A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.

Risk Early-Warning Method for Natural Disasters Based on Integration of Entropy and DEA Model

Risk early-warning of natural disasters is a very intricate non-deterministic prediction, and it was difficult to resolve the conflicts and incompatibility of the risk structure. Risk early-warning factors of natural disasters were differentiated into essential attributes and external characters, and its workflow mode was established on risk early-warning structure with integrated Entropy and DEA model, whose steps were put forward. On the basis of standard risk early-warning DEA model of natural disasters, weight coefficient of risk early-warning factors was determined with Information Entropy method, which improved standard risk early-warning DEA model with non-Archimedean infinitesimal, and established risk early-warning preference DEA model based on integrated entropy weight and DEA Model. Finally, model was applied into landslide risk early-warning case in earthquake-damaged emergency process on slope engineering, which exemplified the outcome could reflect more risk information than the method of standard DEA model, and reflected the rationality, feasibility, and impersonality, revealing its better ability on comprehensive safety and structure risk.

The study of acoustic emission (AE) forecasting coal and rock disaster technique

Introduced the coal and rock AE propagation rule,wave guide fixing technics onAE sensors,and AE forecasting coal and rock disaster on the scene and so on,The coaland rock AE propagation rule that follows the exponent attenuation function on different AEfrequencies,different quality factors and different propagation distances were analyzedand deduced by theory,numerical simulation,and by actual experiment.Consequently,itwas deduced that the coal and rock AE propagation rule follows the exponent attenuationfunction.Based on the correlative theory of wave dynamics and AE sensor,the AE waveguide propagation mechanical model on the sensor fixing manner is found,and the relationsof displacement and speed and acceleration between the AE signal source and theAE signal receiving terminal are presented.The effect of the AE sensor fixing manners oncoal and rock surfaces,coal and rock bottoms and wave guides were studied by actualexperiment.For the results,the effect of the AE sensor fixing manner on wave guides isbetter than on coal and rock surfaces,and was equivalent to the fixing manner on coal androck bottoms.Based on the above study results,actual coal and rock dynamistic disasterswere successfully forecasted.

The Changeless Technique Researches for City Flood Control and Reduced the Disaster

The make use of the stir kinetic energy conservation law, the theories and chaogeless technique build up for city flood control. Pass the system energy conversion or deliver with contain of second circulation, carry out city flood control and reduced the disaster that develops the artificial lake. It is advantageous to the improvement city ecosystem environment and resources of water that is missing.

Impulsion discharge technique and its application in geology casulty control

Impulsion discharge technique is a new technology to prevent geological disasters,such an approach is in a liquid medium into the borehole electrode to gain access to high-voltage,forme discharge,and mechanical wave energy into electrical energy,produce a shockwave and in the same time compact the surrounding soil.Building on the existing foundation of the Act has been applied to engineering and water conservancy projects,the results were very good.

气候变暖背景下云南省暴雨灾害风险区划研究

为进一步研究气候变暖背景下云南省暴雨灾害风险,利用25个气象站1990~2020年的逐日降水数据、社会经济、地理国情和历史灾情数据,基于ArcGIS的空间分析功能,运用暴雨灾害风险指数法、加权综合评价法、层次分析法和百分位数法通过建立由暴雨灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力组成的综合暴雨灾害风险评估模型,实现了对云南省暴雨灾害风险的区划研究。结果表明,云南省中东部和南部暴雨灾害风险较高,其中昆明中部及南部、曲靖南部、红河南部、西双版纳南部等地区暴雨灾害风险最高;暴雨灾害中等风险区主要位于曲靖北部、文山西南部、普洱西部、保山北部、楚雄西北部等地,而西北部的迪庆和怒江两州的暴雨灾害风险较低。区划结果能在一定程度上反映出云南暴雨灾害的分布情况,具有较好的理论意义和实际指导价值。

