Bacterial direct-fed microbials fail to reduce methane emissions in primiparous lactating dairy cows

Direct-fed microbials(DFM) are considered as a promising technique to improve animal productivity without affecting animal health or harming the environment.The potential of three bacterial DFM to reduce methane(CH4)emissions,modulate ruminal fermentation,milk production and composition of primiparous dairy cows was examined in this study.As previous reports have shown that DFM respond differently to different diets,two contrasting diets were used in this study.Eight lactating primiparous cows were randomly divided into two groups that were fed a corn silage-based,high-starch diet(HSD) or a grass silage-based,high-fiber diet(HFD).Cows in each dietary group were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design.The bacterial DFM used were selected for their proven CH4-reducing effect in vitro.Treatments included control(without DFM) and 3 DFM treatments: Propionibacterium freudenreichii 53-W(2.9 × 10^10 colony forming units(CFU)/cow per day),Lactobacillus pentosus D31(3.6 × 10^11 CFU/cow per day) and Lactobacillus bulgaricus D1(4.6 × 10^10 CFU/cow per day).Each experimental period included 4 weeks of treatment and 1 week of wash-out,with measures performed in the fourth week of the treatment period.Enteric CH4 emissions were measured during 3 consecutive days using respiration chambers.Rumen samples were collected for ruminal fermentation parameters and quantitative microbial analyses.Milk samples were collected for composition analysis.Body weight of cows were recorded at the end of each treatment period.Irrespective of diet,no mitigating effect of DFM was observed on CH4 emissions in dairy cows.In contrast,Propionibacterium increased CH4 intensity by 27%(g CH4/kg milk) in cows fed HSD.There was no effect of DFM on other fermentation parameters and on bacterial,archaeal and protozoal numbers.Similarly,the effect of DFM on milk fatty acid composition was negligible.Propionibacterium and L.pentosus DFM tended to increase body weight gain with HSD.We conclude that,contrary to the effect previously observed in vitro,bacterial DFM Propionibacterium freudenreichii 53-W,Lactobacillus pentosus D31 and Lactobacillus bulgaricus D1 did not alter ruminal fermentation and failed to reduce CH4 emissions in lactating primiparous cows fed high-starch or high-fiber diets.

Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health

Direct-fed microbials(DFMs)are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals’health and production performance.Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics,DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry.Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria,lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups,and fungi containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus.To date,the available DFMs for ruminants have been largely based on their effects on improving the feed efficiency and ruminant productivity through enhancing the rumen function such as stabilizing ruminal pH,promoting ruminal fermentation and feed digestion.Recent research has shown emerging evidence that the DFMs may improve performance and health in young ruminants,however,these positive outcomes were not consistent among studies and the modes of action have not been clearly defined.This review summarizes the DFM studies conducted in ruminants in the last decade,aiming to provide the new knowledge on DFM supplementation strategies for various ruminant production stages,and to identify what are the potential barriers and challenges for current ruminant industry to adopt the DFMs.Overall literature research indicates that DFMs have the potential to mitigate ruminal acidosis,improve immune response and gut health,increase productivity(growth and milk production),and reduce methane emissions or fecal shedding of pathogens.More research is needed to explore the mode of action of specific DFMs in the gut of ruminants,and the optimal supplementation strategies to promote the development and efficiency of DFM products for ruminants.

Isolation, screening and identifi cation of Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbial candidates for aflatoxin B_1 biodegradation

