Direction finding of coexisted independent and coherent signals using electromagnetic vector sensor

The existing direction of arrival （DOA） estimation algorithms based on the electromagnetic vector sensors array barely deal with the coexisting of independent and coherent signals. A two-dimensional direction finding method using an L-shape electromagnetic vector sensors array is proposed. According to this method, the DOAs of the independent signals and the coherent signals are estimated separately, so that the array aperture can be exploited sufficiently. Firstly, the DOAs of the independent signals are estimated by the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques, and the influence of the co- herent signals can be eliminated by utilizing the property of the coherent signals. Then the data covariance matrix containing the information of the coherent signals only is obtained by exploiting the Toeplitz property of the independent signals, and an improved polarimetric angular smoothing technique is proposed to de-correlate the coherent signals. This new method is more practical in actual signal environment than common DOA estimation algorithms and can expand the array aperture. Simulation results are presented to show the estimating performance of the proposed method.

Voronoi-Based Coverage Optimization for Directional Sensor Networks

Sensing coverage is a fundamental problem in sensors networks. Different from traditional isotropic sensors with sensing disk, directional sensors may have a limited angle of sensing range due to special applications. In this paper, we study the coverage problem in directional sensor networks (DSNs) with the rotatable orientation for each sensor. We propose the optimal coverage in directional sensor networks (OCDSN) problem to cover maximal area while activating as few sensors as possible. Then we prove the OCDSN to be NP-complete and propose the Voronoi-based centralized approximation (VCA) algorithm and the Voronoi-based distributed approximation (VDA) algorithm of the solution to the OCDSN problem. Finally, extensive simulation is executed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.

Laser direct writing of Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based flexible humidity sensors

Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions.However,achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible humidity sensors remains a challenge.In this work,a wearable capacitive-type Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is demonstrated by a one-step laser direct writing technique.Owing to the photothermal effect of laser,the Ga_(2)O_(3)-wrapped liquid metal particles can be selectively sintered and converted from insulative to conductive traces with a resistivity of 0.19Ω·cm,while the untreated regions serve as active sensing layers in response to moisture changes.Under 95%relative humidity,the humidity sensor displays a highly stable performance along with rapid response and recover time.Utilizing these superior properties,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is able to monitor human respiration rate,as well as skin moisture of the palm under different physiological states for healthcare monitoring.

Direction and polarization estimation for coherent sources using vector sensors

A two-dimensional direction-of-arrival （DOA） and polarization estimation algorithm for coherent sources using a linear vector-sensor array is presented. Two matrices are first constructed by the receiving data. The ranks of the two matrices are only related to the DOAs of the sources and independent of their coherency. Then the source’s elevation is resolved via the matrix pencil （MP） method, and the singular value decomposition （SVD） is used to reduce the noise effect. Finally, the source’s steering vector is estimated, and the analytics solutions of the source’s azimuth and polarization parameter can be directly computed by using a vector cross-product estimator. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can achieve the unambiguous direction estimates, even if the space between adjacent sensors is larger than a half-wavelength. Theoretical and numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Direct fabrication of flexible tensile sensors enabled by polariton energy transfer based on graphene nanosheet films

A fundamental problem in the direct manufacturing of flexible devices is the low melting temperature of flexible substrates,which hinders the development of flexible electronics.Proposed here is an electron-cyclotron-resonance sputtering system that can batch-fabricate devices directly on flexible substrates under a low temperature by virtue of the polariton energy transfer between the plasma and the material.Flexible graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon(F-GNEC)films are manufactured directly on polyimide,polyethylene terephthalate,and polydimethylsiloxane,and how the substrate bias(electron energy),microwave power(plasma flux and energy),and magnetic field(electron flux)affect the nanostructure of the F-GNEC films is investigated,indicating that electron energy and flux contribute to the formation of standing graphene nanosheets in the film.The films have good uniformity of distribution in a large size(17 mm×17 mm),and tensile and angle sensors with a high gauge factor(0.92)and fast response(50 ms)for a machine hand are obtained by virtue of the unique nanostructure of the F-GNEC film.This work sheds light on the quantum manufacturing of carbon sensors and its applications for intelligent machine hands and virtual-reality technology.

Directional Filtering Due to Mesospheric Wind Shear on the Propagation of Acoustic-gravity Waves

Gravity waves with periods close to the Brunt-V(a|¨)is(a|¨)l(a|¨) period of the upper troposphere are often observed at mesopause altitudes as short period,quasi-monochromatic waves.The assumption that these short period waves originate in the troposphere may be problematic because their upward propagation to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region could be significantly impeded due to an extended region of strong evanescence above the stratopause.To reconcile this apparent paradox,an alternative explanation is proposed in this paper.The inclusion of mean winds and their vertical shears is sufficient to allow certain short period waves to remain internal above the stratopause and to propagate efficiently to higher altitudes.A time-dependent numerical model is used to demonstrate the feasibility of this and to determine the circumstances under which the mesospheric wind shears play a role in the removal and directional filtering of short period gravity waves. Finally this paper concludes that the combination of the height-dependent mean winds and the mean temperature structure probably explains the existence of short period,quasi-monochromatic structures observed in airglow images of mesopause region.

