Influence of Lightning Disaster on Cities and Lightning Defense Measures

Under the influence of special terrain and climatic conditions,lightning weather in Ulanqab City is more frequent from June to August,and lightning disaster has become one of the important tasks of disaster prevention and mitigation.In this paper,based on the characteristics of lightning weather in Ulanqab City,the impact of lightning disaster on the city was analyzed,and lightning protection measures,such as strengthening supervision of lightning protection safety,establishing a long-term lightning protection mechanism,doing a good job in lightning protection construction and detection in key places,and further improving public awareness of lightning protection,were put forward to reduce and avoid urban lightning disasters as much as possible and ensure urban safety.

The Utilizing of Agro-climatic Resources and Preventing Measures of Meteorological Disasters in Fushun

Based on the meteorological data in Fushun,Qingyuan and Xinbing from 1961 to 2008,the status quo of major agro-climatic resources in Fushun were analyzed.The abundant rainfall,sufficient sunshine and rich thermal resources were suitable for the development of modern agricultural production.The specific measures of effective use of climate resources were put forward according to geographical location and climatic characteristics of Fushun.The advantages of agro-climate resources were exerted for large edible fungi industry;effective accumulated temperature was applied for adjustment of plantation structure;three-dimensional agriculture in the mountainous area was developed vigorously.The main types of meteorological disasters constraining agricultural development in Fushun and their hazards were summarized,including droughts,floods,hail,etc.In addition,some scientific preventing measures of meteorological disaster were proposed.

Characteristics of Rainstorm and Flood Disaster in Shaoyang City and Flood Protection Countermeasures

Based on ground meteorological observation data at 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1951-2017 and rainfall data at over 220 automatic weather stations during 2005-2017,statistical analysis on rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang was conducted. Occurrence characteristics and rule of rainstorm and flood disaster were found,and disaster situation was evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that（ 1）there was almost local rainstorm and flood in Shaoyang City every year,with strong seasonal characteristic.（ 2） The loss caused by rainstorm and flood disaster was the most serious in various meteorological disasters.（ 3） Rainstorm and flood disaster generally had the sudden and devastating characteristics. Via the analysis and research on rainstorm and flood disaster,defense measure and countermeasure of rainstorm and flood were proposed,which could provide scientific decision basis for party and government leading flood relief,and had important guidance significance for preventing and mitigating disasters by government agencies.

Study on the Causes of Rural Lightning Disaster and Countermeasures of Lightning Protection and Disaster Reduction

With the development of the time and the progress of economy,great changes have taken place in the environment.In recent years,it is common to see bad weather,such as hurricane,drought,lightning and so on.The emergence of these weather has the greatest impact on farmers and crops,especially the lightning weather,not only that,but also sometimes cause personal injury.In face of the frequent occurrence of bad weather in recent years and its harm and threat to China's agriculture,rural areas,personnel,etc.,the author makes a detailed study on the causes of rural lightning weather,analyzes the lightning protection measures in rural areas and their shortcomings,and summarizes the relevant improvement measures.

Imbalance Between Scientific Technology and Human Rights and Measures to Rectify the Imbalance——Taking Geological Disasters as an Example

I. Increase in Human Activity and Occurrence of Geological Disasters ＂A geological disaster is a natural disaster that happens in a geo- logical environment. It is a geological effect （phenomenon） caused or in- fluenced by Nature and （or） human factors that leads to losses to human life, property and the environment.TM Based on their cause, geological disasters can be divided into natural geological and artificial geological disasters. Natural geological disas- ters include those caused by natural effects. These include typhoons, rain- fall, melting snow and earthquakes,

Information Management in Disaster and Humanitarian Response: A Case in United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to improve its information management and increase the availability of accurate, real-time data for disaster and humanitarian response teams, significant gaps persist. There are inefficiencies in the emergency management of data at every stage of its lifecycle: collection, processing, analysis, distribution, storage, and retrieval. Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management are the two main tenets of the United Nations’ worldwide plan for disaster management. Information systems are crucial because of the crucial roles they play in capturing, processing, and transmitting data. The management of information is seldom discussed in published works. The goal of this study is to employ qualitative research methods to provide insight by facilitating an expanded comprehension of relevant contexts, phenomena, and individual experiences. Humanitarian workers and OCHA staffers will take part in the research. The study subjects will be chosen using a random selection procedure. Online surveys with both closed- and open-ended questions will be used to compile the data. UN OCHA offers a structure for the handling of information via which all humanitarian actors may contribute to the overall response. This research will enable the UN Office for OCHA better gather, process, analyze, disseminate, store, and retrieve data in the event of a catastrophe or humanitarian crisis.

