Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Performance analysis of 20 Pole 1.5 KW Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper gives performance analysis of a three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Low speed wind condition (less than 5 m/s) is taken in consideration and the entire simulation is carried in Matlab/Simulink environment. The rated power for the generator is fixed at 1.5 KW and number of pole at 20. It is observed under low wind speed of6 m/s, a turbine having approximately1 mof radius and2.6 mof height develops 150 Nm mechanical torque that can generate power up to 1.5 KW. The generator is designed using modeling tool and is fabricated. The fabricated generator is tested in the laboratory with the simulation result for the error analysis. The range of error is about 5%-27% for the same output power value. The limitations and possible causes for error are presented and discussed.

Integrated Equivalent Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine for Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm Simulation

The high-speed simulation of large-scale offshore wind farms(OWFs) preserving the internal machine information has become a huge challenge due to the large wind turbine(WT) count and microsecond-range time step. Hence, it is undoable to investigate the internal node information of the OWF in the electro-magnetic transient(EMT) programs. To fill this gap,this paper presents an equivalent modeling method for largescale OWF, whose accuracy and efficiency are guaranteed by integrating the individual devices of permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) based WT. The node-elimination algorithm is used while the internal machine information is recursively updated. Unlike the existing aggregation methods, the developed EMT model can reflect the characteristics of each WT under different wind speeds and WT parameters without modifying the codes. The access to each WT controller is preserved so that the time-varying dynamics of all the WTs could be simulated. Comparisons of the proposed model with the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC have shown very high precision and high efficiency. The proposed modeling procedures can be used as reference for other types of WTs once the structures and parameters are given.

Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Energy Storage for Stand-Alone Systems

This paper investigates a variable speed wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-scale power converter in a stand-alone system.An energy storage system(ESS)including battery and fuel cell-electrolyzer combination is connected to the DC link of the full-scale power converter through the power electronics interface.Wind is the primary power source of the system,the battery and FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system to provide or absorb power in the stand-alone system,respectively.In this paper,a control strategy is proposed for the operation of this variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system,where the generator-side converter and the ESS operate together to meet the demand of the loads.This control strategy is competent for supporting the variation of the loads or wind speed and limiting the DC-link voltage of the full-scale power converter in a small range.A simulation model of a variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system is developed using the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC.The dynamic performance of the stand-alone wind turbine system and the proposed control strategy is assessed and emphasized with the simulation results.

PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

Multi-objective design optimization of a large-scale directdrive permanent magnet generator for wind energy conversion systems

This paper presents a simukaneous multi- objective optimization of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator and a three-blade horizontal-axis wind turbine for a large scale wind energy conversion system. Analytical models of the generator and the turbine are used along with the cost model for optimization. Three important characteristics of the system i.e.,the total cost of the generator and blades, the annual energy output and the total mass of generator and blades are chosen as objective functions for a multi-objective optimization. Genetic algorithm （GA） is then employed to optimize the value of eight design parameters including seven generator parameters and a turbine parameter resulting in a set of Pareto optimal solutions. Four optimal solutions are then selected by applying some practical restrictions on the Pareto front. One of these optimal designs is chosen for finite element verification. A circuit-fed coupled time stepping finite element method is then performed to evaluate the no-load and the full load performance analysis of the system including the generator, a rectifier and a resistive load. The results obtained by the finite element analysis （FEA） verify the accuracy of the analytical model and the proposed method.

基于VSG的永磁风力发电机高/低电压穿越研究

为解决永磁风力发电机在高/低电压穿越期间并网点电压和频率波动问题,提出采用虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制网侧变流器,提高永磁风力发电系统惯性和阻尼,使其在电压穿越期间支撑并网点电压和频率的恢复。通过VSG的有功-频率调节作用,根据系统频率变化量,调节网侧变流器有功功率输出能力,在转动惯量和阻尼系数的作用下实现对频率波动的抑制;调节VSG的无功功率指令实现对虚拟电动势的调节,使其在电压穿越期间为电网提供动态无功支撑,对并网点电压进行调节。并有效抑制连续高/低电压穿越期间系统功率、频率持续性波动,提高系统在连续高/低电压穿越期间的并网稳定性。最后,通过系统仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。