Design and Data Analysis of a New Type of Antifreezing Cup-Type Wind Velocity Sensor

In most areas of China, affected by the environment of low temperature and high humidity, the wind speed sensor and wind direction sensor are frozen and cannot output data in autumn, winter or the alternation of winter and spring. In order to solve the freezing situation of the wind sensor, this paper designs a new type of antifreeze wind speed sensor. After meteorology performance testing and field observation tests, the correlation coefficient of the observation data is demonstrated, and the data curve is fitted. The result shows the sensor is stable, and has a good antifreeze effect, the data output is reliable.

Bi-Directional Giant Magneto Impedance Sensor

A thin film giant magneto impedance (GMI) based on magnetic field sensor has been developed using electrodeposited Ni-Fe permalloy. Chemical composition, surface morphology, and magnetic properties of Ni-Fe permalloy were char-acterized as a function of plateup parameters, and process conditions were established to deposit a Ni-Fe thin film with a high permeability (~1000) and a low coercivity (0.6 Oersted). Conventional GMI sensors are uni-directional and are several millimeters long. In this work, a spiral-shaped sensor using electroplated Ni-Fe permalloy to detect bi-directional magnetic field is reported. Excellent bi-directional magnetic field sensing has been demonstrated using the 1 mm2 compact double-spiral structure.

改进流向算法的无线传感器网络覆盖优化

针对标准流向算法易陷入局部最优和收敛精度低等问题,提出一种融合莱维(Levy)飞行和入侵杂草策略的改进流向算法.首先,该算法在选择水流流向时引入Levy飞行机制,使水流沿最优水流位置方向做Levy飞行运动,避免陷入局部最优;其次,利用入侵杂草策略,对每一代水流进行繁殖、空间扩散和竞争操作,增加水流的多样性,扩大搜索范围,提高全局寻优能力.最后,将改进流向算法应用于无线传感器网络覆盖优化中,并与标准流向算法及其他改进算法进行实验对比.仿真结果表明,相比标准流向算法及其他改进算法,所提改进流向算法的覆盖性能有大幅提升,覆盖率可达98.52%,可实现更均匀的节点分布和更低的部署成本.

水平井定向喷砂射孔工具设计与动力学分析

基于水力喷砂射孔技术,结合重力定向原理,设计水平井定向喷砂射孔工具,动力学分析与地面验证试验表明喷枪轴线与井筒轴线存在偏心时能够可靠定向,建立定向偏角与喷枪偏转动力矩、过盈配合阻力矩、液柱压力导致的密封件阻力矩以及轴承旋转阻力矩之间的力学模型。结果表明:偏心距与喷枪自重是提升定向精度的关键因素,而密封件与转轴之间的过盈配合是阻碍定向的关键因素;设计条件下其最大阻力矩占比可达68.4%,地面射孔试验的孔眼与基准位置的偏离角度为2°~4°,喷枪定向效果良好;变更射孔位置时无论拖动还是转动,喷枪均都能够自如地回到初始位置,且打压后喷枪稳定性较好,不存在无序转动、摆动现象。

基于图分级的水下有向传感器网络栅栏覆盖策略

栅栏覆盖问题近年来已成为水下传感器网络研究的热点,但水下有向传感器网络的栅栏覆盖问题尚未得到足够的重视。随机部署前提下的水下静态有向传感器网络的栅栏覆盖难度较大,因此目前关于该问题的相关研究成果较少。为弥补这方面研究的不足,该文提出一种基于图分级的有向传感器网络首次栅栏覆盖策略。首先,该策略深入研究了多种位置关系下两个相邻节点之间满足强(弱)连接的条件;其次,利用位置关系条件构建分级图,从中选取合适节点进行栅栏的首次构建。仿真实验结果表明:采用该算法对静态有向传感器网络进行栅栏首次构建在确保较高成功率的前提下采用的节点数更少,保证了较高的网络检测概率和较长的网络寿命。

