设计获得29组样本数据,根据RSM获得输出功率和?效率的回归方程,并经方差分析验证模型可靠性;最后以?效率和输出功率极大为优化双目标,借助RSM和AMGA相结合法进行寻优,得出最佳结构参数,从而提高发电机产能效率,并降低了功率脉动,提升电能品质。

基于自抗扰技术的直驱风机高电压穿越控制策略

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组(permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generator,PMSG)全功率变流器是具有非线性、强耦合的复杂系统,易受到电网电压波动及非线性负载影响。为提高变流器直流母线电压的稳定性,提出一种基于改进线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)技术的PMSG高电压穿越控制策略。在传统LADRC基础上,将总扰动的微分扩张为一个新的状态变量,对总扰动的变化趋势进行提前观测,提高线性扩张状态观测器(linear extended state observer,LESO)的动态扰动观测能力。直流侧采用卸荷电阻优化方案,网侧变流器运行于无功补偿模式,为电网电压恢复稳定提供动态无功支撑。多种工况下的仿真结果表明,该控制策略缩小直流母线电压波动范围的同时减少了调节时间,能有效提升直流母线电压抗干扰能力,确保PMSG在高电压故障期间不脱网连续运行,同时提供一定的感性无功帮助电网电压恢复稳定。

Frequency Trajectory Planning-based Frequency Regulation Strategy for Wind Turbines Equipped with Energy Storage System

The increase in wind power penetration has weakened the equivalent inertia of the power system,posing a significant challenge to frequency stability.In this paper,a frequency trajectory planning(FTP)-based frequency regulation(FR)strategy is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbines equipped with an energy storage system(ESS)on the DC link.The core idea is that the frequency index provided by the grid code is used to plan a safe frequency trajectory when the system frequency fluctuates.The FR power provided by the ESS is controlled by tracking the planned frequency trajectory to compensate for the unbalanced power in the system,provide inertia support,and ensure the frequency stability of the power grid.The proposed strategy can suppress the frequency fluctuation and optimize the FR power of the ESS.It also effectively circumvents the complex parameter design process of virtual inertia control.The simulation model is established in Matlab/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy.