Research on the longitudinal protection of a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system based on the empirical wavelet transform

This paper proposes a longitudinal protection scheme utilizing empirical wavelet transform(EWT)for a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system,where both sides of a traction network line exhibit a distinctive boundary structure.This approach capitalizes on the boundary’s capacity to attenuate the high-frequency component of fault signals,resulting in a variation in the high-frequency transient energy ratio when faults occur inside or outside the line.During internal line faults,the high-frequency transient energy at the checkpoints located at both ends surpasses that of its neighboring lines.Conversely,for faults external to the line,the energy is lower compared to adjacent lines.EWT is employed to decompose the collected fault current signals,allowing access to the high-frequency transient energy.The longitudinal protection for the traction network line is established based on disparities between both ends of the traction network line and the high-frequency transient energy on either side of the boundary.Moreover,simulation verification through experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme across various initial fault angles,distances to faults,and fault transition resistances.

NEW PRINCIPLE FOR DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON CARRIER PROTECTION OF EHV TRANSMISSION LINES

The increasing scale and complexity of power systems require high performance and high reliability of power system protection.Protective relaying based on directional comparison with power line carrier or microwave channels is the most suitable protection scheme for long distance EHV transmission lines and is widely used in power systems.The key element of such protection is a directional relay used to discriminate the fault direction.In order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional directional relays,the authors of this paper put forward the directional comparison carrier protection based on the artificial neural network(ANN).The protection is extensively tested using electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) under various electric power system operating and fault conditions.It is proved that the directional comparison carrier protection based on ANN,which can recognize various fault patterns of the protected transmission line(such as fault direction,fault phases etc.)correctly in any kind of operating and fault conditions and the whole process,is satisfactory for EHV transmission line protection.

Designing a Protection Scheme in Micro-Grid Systems with DG Using Central Protection Unite and Multiple Setting Group Protection Relays

Distributed generators now is widely used in electrical power networks, in some cases it works seasonally, and some types works at special weather conditions like photo voltaic systems and wind energy, and due to this continuous changes in generation condition, the fault current level in network will be affected, this changes in fault current level will affect in the coordination between protection relays and to keep the coordination at right way, an adaptive protection system is required that can adaptive its setting according to generation changes, the fault current level in each case is evaluated using ETAP software, and the required relay setting in each case is also evaluated using Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm, and to select suitable setting which required in each condition, to select the active setting group of protection relay according to generation capacity, central protection unite can be used, and to improve protection stability and minimizing relays tripping time, a proposed method for selecting suitable backup relay is used, which leads to decrease relays tripping time and increase system stability, output settings for relays in all cases achieved our constrains.

Protective benefit of folded linear HDPE board sand fences along the Golmud-Korla Railway,China:Field observation and wind tunnel study

The Milan Gobi area of the Golmud-Korla Railway in northwest China is located in the lower dispersal area of the mountain pass and has strong winds with evident double wind direction characteristics.This study introduced a novel sand fence deployment technique,termed‘folded linear deployment',designed to position the sand fence orthogonally to the two predominant wind directions for optimal protection.This study used wind tunnel and field tests to evaluate the wind and sand flow characteristics,as well as the windproof and sandresistant performance of folded linear HDPE(Highdensity polyethylene)board sand fences.The results suggest that the airflow around the fence creates clear zoning characteristics.The deceleration area on the BSF(backwind side of the sand fence)is much larger than that on the DSF(downwind side of the sand fence).Thus,sand particles are primarily deposited on the BSF.At different wind speeds,the airflow at 2 and 5 h on the DSF is not disturbed.The WSP(wind speed profile)presents a logarithmic distribution.The airflow is disturbed at 1-20 h on the BSF,and the WSP gradually deviates from the logarithmic law.However,as the airflow moves away from the fence,the WSP gradually approaches a logarithmic distribution.Meanwhile,the WPE(windproof efficiency)and SRE(sand-resistant efficiency)of the sand fence exceed 80%.In addition,the results of wind tunnel tests are compared with those of field tests.The overall dispersion is good,and the best dispersion is found at z/H=2.00,indicating good agreement between the two test results.This study provides a scientific basis for the design of sand hazard control measures,similar to the railway project in the Gobi Gale area.

