Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Performance analysis of 20 Pole 1.5 KW Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper gives performance analysis of a three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Low speed wind condition (less than 5 m/s) is taken in consideration and the entire simulation is carried in Matlab/Simulink environment. The rated power for the generator is fixed at 1.5 KW and number of pole at 20. It is observed under low wind speed of6 m/s, a turbine having approximately1 mof radius and2.6 mof height develops 150 Nm mechanical torque that can generate power up to 1.5 KW. The generator is designed using modeling tool and is fabricated. The fabricated generator is tested in the laboratory with the simulation result for the error analysis. The range of error is about 5%-27% for the same output power value. The limitations and possible causes for error are presented and discussed.

PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

The Multi-Objective Optimization of AFPM Generators with Double-Sided Internal Stator Structures for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM)generator with double-sided internal stator structure is highly suitable for vertical axis wind turbines due to its high power density.The performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure can be improved by the reasonable design of electromagnetic parameters.To further improve the overall performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure,multivariable(coil widthω_(c),permanent magnet thickness h,pole arc coefficient α_(p) and working air gap l_(g))and multi-objective(generator efficiencyη,total harmonic distortion of the voltage THD and induced electromotive force amplitude EMF)functional relationships are innovatively established.Orthogonal analysis,mean analysis and variance analysis are performed on the influence parameters by combining the Taguchi method and response surface methodology to study the influence degrees of each influence parameter on the optimization objectives to determine the most appropriate electromagnetic parameters.The optimization results are verified by 3D finite element analysis.The optimized APFM generator with double-sided internal stator structure exhibits superior economy,stronger magnetic density,higher efficiency and improved power quality.

Enhancement of DC-Link Protection of PMSG Based Wind Turbine under Network Disturbance by Using New Buck Controller System

Protection system for DC-link circuit of back-to-back converter of PMSG （Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator） based wind turbine is essential part for the system to ride through a network fault in grid system. Voltage on the DC-link circuit can be increased significantly due to power unbalance between stator side converter and grid side converter. Increase of DC-link circuit voltage can lead to a damage of IGBT of the converter and control system failure. In this paper performance enhancement of DC-link protection of PMSG based Wind turbine by using new control system of buck converter is proposed. The buck converter is used to control supplied voltage of a breaking resistor to dissipate energy from the wind generator during network disturbance. In order to investigate effectiveness of the proposed DC-link protection system, fault analysis is performed in the simulation study by using PSCAD/EMTDC software program. In addition, comparative analysis between the proposed protection system and the conventional protection system using DC chopper is also performed.

Integrated Equivalent Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine for Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm Simulation

The high-speed simulation of large-scale offshore wind farms(OWFs) preserving the internal machine information has become a huge challenge due to the large wind turbine(WT) count and microsecond-range time step. Hence, it is undoable to investigate the internal node information of the OWF in the electro-magnetic transient(EMT) programs. To fill this gap,this paper presents an equivalent modeling method for largescale OWF, whose accuracy and efficiency are guaranteed by integrating the individual devices of permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) based WT. The node-elimination algorithm is used while the internal machine information is recursively updated. Unlike the existing aggregation methods, the developed EMT model can reflect the characteristics of each WT under different wind speeds and WT parameters without modifying the codes. The access to each WT controller is preserved so that the time-varying dynamics of all the WTs could be simulated. Comparisons of the proposed model with the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC have shown very high precision and high efficiency. The proposed modeling procedures can be used as reference for other types of WTs once the structures and parameters are given.

Research on Slot-pole Combination in High-power Direct-drive PM Vernier Generator for Fractional Frequency Transmission System

Offshore wind energy is an important part of clean energy,and the adoption of wind energy to generate electricity will contribute to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The combination of the fractional frequency transmission system(FFTS) and the direct-drive wind turbine generator will be beneficial to the development of the offshore wind power industry.The use of fractional frequency in FFTS is beneficial to the transmission of electrical energy,but it will also lead to an increase in the volume and weight of the generator,which is unfavorable for wind power generation.Improving the torque density of the generator can effectively reduce the volume of the generators.The vernier permanent magnet machine(VPM) operates on the magnetic flux modulation principle and has the merits of high torque density.In the field of electric machines,the vernier machine based on the principle of magnetic flux modulation has been proved its feasibility to reduce the volume and weight.However,in the field of low-speed direct-drive machines for high-power fractional frequency power generation,there are still few related researches.Therefore,this paper studies the application of magnetic flux modulation in fractional frequency and high-power direct-drive wind turbine generators,mainly analyzes the influence of different pole ratios and different pole pairs on the generator,and draws some conclusions to provide reference for the design of wind turbine generators.

Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Energy Storage for Stand-Alone Systems

This paper investigates a variable speed wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-scale power converter in a stand-alone system.An energy storage system(ESS)including battery and fuel cell-electrolyzer combination is connected to the DC link of the full-scale power converter through the power electronics interface.Wind is the primary power source of the system,the battery and FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system to provide or absorb power in the stand-alone system,respectively.In this paper,a control strategy is proposed for the operation of this variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system,where the generator-side converter and the ESS operate together to meet the demand of the loads.This control strategy is competent for supporting the variation of the loads or wind speed and limiting the DC-link voltage of the full-scale power converter in a small range.A simulation model of a variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system is developed using the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC.The dynamic performance of the stand-alone wind turbine system and the proposed control strategy is assessed and emphasized with the simulation results.

PMSG Wind Energy Conversion System: Modeling and Control

In this paper, a model of a variable speed wind turbine using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is presented and the control schemes are proposed. The model presents the aerodynamic part of the wind turbine, the mechanic and the electric parts. Simulations have been conducted with Matlab/Simulink to validate the model and the proposed control schemes.

A Review of Direct Driven PMSG for Wind Energy Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive overview study of the DDPMSG （direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator） for wind energy generation system. Wind turbine controls are provided. The PMSG （permanent magnet synchronous generator） is introduced as construction and model. Configurations of different power converters are presented for use with DDPMSG in wind systems at variable speed operation and maximum power capture. Control techniques for the system are discussed for both machine-side and grid-side in details. Grid integration is provided with focus on how to insure power quality of the system and the performance at disturbances.

Multi-objective design optimization of a large-scale directdrive permanent magnet generator for wind energy conversion systems

This paper presents a simukaneous multi- objective optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator and a three-blade horizontal-axis wind turbine for a large scale wind energy conversion system. Analytical models of the generator and the turbine are used along with the cost model for optimization. Three important characteristics of the system i.e.,the total cost of the generator and blades, the annual energy output and the total mass of generator and blades are chosen as objective functions for a multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithm （GA） is then employed to optimize the value of eight design parameters including seven generator parameters and a turbine parameter resulting in a set of Pareto optimal solutions. Four optimal solutions are then selected by applying some practical restrictions on the Pareto front. One of these optimal designs is chosen for finite element verification. A circuit-fed coupled time stepping finite element method is then performed to evaluate the no-load and the full load performance analysis of the system including the generator, a rectifier and a resistive load. The results obtained by the finite element analysis （FEA） verify the accuracy of the analytical model and the proposed method.

Design and Implementation of Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter for Wind Energy System

This paper proposes a design and implementation of the bi-directional DC-DC converter for Wind Energy Conversion System. The proposed project consists of boost DC/DC converter, bi-directional DC/DC converter (BDC), permanent magnet DC generator and batteries. A DC-DC boost converter is interface with proposed wind system to step up the initial generator voltage and maintain constant output voltage. The fluctuation nature of wind makes them unsuitable for standalone operation. To overcome the drawbacks an energy storage device is used in the proposed system to compensate the fluctuations and to maintain a smooth and continuous power flow in all operating modes to load. Bi-directional DC-DC converter (BDC) is capable of transforming energy between two DC buses. It can operate as a boost converter which supplies energy to the load when the wind generator output power is greater than the required load power. It also operates in buck mode which charges from DC bus when output power is less than the required load power. The proposed converter reduces the component losses and increases the performance of the overall system. The complete system is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and verified with hardware.

Modeling and control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator dedicated to standalone wind energy conversion system

The interest for the use of renewable energies has increased, because of the increasing concerns of the environmental problems. Among renewable energies, wind energy is now widely used. Wind turbines based on an asynchronous generator with a wound rotor present the inconvenience of requiring a system of tings and brooms and a multiplier, inferring significant costs of maintenance. To limit these inconveniences, certain manufacturers developed wind turbines based on synchronous machines with large number of pairs of poles coupled directly with the turbine, avoiding using the multiplier. If the generator is equipped with permanent magnets, the system of rings and brooms is eliminated. The control of the permanent magnet synchronous generator （PMSG） can be affected with the implementation of various techniques of control. This paper presented a new approach mainly based on the control strategy of power production system based on the PMSG. In fact, a mathematical model that simulates the Matlab chain was established with the introduction of control techniques, such as direct control of the torque （DTC） to control the load side converter （LSC）, the control of the speed of the turbine and the DC-bus voltage ensured by PI regulators. To show the performance of the correctors used, some simulation results of the system were presented and analyzed.