基于自抗扰控制策略的直接转矩风力发电系统研究

针对直接转矩控制的永磁直驱风力发电系统中系统未能较好地跟踪最大功率点的问题,提出将自抗扰控制策略加入风力发电系统机侧控制结构中以提高系统性能。基于风力机和永磁同步风力发电机数学模型,结合自抗扰控制的基本模型构建发电机自抗扰速度环,最后以Matlab/Simulink软件对所提控制策略进行仿真分析,对比传统PI控制直接转矩风电系统,自抗扰控制策略的引入可提升系统整体的抗干扰能力和跟踪性能。

半直驱中速永磁同步发电机轴承发生微电流腐蚀的故障诊断分析

轴承滚道形貌出现“搓衣板”纹路的故障模式是风电机组常见的主要故障之一。针对半直驱中速永磁同步发电机轴承发生微电流腐蚀故障,首先通过在线监测系统采集发电机轴承运行时的振动信号,然后对振动信号故障特征进行提取与诊断分析,研究和复现轴承滚道微电流腐蚀的失效模式和故障发展历程,最后同步验证抑制轴电流的措施的有效性,以此保障风电机组健康可靠地运行。分析表明:该故障风电机组的发电机轴承滚道出现的“搓衣板”纹路并非轴承的主要失效模式,而是轴承滚道发生二次损伤的表现。随着时间推移,轴承滚道出现的损伤(浅坑)纹路逐渐重复叠加并变得更加清晰,说明该发电机的主要失效模式为轴承微电流腐蚀。

基于变流器控制的永磁风电机组低电压穿越控制策略

针对永磁风电机组低电压穿越(low voltage ride-through,LVRT)采用改变背靠背变流器控制策略的方法时,存在未考虑因转子转速越限导致机组发生超速脱网的问题,提出了基于变流器控制的LVRT控制策略。基于转子运动方程,推导了能够抑制机组转子转速越限的机侧变流器有功功率整定计算公式,设计了可降低卸荷电阻使用率的卸荷电阻投切方法,仿真结果验证了该策略的有效性。

PMSG Wind Energy Conversion System: Modeling and Control

In this paper, a model of a variable speed wind turbine using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is presented and the control schemes are proposed. The model presents the aerodynamic part of the wind turbine, the mechanic and the electric parts. Simulations have been conducted with Matlab/Simulink to validate the model and the proposed control schemes.

永磁风力发电机产能效率优化策略研究

永磁同步风力发电机存在产能效率不高的问题,而诠释产能效率的两个分解因素是?效率和输出功率,因此该研究借助一种响应面法(RSM)和存档微遗传算法(AMGA)相结合的优化方法,以改善内部结构参数开展提高发电机产能效率的双目标优化研究。首先建立发电机?平衡模型,确立优化双目标;其次,采用敏感性分析法确定定子内径、气隙长度、永磁体厚度及铁芯长度组合为设计变量,通过Box-Behnken试验设计(BBD)试验设计获得29组样本数据,根据RSM获得输出功率和?效率的回归方程,并经方差分析验证模型可靠性;最后以?效率和输出功率极大为优化双目标,借助RSM和AMGA相结合法进行寻优,得出最佳结构参数,从而提高发电机产能效率,并降低了功率脉动,提升电能品质。

基于自抗扰技术的直驱风机高电压穿越控制策略

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组(permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generator,PMSG)全功率变流器是具有非线性、强耦合的复杂系统,易受到电网电压波动及非线性负载影响。为提高变流器直流母线电压的稳定性,提出一种基于改进线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)技术的PMSG高电压穿越控制策略。在传统LADRC基础上,将总扰动的微分扩张为一个新的状态变量,对总扰动的变化趋势进行提前观测,提高线性扩张状态观测器(linear extended state observer,LESO)的动态扰动观测能力。直流侧采用卸荷电阻优化方案,网侧变流器运行于无功补偿模式,为电网电压恢复稳定提供动态无功支撑。多种工况下的仿真结果表明,该控制策略缩小直流母线电压波动范围的同时减少了调节时间,能有效提升直流母线电压抗干扰能力,确保PMSG在高电压故障期间不脱网连续运行,同时提供一定的感性无功帮助电网电压恢复稳定。

