Scheduling and control co-design for Networked Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Fieldbus, industrial Ethernet that is simple, reliable, economical, and practical, is widely used in Wind Energy Conversion Systems(WECSs). These techniques belong to the field of networked control systems. Network embedding to Wind Energy Conversion Systems brings many new challenges. Implementing a control system over a communication network causes inevitable time delays that may degrade performance and can even cause instability. This work addresses challenges related to the reliable control of wind energy conversion systems, based on the theoretical framework of networked control systems. A type of WECS with network-induced delay and packet dropout is modeled and adjustable deadbands are explored as a solution to reduce network traffic in WECSs. A method to study the reliable control of WECSs is presented, which takes into account system response as well as the network environment. After detailed theoretical analysis, simulation results are provided, which further demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

A Novel Wind Energy Conversion System with Storage for Spillage Recovery

This paper proposes a new system configuration for integrating a compressed air energy storage system with a conventional wind turbine. The proposed system recycles the mechanical spillage of blades and stores it for later electricity generation with assistance from a rotary vane machine. The configuration and operational policy is explained, and a comparative case study shows that the proposed system recovers investment costs through savings on electricity procurement and revenue through power export.

A Novel Hybrid MPPT for Wind Energy Conversion Systems Operating under Low Variations in Wind Speed

This manuscript presents a new approach MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) for improving and optimizing the performance of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) operating for small variations in wind speed by combining sliding mode control and fuzzy logic control. The proposed method consists of optimizing the sliding mode controller by the fuzzy controller. The main purpose of the Sliding Mode control-Fuzzy Logic controller (SM-FL) is to ensure the robustness (by eliminating certain disadvantages of the sliding mode control such as the phenomenon of chattering) and the stability of the control system in the case of small variations in conditions atmospheric (here variation of the wind). Our system consists of a wind turbine, a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and a DC-DC boost converter connected to a continuous load. The performances of the method suggested are compared with those of fuzzy logic and fuzzy-Proportional Integral (FL-PI) in term speed of convergence, of tracking time and tracking efficiency. The results of numerical simulation of our system confirmed the best performance of this method.

PMSG Wind Energy Conversion System: Modeling and Control

In this paper, a model of a variable speed wind turbine using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is presented and the control schemes are proposed. The model presents the aerodynamic part of the wind turbine, the mechanic and the electric parts. Simulations have been conducted with Matlab/Simulink to validate the model and the proposed control schemes.

Direct driven wind energy conversion system based on hybrid excitation synchronous machine

A novel direct-drive type wind power generation system based on hybrid excitation synchronous machine（HESM）is introduced in this paper.The generator is connected to an uncontrollable rectifier,and a fully controlled voltage-sourceinverter is used to connect the system to utility grid.An intermediate DC bus exists between the rectifier and inverter.A new control strategy is proposed which achieves the maximum power point tracking（MPPT） with the control of excitation current of HESM and stabilizes the DC link voltage with the control of inverter output current simultaneously.Specially-designed buck circuit is used to control the excitation current of HESM,and grid voltage-oriented vector control strategy is employed to realize the decoupling of the inverter output power.Simulation results and experiment in 3 kW lab prototype show an excellent static and dynamic performance of the proposed system.

OUTPUT MAXIMIZATION CONTROL FOR VSCF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM USING EXTREMUM CONTROL STRATEGY

The energy conversion optimization control strategy is presented for a family of horizontal-axis variablespeed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion systems,working in the partial load region.The system uses a variablespeed wind turbine(VSWT)driving a squirrel-cage induction generator(SCIG)connected to a grid.A new maximum power point tracking(MPPT)approach is proposed based on the extremum seeking control principles under the assumption that the wind turbine model and its parameters are poorly known.The aim is to drive the average position of the operation point close to optimality.Here the wind turbulence is used as search disturbance instead of inducing new sinusoidal search signals.The discrete Fourier transform(DFT)process of some available measures estimates the distance of operation point to optimality.The effectiveness of the proposed MPPT approach is validated under different operation conditions by numerical simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK.The simulation results prove that the new approach can effectively suppress the vibration of system and enhance the dynamic performance of system.

Event-triggered mechanism based robust fault-tolerant control for networked wind energy conversion system

In this paper,a novel robust fault-tolerant control scheme based on event-triggered communication mechanism for a variable-speed wind energy conversion system(WECS)with sensor and actuator failures is proposed.The nonlinear WECS with event-triggered mechanism is modeled based on the Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)fuzzy model.By Lyapunov stability theory,the parameter expression of the proposed robust fault-tolerant controller with event-triggered mechanisms is proposed based on a feasible solution of linear matrix inequalities.Compared with the existing WECS fault-tolerant control methods,the proposed scheme significantly reduces the pressure of network packet transmission and improves the robustness and reliability of the WECS.Considering a doubly-fed variable speed constant frequency wind turbine,the eventtriggered mechanism based fault-tolerant control for WECS is analyzed considering system model uncertainty.Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is feasible and effective.

