Analysis and Simulation for Capacity of Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access System

Capcity both in uplink and downlink of TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous code division multiple access) system is studied in a multi-cell environment. The theoretical expressions of the mean of intercell interference in uplink and the mean of sum of power allocation in downlink are given, by which uplink and downlink capacity is analyzed. Furthermore, we give the simulation models for both uplink and downlink capacity. The results from theoretical analysis and simulation fit very well. In the end, the maximum number of users that TD-SCDMA system can serve for 12.2 k speech service is given.

Performance analysis of quantum access network using code division multiple access model

A quantum access network has been implemented by frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access, while code division multiple access is limited for its difficulty to realize the orthogonality of the code. Recently,the chaotic phase shifters were proposed to guarantee the orthogonality by different chaotic signals and spread the spectral content of the quantum states. In this letter, we propose to implement the code division multiple access quantum network by using chaotic phase shifters and synchronization. Due to the orthogonality of the different chaotic phase shifter, every pair of users can faithfully transmit quantum information through a common channel and have little crosstalk between different users. Meanwhile, the broadband spectra of chaotic signals efficiently help the quantum states to defend against channel loss and noise.

Joint power control based on service factor for code division multiple access system

An important feature of the traffic in mobile networks is burstiness. Drawbacks of conventional power control algorithms for time division duplex （TDD）-code division multiple access （CDMA） systems are analyzed. A joint power control algorithm based on service factor is presented to address the TDD-CDMA mobile services in the burst mode according to the Markov modulated Bernoulli process. The joint power control equation is derived. A function model is developed to verify the new algorithm and evaluate its performance. Simulation results show that the new power control algorithm can estimate interference strength more precisely, speed up convergence of power control, and enhance power efficiency and system capacity. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is more robust against link gain changes, and outperforms the reference algorithms.

Reservation-based dynamic admission control scheme for wideband code division multiple access systems

Call admission control (CAC) and resource reservation (RR) for mobile communication are two important factors that guarantee system efficiency and quality of service (QoS) required for different services in a very scarce resource as the radio spectrum. A new scheme was proposed which extends the concepts of resource sharing and reservations for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with a unique feature of soft capacity. Voice and data traffic were considered. The traffic is further classified into handoff and new requests. The reservation thresholds were dynamically adjusted according to the traffic pattern and mobility prediction in order to achieve the maximum channel utilization, while guaranteeing different QoS constraints. The performance of proposed scheme was evaluated using Markov models. New call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability, and channel utilization were used as benchmarks for the proposed scheme.

A multiple copyright identification watermarking algorithm based on code division multiple access

A multiple watermarking algorithm is presented according to the multiple accessing technique of the code division multiple access （CDMA） system. Multiple watermarks are embedded into digital images in the wavelet transform domain. Each of the watermarks is embedded and extracted independently without impacts to each other. Multiple watermarks are convolution encoded and block interleaved, and the orthogonal Gold sequences are used to spread spectrum of the copyright messages. CDMA encoded water-mark messages are embedded into the wavelet sub-bands excluding the wavelet HH1 sub-bands. The embedment amplitude is decided by Watson＇ s perceptual model of wavelet transform domain, and the embedmeut position in the selected wavelet sub-bands is decided randomly by a pseudo-random noise （PN） sequence. As a blind watermm＇king algorithm, watermarks are extracted without original image. The watermarking capacity of proposed algorithm is also discussed. When two watermarks are embedded in an image at the same time, the capacity is larger than the capacity when a single watermark is embedded, and is smaller than the sum of the capacity of two separately embedded watermarks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the detection bits error rate （BER） observably, and the multiple watermarks have a preferable robustness and invisibility.

A passive optical network based on optical code division multiplexing and time division multiple access technology

A passive optical network （PON） scheme based on optical code division multiplexing （OCDM） for the downstream traffics is proposed and analyzed in detail. In the PON, the downstream traffics are broadcasted by OCDM technology to guarantee the security, while the upstream traffics pass through the same optical fiber by the common time division multiple access （TDMA） technology to decrease the cost. This schemes are denoted as OCDM/TDMA-PON, which can be applied to an optical access network （OAN） with full services on demand, such as Internet protocol, video on demand, tele-presence and high quality audio. The proposed OCDM/TDMA-PON scheme combines advantages of PON, TDMA, and OCDM technology. Simulation results indicate that the designed scheme improves the OAN performance, and enhances flexibility and scalability of the system.

Performance Analysis of Multiple User Optical Code Division Multiple Access

In this paper, we discuss and analyze an optical code division multiple access for multiple user system. Media access control implementation has been considered. For fulfilling the huge need of bandwidth services, technology tends to move to optical networks and three major optical systems come into existence. Code division of the optical network is most used and real concept interacted with users up to this time. Optical code division multiple access provides complete spectrum to each and every user for the time of accessing the channel. In the paper, we have proposed network architecture with optical encoder and decoder along with optical code translator which is supporting multiple user systems. We integrate the code translator with encoding and decoding of optical code to use the optical network at full extent and present the simulation validation results of 6 Gb/s 3-hop transmission by use of proposed architecture. Further, we have implemented experimentation with 6 users 3 Gb/s optical code division multiple access network. Through simulation structure, it is shown that the combination of encoding with EDFA in multiple user environment system provides improvement in bit error rate and also improves the multiple access interference. With increase of users in the network, MAI value increases and our proposed scheme controls interference in the network.