Objective: To evaluate the ability of Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbials(DFM) to biodegrade al atoxin B1(AFB1) by using an in vitro digestive model simulating in vivo conditions.Methods: Sixty-nine Bacillus isolates were obtained from intestines, and soil samples were screened by using a selective media method against 0.25 and 1.00 μg/m L of AFB1 in modii ed Czapek-Dox medium. Plates were incubated at 37 °C and observed every two days for two weeks. Physiological properties of the three Bacillus spp. candidates were characterized biochemically and by 16 S r RNA sequence analyzes for identii cation. Tolerance to acidic p H, osmotic concentrations of Na Cl, bile salts were tested, and antimicrobial sensitivity proi les were also determined. Bacillus candidates were individually sporulated by using a solid fermentation method and combined. Spores were incorporated into 1 of 3 experimental feed groups: 1) Negative control group, with unmedicated starter broiler feed without AFB1; 2) Positive control group, with negative control feed contaminated with 0.01% AFB1; 3) DFM treated group, with positive control feed supplemented with 109 spores/g. After digestion time(3:15 h), supernatants and digesta were collected for high-performance liquid chromatography l uorescence detection analysis by triplicate.Results: Three out of those sixty-nine DFM candidates showed ability to biodegrade AFB1 in vitro based on growth as well as reduction of l uorescence and area of clearance around each colony in modii ed Czapek-Dox medium which was clearly visible under day light after 48 h of evaluation. Analysis of 16S-DNA identii ed the strains as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis. The three Bacillus strains were tolerant to acidic conditions(p H 2.0), tolerant to a high osmotic pressure(Na Cl at 6.5%), and were able to tolerate 0.037% bile salts after 24 h of incubation. No signii cant dif erences(P > 0.05) were observed in the concentrations of AFB1 in neither the supernatants nor digesta samples evaluated by highperformance liquid chromatography with l uorescence detection between positive control or DFM treated groups. Conclusions: In vitro digestion time was not enough to confirm biodegradation of AFB1. Further studies to evaluate the possible biodegradation ef ects of the BacillusDFM when continuously administered in experimentally contaminated feed with AFB1, are in progress.

Influence of Cathode Modification by Chitosan and Fe^(3+)on the Electrochemical Performance of Marine Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell

The electrochemical performances of cathode play a key role in the marine sediment microbial fuel cells(MSMFCs)as a long lasting power source to drive instruments,especially when the dissolved oxygen concentration is very low in seawater.A CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode is prepared here by grafting chitosan(CTS)on a carbon fiber surface and then chelating Fe^(3+)through the coordination process.The electrochemical performance in seawater and the output power of the assembled MSMFCs are both studied.The results show that the exchange current densities of CTS and the CTS-Fe^(3+)group are 5.5 and 6.2 times higher than that of the blank group,respectively.The potential of the CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode increases by 138 mV.The output power of the fuel cell(613.0 mW m^(-2))assembled with CTS-Fe^(3+)is 54 times larger than that of the blank group(11.4 mW m^(-2))and the current output corresponding with the maximum power output also increases by 56 times.Due to the valence conversion between Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)on the modified cathode,the kinetic activity of the dissolved oxygen reduction is accelerated and the depolarization capability of the cathode is enhanced,resulting higher cell power.On the basis of this study,the new cathode materials will be encouraged to design with the complex of iron ion in natural seawater as the catalysis for oxygen reduction to improve the cell power in deep sea.

Prospective use of bacteriocinogenic Pediococcus pentosaceus as direct-fed microbial having methane reducing potential

Direct-fed microbials（DFM）, generally regarded as safe status, are successfully used in improving rumen ecology, gastro-intestinal health, feed efficiency, milk production and growth rate in ruminants. On the other hand, methanogenesis in rumen, which accounts for a significant loss of ruminant energy and increased greenhouse gas in environment, is of great concern, therefore, use of DFM for improving productivity without compromising the animal health and ecological sustainability is encouraged. The present study was conducted to investigate the methane reducing potential of bacteriocinogenic strain Pediococcus pentosaceus-34. Since, the culture showed no hemolysis on blood agar and DNase activity, hence, it was considered to be avirulent in nature, a prerequisite for any DFM. The culture also showed tolerance to pH 5.0 for 24 h with 0.5% organic acid mixture, whereas when given a shock for 2 h at different p H and organic acids concentrations, it showed growth at pH 3.0 and 4.0 with 0.1 and 1.0% organic acids, respectively, as having good animal probiotics attributes. The total gas production was significantly（P〈0.05） higher in live pedicoccal culture（LPC） and dead pedicoccal culture（DPC） both with wheat straw, when compared to the control. In sugarcane bagasse, gas production was significantly lower（P〈0.05） with LPC compared to the control and DPC both. Methane was reduced by the inclusion of LPC in sugarcane bagasse（0.07 mL CH4 mg–1 dry matter digestibility） with no effect on other rumen fermentation parameters. However, with wheat straw and LPC total gas, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acids increased significantly but no reduction in methane production was observed in comparison to the control. Therefore, further research is warranted in this direction, if the bacteriocinogenic strains can be used as DFM for ruminants to improve the ruminant productivity.