台风灾害救援中道路抢通技法研究

我国是世界上遭受台风危害最严重的国家之一,每年台风造成的直接经济损失高达上百亿元;公路作为灾害救援的重要通道,保持道路畅通对于顺利完成救援工作起着至关重要的作用。通过分析台风灾害的特点,梳理了台风灾害中路基、桥梁、隧道的常见损毁形式,并对抢通技法进行了针对性的研究,希望对类似的道路抢通工作提供有益的参考。

Application of oblique photogrammetry technique in geological hazard identification and decision management

With the continuous development of the oblique photography technique, it has been used more and more widely in the field of geological disasters. It can quickly obtain the three-dimensional(3D) real scene model of dangerous mountainous areas under the premise of ensuring the safety of personnel while restoring the real geographic information as much as possible. However, geological disaster areas are often accompanied by many adverse factors such as cliffs and dense vegetation. Based on this, the paper introduced the flight line design of oblique photogrammetry, analyzed the multi-platform data fusion processing, studied the multi-period data dynamic evaluation technology and proposed the application methods of data acquisition, early warning, disaster assessment and decision management suitable for geological disaster identification through the analysis of actual cases, which will help geologists to plan and control geological work more scientifically and rationally, improve work efficiency and reduce the potential personnel safety hazards in the process of geological survey, to offer technical support to the application of oblique photogrammetry in geological disaster identification and decision making and provide the scientific basis for personal and property safety protection and later-stage geological disaster management in disaster areas.

A Brief Review on Application of Information Technique to Agrometeorological Disaster Reduction

Disaster reduction strategy of agrometeorological disasters is a very complicated systematic project. The system is divided into two subsystems: agrometeorological disaster subsystem and dis aster reduction strategy subsystem. The agrometeorological disaster subsystem incIudes the whole process of disaster from occurrence, development to extinction. The subsystem of disaster reduction strategy is strategy measures included prevention, resistance and remedy of disaster The system involves monitoring, forecasting, prevention, resistance, control, loss assessment of disaster and efficiency analysis of disaster reduction. Therefore, modern information techniques (remote sensing, artificial intelligence, crop simulation etc. ) are necessary for improving the a bility of prevention and reduction of

暴雨洪涝灾情快速监测评估技术框架体系与应用:以2022年6月北江流域洪水灾情分析为例

【目的】暴雨洪涝灾情快速评估在洪灾应急救援和灾后恢复重建中发挥着重要作用,但仍面临诸多挑战。为快速监测和评估洪涝灾情,建立一套集成天空地网多源信息与多种技术的暴雨洪涝灾情快速监测评估技术框架体系,【方法】以2022年6月北江暴雨洪灾为例,综合利用雨量、河道水位、网络淹没图片和视频、卫星遥感影像、地面调研测绘和无人机低空航测等多源数据、水文模型和地理空间分析技术,通过实地调研测绘和无人机航测,结合遥感影像、水力学模型和地理空间分析技术,快速识别本次洪水淹没深度范围、分析淹没区内的受灾人口、房屋、农田等基本灾情,在洪水灾情分析的实战中检验集成天空地网多源信息的暴雨洪涝灾情快速监测评估技术。【结果】结果显示:清远市新增的淹没面积为478 km^(2),其中淹没农田307 km^(2)(64%),淹没区内有74119栋房屋和167306人;韶关市新增的淹没面积为90 km^(2),其中淹没农田46 km^(2)(51%),淹没区内有15629栋房屋和78037人。【结论】结果表明:无人机航测结合地面RTK高程和洪痕测绘,将在洪涝灾情快速调查评估中发挥越来越重要的作用;卫星影像可快速揭示洪水淹没区的总体格局,但受云层遮档和过境时间的影响,难以获取最大淹没范围;洪涝淹没区公众提供的各类网络众包信息是最直接和现时的洪涝灾情信息,需要认真核实和充分利用;结合河道等各类实测水位,HAND模型可以快速估算出淹没深度范围,有很大的推广应用价值。通过对本次北江洪涝灾情的快速模拟和初步分析,充分展示了各类前沿技术在洪涝灾情快速识别中的独特作用,可为洪涝灾情应急监测方案设计和技术准备提供参考。