BER Performance of Space-Time Coded MMSE DFE for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

In recent times, there has been growing interests in integration of voice, data and video traffic in wireless communication networks. With these growing interests, WCDMA has immerged as an attractive access technique. The performance of WCDMA system is deteriorated in presence of multipath fading environment. The paper presents space-time coded minimum mean square error (MMSE) Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) in a frequency selective channel. The filter coefficients in MMSE DFE are optimized to suppress noise, intersymbol interference (ISI), and multiple access interference (MAI) with reasonable system complexity. For the above structure, we have presented the estimation of BER for a MMSE DFE using computer simulation experiments. The simulation includes the effects of additive white Gaussian noise, multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). Furthermore, the performance is compared with standard linear equalizer (LE) and RAKE receiver. Numerical and simulation results show that the MMSE DFE exhibits significant performance improvement over the standard linear equalizer (LE) and RAKE receiver.

A Low Complexity VCS Method for PAPR Reduction in Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access

This paper investigates a peak to average power ratio （PAPR） reduction method in multicarrier code division multiple access （MC-CDMA） system. Variable code sets （VCS）, a spreading codes selection scheme, can improve the PAPR property of the MC-CDMA signals, but this technique requires an exhaustive search over the combinations of spreading code sets. It is observed that when the number of active users increases, the search complexity will increase exponentially. Based on this fact, we propose a low complexity VCS （LC-VCS） method to reduce the computational complexity. The basic idea of LC-VCS is to derive new signals using the relationship between candidature signals. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce PAPR with lower comtational pucomplexity. In addition, it can be blindly received without any side information.

Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Adaptive Multiple Access Schemes Underwater Wireless Networks

Achieving sound communication systems in Under Water Acoustic(UWA)environment remains challenging for researchers.The communication scheme is complex since these acoustic channels exhibit uneven characteristics such as long propagation delay and irregular Doppler shifts.The development of machine and deep learning algorithms has reduced the burden of achieving reli-able and good communication schemes in the underwater acoustic environment.This paper proposes a novel intelligent selection method between the different modulation schemes such as Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA),Time Divi-sion Multiple Access(TDMA),and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)techniques using the hybrid combination of the convolutional neural net-works(CNN)and ensemble single feedforward layers(SFL).The convolutional neural networks are used for channel feature extraction,and boosted ensembled feedforward layers are used for modulation selection based on the CNN outputs.The extensive experimentation is carried out and compared with other hybrid learning models and conventional methods.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed hybrid learning model has achieved nearly 98%accuracy and a 30%increase in BER performance which outperformed the other learning models in achieving the communication schemes under dynamic underwater environments.

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

A Novel Optical Code Division Multiple Access Ring Network System for LAN

In this paper the impact factors on the optical fiber LAN network with ring topology are considered. The couple ratio, the self-ring effect, the Multiple-Access Interference (MAI), and the channel noises are the main factors degrading the system performance. We develop a systematic method that employs the smallest p multiplication method to analyze the optimization of the ring network. The results show that choosing an optimal couple ratio and power control will enhance the system performance dramatically. In addition, the “self-ring” interference and MAI can be suppressed by power control to some extent.

A New Performance Analysis Method of Optical Code Division Multiple Access Systems with An Optical Hard-Limiter

A new performance analysis method of Optical Code Division Multiple Access ( OCDMA ) systems with an optical hard limiter is studied. The bit error probability of the OCDMA system is derived, and the numerical results of the system with and without an ideal optical hard limiter are analyzed respectively. The results show that although the derived expression is different from the one derived by J A Salehi , the numerical results are the same as those analyzed by J A Salehi, and the numerical result can be easily achieved in this expression.

不相关多子集零相关区序列集的构造

在多小区环境下的准同步码分多址(quasi-synchronous code-division multiple-access,QS-CDMA)系统中,不相关多子集零相关区(zero correlation zone,ZCZ)序列集不仅可以消除一定时延内来自相同小区的信号干扰,而且可以完全消除来自相邻小区的信号干扰。针对如何基于仿酉矩阵构造多子集ZCZ序列集的问题,设计了两种构造方法。具体地,通过构造具有一定特性的多个初始矩阵,再结合仿酉矩阵,进而利用不同的初始矩阵产生不同的ZCZ序列集,且序列集间互不相关。所提方法的核心是多个初始矩阵的设计,方法1通过对离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)矩阵进行分块与叠加实现,方法2利用已有的不相关多子集ZCZ序列集实现。由两种方法得到的构造结果,其参数趋近于最优,为解决多小区环境下的干扰抑制问题提供了新的序列设计方法。