Effect of Direct-Fed Microbial Supplementation on Pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>Fecal Shedding, Live Performance, and Carcass Characteristics in Feedlot Steers

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on live performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal shedding of E. coli in feedlot steers. In Exp. 1, 400 steers (BW = 348 kg) were assigned to treatments: CON = lactose carrier only, BOV = P. freudenreichii (NP24) + L. acidophilus (NP51), BOVD = P. freudenreichii (NP24) + L. acidophilus (NP51), and COMB = BOV fed for the first 101 d on feed, followed by BOVD for the final 28 d prior to harvest. In Exp. 2 (n = 1800;BW = 354 kg) and Exp. 3 (n = 112;BW = 397 kg), steers were utilized in a randomized complete block design and assigned to DFM treatments using low dose and high dose, respectively. Fecal samples were collected prior to harvest and analyzed for E. coli serogroups. In Exp. 1, DFM reduced (P < 0.01) the concentration of E. coli O157. Prevalence of O157 was reduced by BOVD supplementation in Exp. 2 and 3 (P < 0.01 and P = 0.08, respectively), and concentration of E. coli O157 in positive samples was reduced in both experiments where enumeration was performed (P ≤ 0.02). Weighted mean differences across the three experiments were equal to a 33% reduction in the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in BOVD treated cattle. A significant reduction in prevalence of O26, O45, O103, and O121 was observed in Exp. 2 (P ≤ 0.03). These results indicate that high levels of L. acidophilus (NP51) may represent an effective pre-harvest food safety intervention to reduce fecal shedding of several E. coli serogroups.

Direct-fed microbes: A tool for improving the utilization of low quality roughages in ruminants

For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial（DFM） can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria（LAB）, lactic acid utilizing bacteria（LUB）, or other microorganism＇s species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.

Effect of Yeast Culture and Direct-Fed Microbes on the Growth Performance and Rumen Fermentation of Weaner Lambs

The effects of yeast culture and directfed microbes on the growth performance of weaner lambs was examined. Thirty-two Hu lambs with inihtial weight of 22.20 （ ±0.75 ） kg were randomly assigned to one of four treatments： basal diet without additive （control）, added with yeast culture at 15 g/head/d （YEC）, YEC plus Bacillus licheniformis preparation at 2. 3 g/head/d （YBL） or plus Clostridium butyricum preparation at 2. 3 g/head/d （YCB）. The feeding trial lasted 75 d with 15 d for adaptation. Feed intake was not influenced （P 〉0. 05） by treatment. Average daily gain of growing lambs was 102, 114, 90, and 89 g/d in control, YEC, YBL, and YCB, respectively, with no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） among treatments, but the carcass weight of YEC lambs was significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than that of other treatments. Total volatile fatty acids and acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen were unaffected, although the butyric acid concentration was higher （ P 〈 0.05 ） in the ru men fluid of YCB lambs compared with YEC lambs and slightly higher （ P 〉 0. 05 ） than in controls and YBL lambs. Solid-associated fungi population relative to total rumen bacteria 16S ribosomal DNA was significantly lower （ P 〈 0. 05 ） in YBL lambs （3.55） compared with those on YCB （23.12）. There was little difference in blood glucose and plasma urea-N concentrations among the treatments. Blood concentrations of creatinine and globulin were significantly higher （P 〈0.05） in YBL lambs, compared with the control and YEC-fed animals, and no difference with YCB lambs. Total protein and triglycerides in blood were significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in YBL lambs, compared with controls. These serum biochemical parameters suggest that treatment increased amounts of absorbable protein but not efficiency of protein utilization and in YBL and YCB lambs. The results indicated that yeast culture improve growth performance, while little advantage could be expected from combining yeast culture with either the B. licheniformis preparation or C. butyricum preparation. More research using lower doses of B. licheniformis prepara- tion or C. butyricum preparation in combination with yeast culture is warranted.