Deep seabed mining:Frontiers in engineering geology and environment

Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years,making great contributions to industrialization.Given the increasing demand for energy,along with the restructuring of the energy supply catalyzed by efforts to achieve a low-carbon economy,deep seabed mining will play an important role in addressing energy-and resource-related problems in the future.However,deep seabed mining remains in the exploratory stage,with many challenges presented by the high-pressure,low-temperature,and complex geologic and hydrodynamic environments in deep-sea mining areas,which are inaccessible to human activities.Thus,considerable efforts are required to ensure sustainable,economic,reliable,and safe deep seabed mining.This study reviews the latest advances in marine engineering geology and the environment related to deep-sea min-ing activities,presents a bibliometric analysis of the development of ocean mineral resources since the 1950s,summarizes the development,theory,and issues related to techniques for the three stages of ocean mining(i.e.,exploration,extraction,and closure),and discusses the engineering geology environment,geological disasters,in-situ monitoring techniques,envi-ronmental protection requirements,and environmental effects in detail.Finally,this paper gives some key conclusions and future perspectives to provide insights for subsequent studies and commercial mining operations.

三级医院临床护士灾害护理分层培训方案的构建

目的构建适合我国三级医院护士的灾害护理分层培训方案。方法在国际护士协会灾害护理能力框架的基础上,基于文献研究构建三级医院临床护士灾害护理分层培训方案,选取灾害护理相关领域的专家进行2轮Delphi专家函询。结果15名专家参与2轮专家函询,问卷回收率均为100%。专家权威系数为0.83,2轮专家意见的肯德尔协调系数分别为0.254和0.259(均P<0.001)。最终形成的三级医院临床护士灾害护理分层培训方案包含灾害护理基础能力培训和专业能力培训2个层次,包括培训对象、培训目标、培训内容、培训安排、培训师资及考核评价6个方面。结论本研究构建的培训方案具有科学性和可靠性,可为三级医院应急护理救援队伍的建立、分层培训、管理及考核提供参考。

综合物探技术在库拜煤田某煤矿隐蔽致灾因素普查中的应用

水源因素和通道因素是煤矿隐蔽致灾的主要因素。实际生产过程中老空区积水、烧变岩积水和导水裂隙通道对煤矿的安全生产具有重大隐患。本文以新疆库拜煤田某煤矿为研究对象,采用航磁、半航空瞬变电磁、航空热红外测温、地面高密度电阻率法和等值反磁通瞬变电磁的综合物探技术对矿区进行火区、采空积水区、导水通道进行联合探测。经钻探验证及抽水试验证实,综合物探方法成效显著。

军队医院灾难救援机动护士能力体系的构建

目的 构建军队医院灾难救援机动护士能力体系,以更好地适应军队医院灾难救援任务需求。方法 查阅国内外文献,初步形成军队医院机动护士灾难救援能力体系的草案,采用德尔菲法,对来自全国军队医院、院校、研究所的20名专家进行两轮专家咨询,最终确立军队医院机动护士灾难救援能力体系。结果 两轮专家函询问卷的有效回收率均为100%,权威系数分别为0.89、0.88,专家咨询协调系数经χ^(2)检验后均有统计学意义(P<0.01),专家咨询后各指标的变异系数为0.025~0.181。构建的军队医院机动护士灾难救援能力体系包括4个一级指标、24个二级指标。结论 军队医院机动护士灾难救援能力体系构建方法科学,专家积极性和权威性高,各指标专家咨询意见趋于一致,可用于军队医院机动护士灾难救援能力的评估和培养。