Analysis of a Verifying Method of Consistency Between CT/ PT Polar-ity and Directional Protective Relaying

The coordination correctness of Nuclear power plant current transformer (CT)/ voltage transformer (PT) polarity and relay protection is often verified through the dynamic test on the unit no load / load operating conditions. This paper proposes a test method to prevent and circumvent the failure of the dynamic test abnormality caused by the static power test before the plant power is applied and the whole group is started. Reduce the dynamic test workload and test difficulty, to ensure that the dynamic test safety risk control and control in the state.

Interactions between γ-TiAl melt and Y_2O_3 ceramic material during directional solidification process

A γ-TiAl alloy with nominal composition of Ti-47%Al（molar fraction） was directionally solidified in an alumina mould with an Y2O3 protective coating.The effects of processing parameters（melting temperature and interaction time） on the metal-coating interface,microstructure and chemical composition of the alloy were evaluated.The result shows that the Y2O3 protective coating exhibits an effective barrier capability to avoid direct contact between the mould base material and the TiAl melt,although the Y2O3 coating is found to suffer some erosion and be slightly dissolved by the molten TiAl due to the coating-metal interactions.The directionally solidified alloys were contaminated with Y and O,and Y2O3 inclusions were dispersed in the metal matrix.The reason for this metal contamination is the Y2O3 coating dissolution by the TiAl melt.One mode of the interaction between Y2O3 and the TiAl melt is dissolution of yttrium and atomic oxygen in the melt by reaction Y2O3（s）=2Y（in TiAl melt）＋3O（in TiAl melt）.Both the extent of alloy contamination and the volume fractions of Y2O3 inclusions depend on the melting temperature and the interaction time.

Consolidated Lightning Protection Methods of Landfill and Incineration Plants and Its Application Technology Investigation

Taking lightning-protection engineering of Wuhan Changshankou landfill and incineration plants for the example,in this article,we have discussed the integrated technology of direct lightning protection by early streamer emission lightning rod,lifting lightning rod and mobile lightning rod. Additionally,lightning protection methods and measures of landfill with large receiving area of lightning strike and landfill gas and incineration plant with irregular landfill cell are explored.

A Study on the Transmission Line Transient Protection Containing Static Synchronous Compensator

This paper focuses on the transient protection of transmission line with FACTS Devices;the principle and mathematical model of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been analyzed. And feasible control strategy has been proposed considering the voltage source inverter (VSI) as a core part of the FACTS components. The simulation results verify the rightness using electromagnetic transient simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC to set up electromagnetic transient model.

Limitations of Lightning Rods in Preventing Direct Lightning Strikes

Since ancient times,lightning disasters have undoubtedly been an unstoppable threat to humanity.During thunderstorms,lightning often damages objects on the ground,such as buildings and structures.Since Franklin invented the lightning rod in 1752,lightning rods have been used worldwide to prevent direct lightning strikes in various fields such as high-voltage power transmission lines,outdoor chemical sites,highways,land and sea wind farms,and forest lightning fire protection.It has been proven that lightning accidents still occur frequently in places where lightning rods are installed and the protective angle method is used.In order to further study the protective effect of lightning rods and identify the shortcomings of lightning rod protection,negative lightning strikes are taken as the research object,to analyze the limitations of lightning rods in preventing direct lightning strikes from the working principle of lightning rods.

Design and operation of 500kV transmission line protection in China

The protective devices we developed for 500 kV transmission lineshave been implemented in UHV power systems in China for manyyears.The quality of the product and the principle of the system have stoodsevere tests in practical operation.In this paper,the general characteristics of 500 kV lines in China aresystematically analysed.The requirements of protection on 500kV linesare specifically discussed,Two design schemes for 500kV protection areproposed,and the results of practical test and operation are given.Theyverified that the schemes proposed overcome the difficulties found inimported relay systems.