壳聚糖-单宁酸涂膜对叫化鸡微生物多样性的影响

为探讨壳聚糖-单宁酸涂膜对叫化鸡贮藏期间品质的影响,本研究重点分析经过涂膜处理前后叫化鸡的微生物多样性,并分析贮藏期间菌落总数、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)值和总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值的变化。高通量测序分析结果表明,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、链霉菌属(Streptophyta)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)是叫化鸡贮藏期间的主要菌属,芽孢杆菌属相对丰度在贮藏第5天(37℃)增加到99.04%,为优势菌群。涂膜处理后芽孢杆菌属相对丰度降低了13.53%,普雷沃氏菌属和其他菌属丰度上升。此外,菌落总数、理化指标分析结果表明,涂膜处理后的叫化鸡菌落总数8 d(4℃)内保持在5.0(lg(CFU/g))以下,pH值显著降低,TBARS值和TVB-N值在贮藏结束(4℃)时较空白对照组分别降低了22.28%和28.15%。壳聚糖-单宁酸涂膜处理改变了贮藏过程中叫化鸡菌群组成,一定程度上抑制了腐败菌生长,延缓脂质蛋白质氧化,延长了叫化鸡保质期。

光动力抗菌水刺棉的染整一体化制备及其性能

为解决传统抗菌非织造用品防护性能差、制备成本高和潜在毒性大等问题,以水刺棉为基材,通过低分子质量壳聚糖改性、柠檬酸共价交联和光敏剂染整一体化负载工艺,制备了具有高效广谱、抗菌耐久、安全低毒和绿色低碳的光动力抗菌水刺棉。利用紫外/可见光分光光度计、傅里叶红外光谱仪、荧光光谱仪对光动力水刺棉的化学结构和光动力学性能进行表征,通过抗菌实验探究了不同接触时间下光动力水刺棉的抗菌性能与抗菌耐久性能。结果显示:光动力水刺棉在10 min光照下能够淬灭50%以上的1,3-二苯基异苯并呋喃,属于主导能量转移的Ⅱ型光动力机制,在15 min内杀灭99%以上的金黄色葡萄球菌,在60 min内杀灭90%以上的大肠杆菌,表明功能化的水刺棉具有优异的光动力抗菌特性;此外,光动力水刺棉经光漂白和水洗使役后仍具有显著的抗菌耐久性,均可满足生物医用材料对生物安全性的要求,具有大规模制备新一代光触媒非织造用品的应用潜力。

硫化铜/氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料的抗菌及促成骨作用

目的探讨硫化铜(CuS)/氧化石墨烯(GO)/壳聚糖(CS)/纳米羟基磷灰石(nHA)复合材料(CGCHs)的抗菌和促成骨作用及其作用机制。方法采用水热法合成CuS/GO纳米颗粒,通过原位沉淀法合成CS/nHA支架和CGCHs支架,检测材料表征、光热转换性能和生物安全性,评估CGCHs组和近红外光(NIR)照射下CGCHs(CGCHs+NIR)组的细菌抑制效果及其对细菌生物膜相关基因表达的影响,观察CGCHs和CS/nHA不同材料组的促成骨分化和成骨、破骨相关基因表达。结果CGCHs是具有高度孔隙率的三维支架,在CuS/GO浓度为200μg/mL时CGCHs同时兼具良好的红外升温效果和生物安全性。琼脂糖平板涂菌和细菌死活染色结果均表明CGCHs+NIR组抗菌性能最佳,生物膜相关基因qPCR检测证实其具有抑制细菌生物膜相关基因表达的作用。茜素红染色结果表明CGCHs具有良好的体外促成骨性能,体外共培养3、7、14、21和28 d qPCR结果表明CGCHs对成骨早期和晚期相关基因表达均具有促进作用。与破骨细胞共培养结果可观察到CGCHs具有抑制破骨细胞形成的作用,细胞凋亡检测结果进一步验证这一结论,破骨分化相关基因qPCR检测结果表明,CGCHs主要通过抑制抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶、组织蛋白酶K、CTR、P65和P38在共培养7、14 d的表达来抑制破骨细胞的分化。结论作为纳米复合材料,CGCHs生物安全性好,具有良好的红外光热协同抗菌作用,在促成骨分化的同时抑制破骨细胞分化,有望为感染性骨缺损治疗提供新的思路。