大规模卫星星座组网的码分多址干扰分析

码分多址(CDMA)的通信体制是大规模卫星星座组网的主要部分,针对星间多通道通信存在多址干扰的情况,对其接收链路建立模型,描述灵敏度与比特能量噪声密度比(BENR)、设备采样信噪比(SNR)的关系,并分析多址干扰和加性白噪声对SNR的影响。在MATLAB仿真不同接收、干扰功率时的BENR与灵敏度,仿真结果表明,信干比(SIR)大于0 dB时,干扰信号对灵敏度影响较小,而维持高灵敏度时可抵抗−6 dB干扰。建立3个发射器和1个接收器的实验平台,由Chipscope、MATLAB软件处理数据,得到符合实际应用需求的接收灵敏度,实验结果表明,SIR大于0 dB时,接收灵敏度可达−107 dBm,高灵敏度下可抵抗−9 dB干扰,误差影响因素为电路噪声。理论分析与实测相符,为实际低轨卫星星座组网的设计奠定了基础。

多媒体DS-CDMA系统中基于效用函数的无线资源优化策略

本文提出了一种DS CDMA系统上行链路中基于效用函数 (utilityfunction)的无线资源分配策略 .在该模型的框架下 ,我们提出了两种基于效用函数的无线资源分配算法 :URRA EA (Utility basedRadioResourceAllocation Effi ciencyFocused)和URRA UF (Utility basedRadioResourceAllocation UserFocused) .URRA EF旨在追求系统资源的全局最优化 ,而相比之下URRA UF在用户公平性方面更有优势 .为避免非线性优化带来的过高的计算复杂度 ,我们将基于效用函数的无线资源分配问题转换为一个市场模型 ,这样资源的最优配置将以分布式的模式获得 ,因此计算复杂度将大大降低 .仿真结果表明 ,该策略与传统方式相比能够更灵活有效的配置无线多媒体DS CDMA系统中的无线资源 ,其性能提高是显著的 .

基于FastICA-TDS的DS-CDMA盲源信号分离系统

为了对DS-CDMA网络信号分离系统的性能进行预测和改进,利用原码字及原码字前后最近的两个码字信息,对原码字进行估计。对现有的多路通道的DS-CDMA模型进行改进,提出了基于三码字(TDS,three data symbols)的系统模型。通过FastICA算法对DS-CDMA盲源信号逐一地进行分离。实验的结果证明本系统能够更加准确地检测出用户码字,具有较低的漏检率,所提出的方法在系统能量控制方面明显好于MMSE和MF。

基于矩阵填充和三阶相关的长短码DS-CDMA信号多伪码盲估计

由于长短码直扩码分多址(LSC-DS-CDMA)信号包含了多个用户的长码和短码,已有的直扩码分多址信号的盲伪码估计方法不再适用。为此该文提出一种基于矩阵填充和三阶相关的伪码估计方法。首先从理论上将结构复杂的LSC-DS-CDMA信号构建为多用户短码扩频的缺失矩阵模型,将复合码矩阵估计建模为盲源信号分离问题;然后将矩阵填充理论应用于复合码矩阵估计,提出基于奇异值阈值算法和快速独立成分分析算法的各用户复合码序列估计方法;最后利用m序列的移位相加性特性,提出延迟三阶相关算法,从各用户复合码序列中估计其包含的长短伪码序列。仿真表明,当信噪比高于-2 d B时,该文算法的长短伪码估计平均误码率低于0.1%。

基于多主分量神经网络的同步DS-CDMA伪码盲估计

针对批处理方法在实现非等功率同步直接序列码分多址(direct sequence code-division multiple access,DS-CDMA)信号伪码序列盲估计时存在的复杂度高、收敛速度慢的问题,引入了3种多主分量神经网络(Sanger NN、LEAP NN和APEX NN)。首先将已分段的一周期DS-CDMA信号作为神经网络的输入信号,用神经网络各权值向量的符号函数代表DS-CDMA信号各用户的伪码序列,然后通过不断输入信号来反复训练权值向量直至收敛,最终DS-CDMA信号各用户的伪码序列就可以通过各权值向量的符号函数重建出来。此外,本文提出了一种在递归最小二乘(recursive least square,RLS)意义下的最优变步长收敛模型,极大地提高了网络的收敛速度。理论分析与仿真实验表明:将3种神经网络用于同步非等功率DS-CDMA信号伪码盲估计时的复杂度均明显降低,且LEAP NN与Sanger NN均可有效地实现-20dB信噪比、10个用户下的同步非等功率DS-CDMA伪码盲估计,APEX NN则相对较差,此外,LEAP NN消耗内存较大、收敛速度快,APEX NN相反,Sanger NN则介于两者之间。

基于独立分量分析的DS-CDMA下行信道延迟估计

将独立分量分析方法引入DS-CDMA系统,通过对DS-CDMA信号模型和线性有噪ICA模型的比较,得出这两种模型具有相同形式。因此,提出了一种基于ICA的DS-CDMA下行信道的延迟估计方法。该方法采用固定点ICA算法来估计多径信道的混合矩阵,从而提取信道的延迟信息。仿真结果表明:与匹配滤波检测方法相比,该方法具有更好的性能。