Optimal coordination of directional over current relays using evolutionary programming

Co-ordination of directional over current relays(DOCR) requires the selection and setting of relays so as to sequentially isolate only that portion of the power system where an abnormality has occurred.The problem of coordinating protective relays in electrical power systems consists of selecting suitable settings such that their fundamental protective function is met,given operational requirements of sensitivity,selectivity,reliability and speed.Directional over current relays are best suited for protection of an interconnected sub-station transmission system.One of the major problems associated with this type of protection is the difficulty in coordinating relays.To insure proper coordination,all the main/back up relay pairs must be determined.This paper presents an effective algorithm to determine the minimum number of break points and main/back up relay pairs using relative sequence matrix(RSM).A novel optimization technique based on evolutionary programming was developed using these main/back up relay pairs for directional over current relay coordination in multi-loop networks.Since the problem has multi-optimum points,conventional mathematics based optimization techniques may sometimes fail.Hence evolutionary programming(EP) was used,as it is a stochastic multi-point search optimization algorithm capable of escaping from the local optimum problem,giving a better chance of reaching a global optimum.The method developed was tested on an existing 6 bus,7 line system and better results were obtained than with conventional methods.

Special Problems in Pilot Protections of Transmission Lines Connecting Wind Farms

As the penetration of wind power into power grids increases,higher demands are made on the stability and protection of power systems.Unlike traditional synchronous generators,wind turbines are different on the short-circuit and impedance characteristics,thus some problems exist in pilot protections of transmission lines connecting wind farms.When a single-phase fault occurs on a transmission line,the phase selector based on current-difference sudden-change may mistake the single-phase fault for a phase-to-phase fault.This paper studies the impedance characteristics of an asynchronous wind generator,and analyzes the behavior of a fault phase selector under different conditions.Then,the paper explains that inequality between positive and negative branch coefficients is the cause for the mal-operation of the fault phase selector.Finally,some simulations are done in MATLAB to validate analysis results.

高压直流输电保护定值整定依据及配合关系探讨

在中国30余年的高压直流输电工程实践中形成了一套高压直流输电保护系统定值体系。文中结合近年来在应用中出现的复杂案例,对以下保护的定值整定依据开展了进一步探讨:阀短路保护启动定值需避开与换流阀并联的阻容回路的充电电流;换流器过流保护过负荷段定值整定依据是直流控制系统失控造成直流运行电流超过控制的过负荷目标值,以及控制目标电流超过所设定的运行时间;直流低电压保护阈值及延时定值的整定需兼顾保护的后备功能,不确保与换相失败保护双桥原理长延时段配合。另外,深入探讨了交直流系统间、金属回线运行方式下直流保护间,以及高压线路再启动与低压再启动间的定值配合问题。最后,提出了高压直流输电保护系统的定值及定值间的配合应有一定的规范性和适度的灵活性的建议。

基于暂态电流行波突变的LCC-MMC混合双极直流输电纵联方向保护

在直流线路中行波保护作为主保护应用广泛,但行波保护作为单端量的保护具有误动性较高且耐过渡电阻能力较差的缺点。在分析了行波在直流输电系统中传播特性的基础上,根据区内和区外故障时暂态电流行波变化方向的不同提出了一种基于暂态电流行波突变的LCC-MMC混合双极直流输电系统纵联方向保护。若故障时两侧暂态电流行波突变方向相同,则为区内故障,否则为区外故障。通过PSCAD和MATLAB的仿真结果表明,该保护能快速准确地识别故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障发生位置距离的影响,因此具有一定的实用性。