Current Source Converter Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems

The increase in the installed capacity of wind energy conversion systems(WECS) has triggered the devel-opment of more demanding grid codes and additional requirements on performance.In order to meet these require-ments the industry trend has shifted to full-scale power converter interfaces in modern multi-megawatt WECS.As con-sequence,a wide variety of new power converter topologies and WECS configurations have been introduced in recent years.Among them,current source converter(CSC) based configurations have attracted attention due to a series of advantages like:simple structure,grid friendly waveforms,controllable power factor,and reliable grid short-circuit pro-tection.This paper presents the latest developments in CSC interfaces for WECS and related technologies such as modulation methods,control schemes and grid code compatibility.

Hybrid Control Strategy for Matrix Converter Fed Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper, a hybrid control strategy for a matrix converter fed wind energy conversion system is presented. Since the wind speed may vary, output parameters like power, frequency and voltage may fluctuate. Hence it is necessary to design a system that regulates output parameters, such as voltage and frequency, and thereby provides a constant voltage and frequency output from the wind energy conversion system. Matrix converter is used in the proposed solution as the main power conditioner as a more efficient alternative when compared to traditional back-back converter structure. To control the output voltage, a vector modulation based refined control structure is used. A power tracker is included to maximize the mechanical output power of the turbine. Over current protection and clamp circuit input protection have been introduced to protect the system from over current. It reduces the spikes generated at the output of the converter. The designed system is capable of supplying an output voltage of constant frequency and amplitude within the expected ranges of input during the operation. The matrix converter control using direct modulation method, modified Venturini modulation method and vector modulation method was simulated, the results were compared and it was inferred that vector modulation method was superior to the other two methods. With the proposed technique, voltage transfer ratio and harmonic profile have been improved compared to the other two modulation techniques. The behaviour of the system is corroborated by MATLAB Simulink, and hardware is realized using an FPGA controller. Experimental results are found to be matching with the simulation results.

Application of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy

Against the backdrop of global energy shortages and increasingly severe environmental pollution,renewable energy is gradually becoming a significant direction for future energy development.Power electronics converters,as the core technology for energy conversion and control,play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and stability of renewable energy systems.This paper explores the basic principles and functions of power electronics converters and their specific applications in photovoltaic power generation,wind power generation,and energy storage systems.Additionally,it analyzes the current innovations in high-efficiency energy conversion,multilevel conversion technology,and the application of new materials and devices.By studying these technologies,the aim is to promote the widespread application of power electronics converters in renewable energy systems and provide theoretical and technical support for achieving sustainable energy development.

Three-phase AC-DC Converter for Direct-drive PMSG-based Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper,a wind energy conversion system(WECS)is presented for the electrification of rural areas with wind energy availability.A three-phase AC-DC converter based on a bridgeless Cuk converter is used for power extraction from the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).The bridgeless topology enables the elimination of the front-end diode bridge rectifier(DBR).Moreover,the converter has fewer components,simple control,and high efficiency,making it suitable for a small-scale WECS.A squirrel cage induction motor(SCIM)is used to emulate a MOD-2 wind turbine to implement the PMSG-based WECS.A direct-drive eight-pole PMSG is used in this study;thus,a low-input-voltage system is designed.The converter is designed to operate in the discontinuous inductor current mode(DICM)for inherent power factor correction(PFC)and the maximum power point tracking(MPPT)is achieved through the tip-speed ratio(TSR)following.The performance of the developed system is analyzed through simulation,and a 500 W hardware prototype is developed and tested in different wind speed conditions.

Ultra-Modified Control Algorithms for Matrix Converter in Wind Energy System

This paper proposes an ultra-modified SSA(symmetric sequence algorithm)of space vector modulation of MC(matrix converter).The ultra-modified technique improves the drawbacks of the modified one where it provides a reduction of the total harmonic distortion for both output voltage and current.Also this paper proposes a modified feed forward controller of the MC with indirect space vector modulation.The modified feed forward provides a solution for the change in the output voltage due to change in wind speed,where it provides a constant output voltage with constant frequency even if the wind speed changed.Some of the advantages of MC are introduced in this paper.These advantages represented in the output frequency of MC which may be greater than the input frequency,controlling rms value of the output voltage and the ability to control the IDF(input displacement factor).At the end of this paper simulation and experimental results are introduced which give a precise proof to the proposed algorithms.