Frequency Trajectory Planning-based Frequency Regulation Strategy for Wind Turbines Equipped with Energy Storage System

The increase in wind power penetration has weakened the equivalent inertia of the power system,posing a significant challenge to frequency stability.In this paper,a frequency trajectory planning(FTP)-based frequency regulation(FR)strategy is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbines equipped with an energy storage system(ESS)on the DC link.The core idea is that the frequency index provided by the grid code is used to plan a safe frequency trajectory when the system frequency fluctuates.The FR power provided by the ESS is controlled by tracking the planned frequency trajectory to compensate for the unbalanced power in the system,provide inertia support,and ensure the frequency stability of the power grid.The proposed strategy can suppress the frequency fluctuation and optimize the FR power of the ESS.It also effectively circumvents the complex parameter design process of virtual inertia control.The simulation model is established in Matlab/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy.

基于永磁同步电机的风力机动静态特性模拟

风力机模拟系统使在实验室内开展风力发电技术的各项研究成为可能。以永磁同步电动机作为原动机,提出并设计了一套完整的风力机特性模拟系统。在分析了风力机静态特性的基础上,指出采用基于加速度反馈的动态转矩补偿可以实现风力机动态性能的模拟。对动态补偿环节进行分析,结果显示补偿环节中的滤波器对模拟系统的性能有直接影响,并以一阶低通滤波器为例,推导了风力机转动惯量与滤波常数之间的内在关系。在仿真研究的基础上,构建了一套完整的风力机模拟控制平台,对不同风速、负载以及转动惯量等条件下的风力机运行特性进行了模拟。实验结果验证了文中所用方法的可行性和相关理论分析的正确性。

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组建模及其控制策略

以永磁体励磁多极直驱式同步风力发电机组(directly driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generators,D-PMSG)为对象,建立了包括风力机模型、传动系统模型和发电机模型的D-PMSG数学模型,提出了风力机桨距角和发电机转速的控制策略:桨距角的控制策略中以风速和发电机功率为输入信号,采用比例–积分控制很好地反映了不同风速对桨距角控制的不同要求;发电机转速控制策略中采用dq同步旋转坐标下的矢量控制方法,用d轴电流控制无功功率,用q轴电流控制转速,既实现了机组的解耦控制,又充分利用了发电机容量。运用Matlab/Simulink建立了D-PMSG仿真模型,对风速阶跃变化时机组运行情况进行了仿真,结果验证了该模型的合理性及控制策略的正确性和可行性。

风力发电低电压穿越技术综述

近年来风力发电占供电比重增长迅速。在电网出现故障导致电压跌落后,风力机组如果纷纷解列会带来系统暂态不稳定,并可能造成局部甚至是系统全面瘫痪,故人们开始关注风机并网并相应提出了低电压穿越(LVRT)要求。文中详细分析了定速异步风机(FSIG)、同步直驱式风机(PMSG)和双馈式风机(DFIG)三种主要机型在电网电压跌落时的暂态特性,并综述了国内外提出的主要LVRT方案。重点分析了最难实现穿越的双馈风机的LVRT方案。

风电机组接入对系统小干扰稳定性的影响研究

针对大规模风电并网后系统小干扰稳定性的变化情况,通过简单系统算例仿真,详细分析了不同风电渗透功率水平下,分别采用固定转速风电机组、双馈感应风电机组和永磁同步直驱风电机组并网对系统阻尼特性的影响,并且通过实际系统仿真算例,验证了分析结果。结合定速风机、双馈风机和直驱风机的仿真结果进行对比分析,对考虑风机并网后系统动态特性因素的风电机组选型提出了建议。