基于钳位型断路器的柔直系统控保协同技术

柔性直流系统以其在输电领域的巨大优势而获得广泛应用.但在直流系统中,短路故障的强冲击性与电力电子器件的脆弱性之间的矛盾异常尖锐,现有保护策略难以同时满足高速动性与高可靠性的要求.本文从控保协同思想出发,基于一种电压钳位原理的直流断路器,提出一种新的故障处理模式,初步探究在柔直系统中控制与保护深度融合的可能性.当发生短路故障时,投入断路器和换流器相配合的限流功能,一方面限制电力电子器件的过流,解决其脆弱性问题;另一方面为保护提供边界,辅助实现故障的快速定位.在甄别出故障线路后,利用断路器的故障切除功能将故障隔离.此方案同时实现了故障限流、保护边界和故障切除3项功能,可有效缓减由于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)器件脆弱性所带来的一系列保护问题.在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建四端双极柔性直流电网模型,仿真结果表明,本控保协同方案能在5 ms内准确识别并隔离故障线路,而且具有较强的耐受过渡电阻能力.

一种适用于混合双极直流输电的纵联方向保护方法

直流输电线路通常是以大电感和直流滤波器作为边界,故障行波在边界发生折射和反射时,其行波能量也会因为电感和滤波器的存在而被吸收,导致区内、外高频行波能量产生差异.当故障发生为正方向故障时,其高频前行波能量小于高频反行波能量;当故障发生为反方向故障时,其高频前行波能量大于高频反行波能量.由此特征提出了一种基于前、反行波高频能量差异的纵联方向保护,该保护采用小波包变换提取行波的高频能量,利用前行波与反行波在区内故障和区外故障时的高频能量差异判别故障.仿真结果表明,该保护能快速准确地识别故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障发生位置距离和噪声的影响,具有一定的实用性.

级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统配置及策略

该文针对金上直流工程主回路拓扑结构与运行方式的特点,设计了送端分址级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统的配置方案;提出送端分站的高、低压换流器的电压平衡控制方案,根据送端两站间通信条件,切换采用附加电压平衡控制的触发角协调控制和串联两换流器一个定电压、另一个定电流的控制策略;基于送端分站级联拓扑,研究了其直流保护功能配置方案,并提出针对送端站1内的极区/换流器区故障或者送端两站之间直流线路永久故障的快速清除方法。基于控制保护工程样机的RTDS闭环仿真结果表明,该级联多端特高压直流控制保护系统可以满足实际工程应用的要求。

基于行波电流极性差异的交直流混联系统纵联方向保护方法

交直流混联系统中逆变站的换相失败使交流线路发生频率偏移,导致工频量纵联方向保护的可靠性受到影响。提出了一种基于行波电流极性差异的交直流混联系统纵联方向保护方法,利用线路区内、外故障时,传播到两端保护的电流故障初始行波波头之间极性差异构成纵联保护。该方法仅利用电流初始行波极性差异进行方向判别,消除了电容式电压互感器无法准确传输宽频带电压信息导致保护的低可靠性问题,且利用高频电流进行计算,避免了交直流混联系统频率偏移的影响。仿真结果显示,基于行波电流极性差异的纵联方向保护方法能够准确、快速地识别单相故障和多相故障,适用于交直流混联系统。

以煤层倾向为参考方向的锐角优化垂线法煤柱设计方法

垂线法广泛应用于我国矿区地表建(构)筑物的保护煤柱的设计,但其原理中存在走向方向不明确导致计算时需人工干预和小角值拐角处保护煤柱过估等问题。针对村庄尺度的建筑物群,提出应按位置给出不同的开采参数和松散层参数;用煤层倾向作为垂线法的参考方向,代替指向不明确的走向,实现垂线计算公式选择、垂线长度计算的自动化;提出锐角优化算法,解决煤柱角点角值较小时出现的煤柱留设尺寸过大问题。基于上述优化,通过MATLAB编程实现煤柱自动化计算,并一定程度上减小了煤柱的尺寸。优化后的垂线法能够更好地应用于矿山保护煤柱设计。