A Novel Modified Fuzzy-predictive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System

A wind energy conversion system(WECS)based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)is an effective solution for renewable energy generation in modern power systems.The main advantages of PMSG include high performance at high and low speeds,minimal control effort owing to lower rotor inertia,self-excitation,high reliability,and simplicity of structure compared with induction generators.However,the intermittent nature of wind energy implies that maximum efficiency is not obtained from this system.Accordingly,maximum power point tracking(MPPT)in wind turbine systems has been proposed to address this problem.Traditional MPPT strategies suffer from severe output power fluctuations,low efficiency,and significant ripples in turbine rotation speed.This paper presents a novel MPPT control strategy based on fuzzy logic control(FLC)and model predictive control(MPC)to extract the maximum power from a PMSG-WECS and control the machine-side and grid-side converters.The simulation results obtained from Matlab/Simulink confirm the superiority of the control model in eliminating the output power fluctuations of the wind generators and accurately tracking the maximum power point.A comparative study between conventional MPPT and control methods is also conducted.

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

STUDY ON KINETIC ENERGY BUDGET OF A TYPHOON——THE CONVERSION BETWEEN KINETIC ENERGIES OF DIVERGENT WINDS AND NON-DIVERGENT WINDS

This paper is the Part Ⅱ of studying the budget of kinetic energy of the typhoon No. 7507, with the emphasis on the conversion between the kinetic energy of the divergent winds and that of the non-divergent winds, and its relationship to the heating field. The main findings have been brought out as follows.

模型预测转矩自抗扰控制下直驱永磁同步发电机最大追踪系统

为了更好地获取风能,构建了一种基于模型预测转矩自抗扰的最大功率追踪控制系统,用于直驱永磁同步发电机(permanent magnet synchronous generator,PMSG)来实现系统的最大输出功率追踪。为了提升PMSG响应性能,增强PMSG抗扰动性能,首先在电流环设计了模型预测转矩控制(model predictive torque control,MPTC),同时在速度环提出了一种参数补偿改进自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)策略,该方法继承了ADRC和MPTC的优点,可以很好地处理内部和外部干扰、建模误差和风速变化等不确定性问题,以实现在不同风速下最大功率追踪性能。从仿真结果可知当风速变化较小时所提控制策略转速静态误差几乎为0,传统MPTC控制策略误差为0.2 rad/s;当风速变化较大时所提控制策略转速静态误差较小,传统MPTC控制策略误差达到5 rad/s。研究结果表明所提出的控制方法在最大功率追踪较传统控制器具有更好的动态响应性能以及抗干扰性能。

基于点吸收式波能装置风浪联合获能系统动力特性研究

基于风和波浪的伴生关系及波浪能与风能同时获取的可行性,提出一种基于半潜式风力机与点吸收式波能装置的新型风浪联合获能系统。建立考虑等效(PTO)的全过程风-浪-多体耦合时域分析模型,并研究波能装置设计参数对波浪能输出功率的影响规律,重点研究风浪联合运行海况下新型风浪联合获能系统的结构动力响应特征与获能特性。结果表明,波能装置的安装对平台纵荡运动和系泊系统产生不利影响,对风力涡轮机的影响较小,此外垂荡和纵摇响应均随波能装置的加入得到抑制,纵摇角平均值减小25%,垂荡位移标准差减小42%,与漂浮式风力机相比,联合获能系统的平均输出功率增加17%。

电-热-氢综合能源系统鲁棒区间优化调度

储能技术与风电相结合实现电能的时空平移是解决系统运行稳定性问题的有效手段。氢储能具有储存容量大、可实现电热联产联供的优点,具有很大的发展潜能。然而由于风电存在不确定性,氢储能系统在频繁切换工作模式时面临着不确定的热能需求。因此,文中综合考虑氢储能在间歇模式下的热能需求,首先,介绍了氢储能系统接入的电-热综合能源系统基本结构,将风电场与氢储能相结合构成风-氢混合系统;然后,提出考虑风-氢混合系统热平衡需求不确定性的电-热综合能源系统鲁棒区间优化调度模型;最后,基于对偶理论,对所提出的模型转化求解,通过算例对比分析各类情况优化结果,验证了氢储能在促进风电消纳、提高系统能源综合利用率方面的有效性,并证明了考虑电解槽和燃料电池工作温度能提高系统的工作效率并提高风电场并网功率。

不平衡电网电压下基于无模型自适应控制的WECS控制研究

不平衡电网电压会影响风能转换系统(WECS)的正常并网运行,导致系统输出功率的波动以及输出电流的畸变。此外,在实际的永磁同步风电系统中可能会由于环境温度的变化以及检测误差等原因使得网侧电路参数存在不确定性的问题,如果参数发生改变,传统控制方法的性能将会下降。基于此,提出了一种基于灰色预测的无模型自适应控制(MFAC)方案,以缓解因电路参数不确定性导致的性能下降问题,使控制系统具有更好的抗干扰能力。此外,采用三种独立的控制方法来解决不平衡电网电压下并网输出功率的波动及电流畸变问题。仿真对比结果表明,所提控制策略不仅在电路标称参数下具有良好的静态和动态性能,而且当网侧电感参数变化时,系统的鲁棒性也得到提高,验证了所提方案的优越性。