Role of live microbial feed supplements with reference to anaerobic fungi in ruminant productivity: A review

To keep the concept of a safe food supply to the consumers, animal feed industries world over are showing an increasing interest in the direct-fed microbials（DFM） for improved animal performance in terms of growth or productivity. This becomes all the more essential in a situation, where a number of the residues of antibiotics and/or other growth stimulants reach in milk and meat with a number of associated potential risks for the consumers. Hence, in the absence of growth stimulants, a positive manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance the feedstuff utilization for improved production efficiency by ruminants has become of much interest to the researchers and entrepreneurs. A few genera of live microbes（i.e., bacteria, fungi and yeasts in different types of formulations from paste to powder） are infrequently used as DFM for the domestic ruminants. These DFM products are live microbial feed supplements containing naturally occurring microbes in the rumen. Among different DFM possibilities, anaerobic rumen fungi（ARF） based additives have been found to improve ruminant productivity consistently during feeding trials. Administration of ARF during the few trials conducted, led to the increased weight gain, milk production, and total tract digestibility of feed components in ruminants. Anaerobic fungi in the rumen display very strong cell-wall degrading cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities through rhizoid development, resulting in the physical disruption of feed structure paving the way for bacterial action. Significant improvements in the fiber digestibility were found to coincide with increases in ARF in the rumen indicating their role. Most of the researches based on DFM have indicated a positive response in nutrient digestion and methane reducing potential during in vivo and/or in vitro supplementation of ARF as DFM. Therefore, DFM especially ARF will gain popularity but it is necessary that all the strains are thoroughly studied for their beneficial properties to have a confirmed ‘generally regarded as safe＇ status for ruminants.

壳聚糖抑菌性能影响因素、机理及其应用研究进展

综述了近年来有关壳聚糖(包括壳聚糖的分子量、浓度、脱乙酰度、菌类、晶体形状、pH值等)及其降解产物在抗菌、抑菌性能方面、抑菌机理上的研究进展,介绍了壳聚糖的抗菌性能在工业上的应用情况,提出了在该方面研究中存在的问题和观点。

不同分子量壳聚糖对土壤碳、氮及呼吸的影响

考察了不同分子量壳聚糖对土壤微生物量C、N、土壤呼吸及矿质N的影响。研究发现:不同分子量的壳聚糖施入土壤后,土壤的微生物量C、N、呼吸及矿质N均明显提高。微生物量C、N及土壤呼吸有相似的变化趋势:随壳聚糖用量的增加而增大。低分子量壳聚糖施入土壤后,微生物量C、N及土壤呼吸均先快速增加,然后下降;中等及高分子量壳聚糖施入土壤后则是开始时变化较小,第14天开始快速增加,34d后下降。研究还发现,NO-3N与NH+4N变化趋势不完全相同,NO-3N开始时变化较小,第14天开始快速增加,34d后快速下降;低分子量壳聚糖处理时,NH+4N开始时快速增加,之后缓慢下降;中等分子量壳聚糖处理时,因加入量不同而不同;高分子量壳聚糖处理时则是从第24天开始变化显著。