用于龙舟训练的仿生柔性触觉传感器

为了提高龙舟比赛运动员的训练效果,开发了可用于身体运动识别及压力监测的仿生纤毛柔性触觉传感器。柔性触觉传感器采用了经典的基底-传感层-封装层式“三明治”结构,柔性硅胶基底采用旋涂法制备,传感层为利用Langmuir⁃Blodgett方法得到的大面积碳纳米管传感薄膜,纤毛栽种于传感层,最后封装得到具有仿生纤毛的触觉传感器。由传感器的SEM照片可知,层与层之间的结合特性较好,采用自制的往复测试平台,对传感器进行了测试。传感器耐用性最高可达5500次,最大阻值差可达300%,对于不同方向力的刺激有识别特性,可清晰识别人体的脉搏信号,对未来龙舟训练智能装备开发中的动作识别、力量监测等功能具有较大现实意义。

基于迭代卡尔曼滤波器的GPS-激光-IMU融合建图算法

在当前机器人导航和环境感知领域,室外大尺度场景下的三维激光SLAM一直是一个挑战性问题。由于GPS信号在某些环境下的不稳定性和激光SLAM的误差累积特性,传统算法在大尺度场景下表现不佳。针对室外大尺度场景下三维激光SLAM(同步定位和地图构建)存在的误差累积严重问题,本文提出了一种基于迭代卡尔曼滤波器的GPS-激光-IMU融合建图算法。该算法通过利用惯性测量单元(IMU)数据对机器人状态进行预测,同时以激光和全球定位系统(GPS)数据作为观测,更新机器人状态,推导出观测方程和雅可比矩阵,显著提高了建图的精度和鲁棒性。里程计中融合GPS数据的绝对位置信息以解决长时间运行中的误差累积问题。在特征稀疏的环境中,由于约束不足可能导致算法崩溃,GPS数据的引入可以提高系统的鲁棒性。此外,重力对于IMU数据预测机器人状态起到关键的作用。虽然重力是三维向量,但在不发生区域变化的情况下,其模长是不变的,因此被视为二自由度向量。通过将重力的优化转化为旋转矩阵群上的优化,成功避免了重力过参数化的问题,提高了算法的精度。在室外场景下与其他算法进行了性能测试对比并且验证了在大尺度场景下的鲁棒性和精度,结果表明:本文算法的均方根误差为0.089 m,与其他算法相比降低了54%。

认知物联网中继传感节点最小功耗布置方法研究

物联网数据传输过程中,中继传感节点能量不足或者能量消耗过多将导致部分节点失效,降低物联网的使用寿命。为解决这一问题,提出认知物联网中继传感节点最小功耗布置方法。根据中继节点结构特征、有向加权图,建立数据传输功耗的数学模型;以最小功耗布置为目的,制定数据流向、通信容量、数据最大传输次数的约束条件,阻止中继节点逆向传输,使节点满足通信容量范围的同时,避免出现逐条传输数据的事件;引入贪婪算法布置中继传感节点,实现中继传感节点最小功耗布置。仿真结果表明,所提方法的中继传感节点布置最大功耗为17.58 J;在传感节点分布密度为370个/m^(3)时,中继节点布置数量为126个;在11.9 s内即可完成150个中继节点的布置。

“一带一路”沿线国家贸易便利化与中国对外直接投资研究

文章基于2003—2019年中国企业对“一带一路”沿线65个国家或地区直接投资数据,借助引力模型,实证检验“一带一路”沿线国家贸易便利化对中国对外直接投资的影响。结果显示,“一带一路”沿线国家贸易便利化可发挥正向投资效应,显著推动中国对外直接投资。采用加入第三国效应的三国模型检验发现,第三国资本禀赋、政治经济稳定性等因素会使企业直接投资产生转移效应,致使中国直接投资“一带一路”沿线国家或地区产生挤出效应。分时间段检验发现,2009-2019年间,第三国效应对中国直接投资“一带一路”沿线国家或地区的影响更为显著。

一种长基线被动传感器数据关联方法

为了提高测向交叉定位系统多目标环境下的去鬼点性能,提出了一种长基线被动传感器数据关联方法.首先利用被动传感器量测的视线矢量信息进行交叉定位并计算定位误差协方差矩阵,然后基于两个定位点构造了一个卡方分布的检验统计量,将多目标条件下的去鬼点问题转换为假设检验问题.为了分析该方法的性能,定义了真实目标的正确关联概率和鬼点目标的错误关联概率,并在使用两部和三部被动雷达的情况下分别与倾斜角方法进行了仿真对比.仿真结果表明所提出的方法在使用三部被动雷达或多目标与被动雷达共面时关联性能更好.