灾难环境下创伤救治适宜技术及培训方案探讨

灾难常常造成重大人员伤亡,医护人员是灾难救援主力军。绝大多数灾难医学救援队均是临时组建,队员虽有一定医学专业知识,但与灾难医学救援的实际需求有差距,缺乏针对性的灾难医疗救护技能是面临的最大问题。本文通过综合文献,结合救援实际,探索了适用于灾难环境下的部分创伤急救适宜技术,包括检伤分类、灾难创伤早期评估和急救技术、医疗后送技术等;针对灾难医学教育、灾难应急卫生救援队伍建设意义及技术培训中存在的部分问题进行了探讨。提出研究特殊环境条件下,批量伤病员的救治适宜技术的重要性,以及建立适合中国国情、以创伤救治作为牵引的标准化的训练课程,实现课程“本土化”的可能性和必要性。

矿山滑坡地质灾害治理工程技术研究

滑坡最为矿山地质灾害中十分常见的一种形式,对工作人员生命财产安全和矿产资源开采工作的开展具有十分严重的影响,为进一步提高矿山滑坡智力水平,本为以实际工程案例为研究对象,深入分析矿山滑坡地质灾害治理工程技术,所得结论如下:①系统性论述了矿山边坡治理应遵循的主要原则以及现阶段较为常见且具有较好效果的矿山滑坡地质灾害治理方法;②以实际工程为研究对象,深入分析了“削坡/清坡;主、被动防护网支护;锚杆格构梁锚固”的综合治理方案中削坡/清坡、锚杆格构梁锚固等技术节点的关键内容。本文研究内容对于提高矿山滑坡地质灾害治理水平,促进矿产企业持续、健康发展具有一定借鉴作用。

基于D-InSAR技术的泸定地震形变场提取与震后灾害防治

2022年9月5日四川省甘孜州泸定县发生Ms 6.8地震,提取同震形变场,对指导救灾、地震破裂分析具有重要意义。利用D-InSAR技术基于二轨差分法处理覆盖泸定地震影响范围内的两景Sentinel-1A数据,通过调整处理方法与参数,提取了该地震的同震形变场。结果表明,同震变形区主要分布于鲜水河断裂西侧,以震中为中心,南北分为沉降区与隆升区,雷达视线向最大形变量分别为9.5 cm和17.3 cm。强震变形引发大量次生地质灾害,并易形成地震—崩塌、滑坡—泥石流链式灾害,震中及强变形区应加强次生地质灾害防治及泥石流预防。

旱灾风险定量评估总体框架及其关键技术

作为旱灾风险管理的核心内容和关键环节，旱灾风险评估逐渐成为旱灾研究的热点问题。从科学界定旱灾风险概念入手，辨析了干旱风险与旱灾风险之间的关系，并从机理上对旱灾风险形成机制进行了剖析和阐述；首次提出了旱灾风险定量评估总体框架，即通过建立干旱频率～潜在损失～抗旱能力之间的定量关系实现对旱灾风险的定量评估，并探讨了该评估框架所涉及的干旱频率分析技术、灾损评估技术、抗旱能力评估技术和旱灾风险表征技术等关键技术及其难点。

干旱气候变化对甘肃省干旱灾害的影响及防旱减灾技术的研究

西北地区干旱气候变化的主要特征,表现在20世纪90年代夏季降水量有明显减少趋势,干旱化趋势主要发生在西北地区东部,干旱连年发生,尤其是甘肃省河东地区。干旱气候的产生带来了严重的干旱灾害,甘肃省90年代的干旱发生最为频繁,干旱灾情最为严重,1995年是干旱最严重的一年,成灾率达45%,其次是2000年,成灾率为35%,伏秋旱连春末初夏旱是造成夏粮严重减产的旱灾类型。干旱气候变化引发干旱化趋势非常明显,应采取综合的技术措施减轻干旱危害,要加强干旱气候与干旱灾害的监测预测和改善生态环境、优化农业结构、提高水资源利用率以及大力开发空中水资源等防御对策。