壳寡糖对泡菜品质、微生物多样及演替规律的影响

研究壳寡糖对泡菜品质、微生物多样及演替规律的影响,探究其在泡菜生产中的应用潜力。研究表明:壳寡糖能有效降低泡菜中亚硝酸盐含量,提高泡菜中总酸、氨基酸态氮含量,且随壳寡糖含量的增加呈现明显差异。当壳寡糖添加量为1%(质量分数)时,试验组的亚硝酸盐含量为(1.08±0.39)mg/kg(减少近50%)、总酸为(7.42±0.25)g/kg(提高87%)和氨基酸态氮为(56.67±7.5)g/kg(增加32%)。分析发现,壳寡糖显著影响泡菜发酵过程中微生物区系结构。壳寡糖泡菜样品与自然发酵样品中的优势微生物在门水平分析相类似,均为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,而在属水平出现较大差异,如自然发酵组共有17种属微生物参与泡菜的发酵过程,而壳寡糖泡菜仅9种属微生物。发酵中期(3 d),添加壳寡糖使得自然发酵过程中的优势菌微小杆菌属被乳球菌属所取代;发酵5 d后,自然发酵样品中泛菌属和明串球菌属共同主导着发酵的进程,而壳寡糖泡菜中优势菌属仍是乳球菌属,并延续至发酵末期。结论:添加壳寡糖有利于泡菜发酵过程中有益菌群的增长及泡菜品质的提升,壳寡糖在泡菜生产中的应用潜力大。

壳聚糖饲用微生物制剂对湘黄鸡免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响

在不用药物、不接种疫苗的条件下,于饮水中添加0(CK),0.5%,1.0%和1.5%的以壳聚糖为培养底物研制的壳聚糖饲用微生物制剂饲喂湘黄鸡,探讨其对湘黄鸡免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响效果.结果表明,试验组脾脏指数有上升趋势(P<0.25),法氏囊指数和胸腺指数显著提高(P<0.05);试验组血液中IgG含量呈上升趋势(P<0.25),T3,T4和IgA含量也显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01);试验组盲肠中大肠杆菌显著减少,而乳酸杆菌显著增加(P<0.01).同时在日增重和育成率上,试验组提高率达9.31%(P<0.01)和7.01%(P<0.05),表明该制剂通过促进免疫器官发育,增强T3,T4,IgA,IgG分泌和改善肠道微生态环境,从而提高试鸡的抗病力和生长性能.

壳聚糖及其季铵盐对牙周常见致病菌的体外抑菌活性

目的评价壳聚糖（CS）及其季铵盐（HTCC）对3种牙周常见致病菌的抑菌活性。方法采用琼脂扩散法测定CS及HTCC对牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌和伴防线放线杆菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和抑菌环直径。结果 HTCC和CS对3种牙周致病菌具有较强的抑菌活性,MIC为0.5~2.5 g/L。HTCC乳酸溶液较HTCC水溶液及CS乳酸溶液抑菌环直径更大（F=15.365~40.266,q=5.387~9.812,P〈0.05）。结论 HTCC对3种牙周常见致病菌均有较强的抑菌活性,为其在牙周病治疗领域的应用奠定了基础。

响应面分析法优化微生物溶菌酶微胶囊制备工艺

以海藻酸钠、壳聚糖为壁材,采用响应面法试验对微生物溶菌酶微胶囊制备条件进行优化。选取7种因素进行Plackett-Burman筛选,得出海藻酸钠质量浓度、壳聚糖质量浓度及醋酸质量浓度是影响包埋率的3个主要因素。进一步进行最陡爬坡试验逼近中心区域。最后,通过Box-Behnken试验建立回归方程,获得主因素的最佳水平,即质量浓度分别为:海藻酸钠2.00 g/100 mL、壳聚糖0.35 g/100 mL、醋酸0.33 g/100 mL,预测微生物溶菌酶最高包埋率为94.635%,经实验验证后所得的包埋率为92.10%。

壳聚糖和BTCA对棉织物多功能整理的研究

研究了壳聚糖 (CTA)和丁烷四羧酸 (BTCA)对棉织物免烫抗菌多功能整理的工艺条件 ,分析了壳聚糖与BTCA的混合比及整理工艺条件对整理效果的影响。壳聚糖作为抗菌免烫整理剂 ,与BTCA混合同浴整理的织物在整理和服用过程中无甲醛释放 。

壳聚糖整理棉针织物的抗菌性能

H2 O2 在中性条件下对壳聚糖氧化降解 ,可得到不同分子量的壳聚糖产物 ;用该产物对棉针织物进行整理 ,研究壳聚糖分子量和脱乙酰度对抗菌性能的影响。结果表明 ,经壳聚糖多元羧酸整理后的棉针织物抗菌效果明显提高。