基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频算法研究

针对并网风电场中,经典一次调频控制方法存在抗干扰能力弱、机组易脱网的问题,提出一种基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频控制算法。首先,在永磁同步风电机组工作原理的基础上,建立含有大电网的风电机组模型。其次,为了解决传统比例积分微分(proportional integral differential,PID)控制下抗干扰能力弱的问题、引入经典滑模变结构控制器。然后,针对经典滑模变结构控制器导致执行机构存在抖振较多的缺点,提出一种基于sigmoid函数趋近率的滑模变结构一次调频控制算法。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink对风电机组一次调频进行建模仿真,并与经典控制算法相比,验证了所提算法的可行性,在风速波动和电网故障的环境下,滑模变结构一次调频控制算法更具有效性。

基于VMD的风机次同步振荡模态辨识方法研究

针对变分模态分解算法在对风电并网过程中产生的次同步振荡信号进行分解时受噪声干扰、关键参数难以确定,导致的辨识精度不足问题,本文提出一种基于小波阈值去噪(WTD)和遗传算法(GA)优化变分模态分解(VMD)的信号分解算法,结合自回归滑动模型(ARMA)的次同步振荡模态辨识方法。首先,采用小波阈值对风电机组输出的有功功率进行去噪处理;其次,使用VMD对去噪后的信号进行分解,得到K个本征模态分量,为得到最优VMD分解效果,采用自适应遗传算法对惩罚因子α及模态分解层数K进行优化;最后,将信号重构并建立ARMA模型,直接辨识出次同步振荡信号的频率和阻尼比。通过仿真实验平台搭建直驱风电机组并网模型,采集次同步振荡信号进行模态辨识。仿真结果表明,与其他辨识算法相对比,所提出的基于VMD的方法具有更好的可行性和优越性。

结合风速预测的直驱风电机组减载调频策略

直驱永磁风电机组常用的减载调频控制策略缺乏对风电机组运行经济性和调频能力的考虑,易导致系统出现调频能力不足或备用功率冗余的问题,对此提出了一种基于变减载率的优化减载调频策略。首先划分不同的风速模式,确立不同模式下的超速与变桨距协调控制方案;其次考虑系统调频能力和发电量两因素,设计函数求取不同工况下的最优减载率;由于风速波动频繁,风机控制具有延迟,因此利用风速预测和滑动窗口法对最优减载率做进一步调整;最后搭建系统仿真模型,通过改进的频率控制动态调整减载率参与系统调频。仿真实验表明,所提控制策略与常用的策略相比在实时风速、负荷扰动下系统频率动态偏差减小、达到最低值的时间延长,风机发电量增加,桨距角变化量减小。该策略能满足调频需求,提升调频质量,减小机械磨损,提高风机运行的经济性。

并联永磁同步风电机组小干扰稳定性分析

采用平均磁链定向控制多台永磁同步风电机组进而构造分频发电系统是未来陆上尤其是海上风电的汇集方案之一,但对该模式下多台风电机组间稳定性的研究鲜有文献涉及。针对此问题,基于特征值分析法,研究了平均磁链定向控制的永磁同步风电机组之间的小干扰稳定性。首先,基于高压大容量直驱式永磁同步风电机组的分频集电系统拓扑结构,建立了适用于小干扰稳定分析的风电系统的数学模型;其次,通过辨识振荡模态并分析模态参与因子确定了影响系统振荡的主控因素,通过绘制根轨迹分析了主控因素参数变化对系统振荡的影响,并发现系统振荡受发电机电感、电阻和直流电容参数的影响最大;最后,通过时域仿真验证了研究结论的正确性。

风储一体化系统无功响应技术研究

针对永磁直驱风机与分散式混合储能系统提出了联合无功控制策略。首先对永磁直驱风机以及储能系统的无功调节能力进行分析,确定永磁直驱风机与储能系统通过变流器控制均可参与无功调节;其次提出无功控制策略,从信号接收、初次分配、内部分配等方面进行分析,在初次分配中采用了等裕度分配方法,在内部分配中考虑了以储能优先出力进行比例分配;最后通过仿真验证了该策略的有效性,该策略可充分利用永磁直驱风机与储能系统的无功容量能力对电网的电压提供有效支撑。

包含串补的并网直驱风电场振荡稳定性及可行域分析

串补装置广泛存在于电力系统中,含串补的大规模直驱永磁同步发电机(PMSG)构成的风电场并网系统存在次同步振荡范畴的小干扰失稳风险。针对上述现象,该文首先构建包含PMSG网侧换流器控制模型、锁相环控制模型以及含有串补装置的线路动态模型的并网系统全阶模型及等效模型。然后在不同的时间尺度下对等效模型进行化简,运用劳斯-赫尔维茨判据求得各时间尺度场景下并网系统的稳定性判据,从机理上解释了并网系统中各运行参数和控制参数之间的联系及其对系统稳定性的影响。进一步通过一个包含15台PMSG风电机组的并网风电场验证了该文推导的稳定判据的正确性。最后基于可行域的分析,直观地讨论了串补线路和其他参数对系统稳定性的影响。

大兆瓦风电机组永磁同步发电机控制

随着风能技术和风电产业的发展,风电机组不断大型化,永磁发电机组成为海上风电的主流技术路线。根据机组运行状态,永磁同步发电机会工作在不同的工况。首先介绍风电机组的功率控制策略,然后基于数学模型分析了永磁同步发电机运行限制条件,推导了永磁同步发电机最优运行轨迹,最后提出了大兆瓦永磁同步发电机控制策略并完成了仿真和实验验证。