EMVS互质面阵张量波束成形

相比于标量传感器均匀阵列,电磁矢量传感器(electromagnetic vector sensor,EMVS)稀疏阵列能够在降低系统软硬件成本的同时感知更大范围、更高维度的空间信号信息,并通过精尖波束扫描实现信源测向性能的综合提升。然而,传统基于矩阵信号建模的波束成形算法难以利用EMVS接收信号的多维结构化信息,且存在由阵元稀疏排布所引入的虚峰干扰问题。为了应对上述挑战,提出了面向EMVS互质面阵的张量波束成形算法,有效利用了空域互质采样的波束分布特性和张量信号处理的优势实现指向性张量波束扫描测向。具体而言,将EMVS互质面阵中稀疏均匀子面阵的接收信号表示为一对涵盖多维度空间电磁信息的高维张量,并从张量信号空域滤波的准则出发,设计面向稀疏均匀子面阵的张量化最小方差无畸变响应优化问题。为了克服由上述优化问题中张量内积项所造成的传统求解方法失效难题,提出通过张量权重的canonical polyadic分解,将原始张量化最小方差无畸变响应优化问题转换为对应波达方向信息维度与极化状态信息维度的子问题,并基于各子问题的局部最优解设计交替迭代求解方法,以获得张量权重的全局最优解。进而,基于张量空间的质数分解唯一性分析,理论证明一对满足互质阵元排布的稀疏均匀子面阵所对应的虚峰具有互不重叠特性,并提出张量波束功率的互质合成处理方法,以此构造具备精尖主瓣且虚峰抵消的张量波束功率图,从而实现多信源空间方位的精准估计。仿真结果验证了所提EMVS互质面阵张量波束成形算法的有效性。

基于传感器的农业温室数据直报系统与智能调控研究

农业物联网、大数据、人工智能等技术的飞速发展为温室蔬菜生产的数据采集、分析、调控提供了有力支撑。为满足温室环境数据智能直报场景需求,制定了温室环境传感器的部署规范,设计并对比分析了基于LSTM、CNN-LSTM及CNN-LSTM-Attention的3种温室调控温度预测模型。基于CNN-LSTM-Attention预测模型的性能最好,其MSE、MAE、R^(2)分别为0.4570、0.3195和0.9873。设计了基于ARIMA的温室传感器数据纠错方法,实现土壤湿度预测数据值与实际测量差异不显著。整合了常见温室果蔬种植作物对环境信息的参数阈值模型,并开发了温室数据直报与智能调控系统移动端,能够指导温室环境传感器的规范部署、温度预测与纠错及常见温室果蔬种植辅助决策。研究结果为温室数据直报场景的数据采集、业务分析、温室调控提供技术手段,有助于智慧温室蔬菜产业高质量发展。

基于FEM的引力参考传感器自引力计算与补偿

空间引力波探测太极计划将利用激光干涉的方法,测量两个检验质量之间的距离变化反演引力波信息。在0.1 mHz处,要求检验质量在敏感轴方向的总残余加速度保持在3×10^(-15)m·s^(-2)/√Hz以下。由航天器载荷静引力、热形变和质量波动引起的自引力噪声是检验质量的残余加速度噪声主要来源之一,要求检验质量在敏感轴方向的自引力加速度小于1×10^(-10)m/s^(2),引力梯度小于5×10^(-8)s^(-2)。为了计算检验质量处的自引力大小和引力梯度,针对检验质量与引力源几何形状的不规则性,基于有限元法编写程序计算了引力参考传感器中的引力源作用在检验质量上的线加速度、角加速度和引力梯度。为了缩短计算时间,提出“类自适应”网格划分方法以减小网格数量,并设计了配重以补偿自引力。计算结果显示,经过补偿后的检验质量在敏感轴方向的自引力加速度为9.2377×10^(-12)m/s^(2),引力梯度为-2.5691×10^(-8)s^(-2),满足设计要求。本研究能够为航天器和引力参考传感器的设计与引力补偿提供参考与指导。

定向接收低冲突率水声网络媒体接入控制协议

在全向水声通信网络场景中,较大的传播时延和较高的数据包碰撞率严重影响了网络性能。相比全向接收技术,声矢量传感器的声压和振速通过线性加权组合可以形成单边指向性,实现定向接收某个方向上的信号,进而提高网络的空间复用率。该文首先分析了声矢量传感器定向接收模式下的网络中断概率,验证定向接收技术网络应用的可行性。然后,提出了定向接收低冲突概率媒体接入控制协议(DRLCP-MAC)。该协议利用指向性接收波束握手机制建立稳定的数据传输链路,通过状态转移策略构建多对并行通信链路,缩小虚拟载波监听范围,提高网络的空间复用度。仿真结果表明,与水下冲突避免多址接入协议(MACA-U)和时隙地面多址接入协议(Slotted-FAMA)相比,DRLCP-MAC协议使信道接入成本降低了约50%和60%,网络吞吐量提升了约60%和400%,端到端时延降低了约50%和85%。