Analysis of Disastrous Climate and Its Coping Mechanisms and Measures in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Luzhou

Flue-cured tobacco is one of the main pillar industries for increasing fiscal efficiency and tobacco farmers＇ income in Gulin and Xuyong counties. However, the annual loss caused by natural disasters such as low temperature and rain, rainstorm and flood, high temperature and drought, and hail accounts for about 20%, and they have become one of the important factors restricting the development of tobacco industry in Luzhou. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in disaster prevention and mitigation in the process of flue-cured tobacco production, and cer-tain results have been achieved. However, it still needs further exploration and research in the face of natural disasters that are gradually changing frequently and even develop in a normal way. In this paper, common meteorological disasters in the tobacco-growing areas of Luzhou were ana-lyzed firstly, and then corresponding countermeasures were put forward, which is of great significance to ensure the sustainable and healthy devel-opment of tobacco in Luzhou.

Disaster risk reduction in mountain areas: a research overview

This paper gives an account of the diverse dimensions of research on disaster risk reduction in mountain regions derived from an open call of the Journal of Mountain Science that brought 21 contributions.This special issue includes topics as diverse as landslide dynamics and mechanisms,landslide inventories and landslide susceptibility models,insights to landslide hazards and disasters and mitigation measures,disaster response and disaster risk reduction.The overall structure of the paper takes the form of three sections.The first part begins by laying out the significance of disaster risk reduction in mountain areas,whereas the second one looks at the research insights on disaster risk reduction in mountains provided by the contributions comprised in the special volume.The final section identifies areas for further research.

Climate Analysis during Growth Period of Tobacco in Yuxian and Meteorological Disaster Defense

By analyzing climate condition during growth period of tobacco in Yuxian,scientific and reasonable production management measures are made. For meteorological disasters during growth period of tobacco, corresponding defense measures are put forward. It could provide the basis for further conducting meteorological service of tobacco, and the meteorological guide for farmers improving tobacco planting quality and decreasing the loss caused by the disastrous weather.

The Stava Valley Tailings Dams Disaster:A Reference Point for the Prevention of Severe Mine Incidents

On July 19,1985,at Stava near Tesero(Italian Alps),two reservoirs collapsed,causing the death of 268 people and the destruction of many buildings.The two adjacent basins were constructed for the decantation and storage of fine-grained waste material,which was pumped from a nearby fluorite mine.The consequence of the failure was a vast flowslide that found its way downstream along the Stava valley destroying many houses in the village of Stava,eventually reaching Tesero,where more property was wrecked or severely damaged.The Stava valley disaster was one of the most tragic of its kind.This paper aims to give a contribution on the technical aspects related to the causes of this catastrophic event.It also describes alternative technical solutions for the proper management of mining waste disposal and environmental protection proposed by the Stava 1985 Foundation for disseminating knowledge and awareness on how to make these geotechnical structures safer and more profitable and avoid other similar disasters that still keep occurring every year around the world.

Generation,Harm and Prevention of Anthropogenic Natural Disasters

The generation of anthropogenic natural disasters is analyzed firstly,and then the harm of anthropogenic natural disasters is studied.Finally,the measures to prevention anthropogenic natural disasters are proposed,such as facing the status and role of natural resources in social and economic development squarely,actively exploring the development model of harmonizing economy with resources and environment,relying on scientific and technological progress to solve the problem of natural resources,and improving relevant policies,laws and regulations.

A multi-sensor-based distributed real-time measurement system for glacier deformation

Glacier disasters occur frequently in alpine regions around the world,but the current conventional geological disaster measurement technology cannot be directly used for glacier disaster measurement.Hence,in this study,a distributed multi-sensor measurement system for glacier deformation was established by integrating piezoelectric sensing,coded sensing,attitude sensing technology and wireless communication technology.The traditional Modbus protocol was optimized to solve the problem of data identification confusion of different acquisition nodes.Through indoor wireless transmission,adaptive performance analysis,error measurement experiment and landslide simulation experiment,the performance of the measurement system was analyzed and evaluated.Using unmanned aerial vehicle technology,the reliability and effectiveness of the measurement system were verified on the site of Galongla glacier in southeastern Tibet,China.The results show that the mean absolute percentage errors were only 1.13%and 2.09%for the displacement and temperature,respectively.The distributed glacier deformation real-time measurement system provides a new means for the assessment of the development process of glacier disasters and disaster prevention and mitigation.

泸定地震诱发灾害特征分析

2022年9月5日,四川省泸定县海螺沟景区发生6.8级地震,震中烈度Ⅸ度。相较于2008年汶川8级地震和2013年芦山7级地震,此次地震震级要小,但是地震区为山区,地质灾害发育,造成交通中断、118人死亡或失踪。为探究泸定地震损失情况,作者对泸定县和石棉县的主要地震影响区进行了为期5 d的考察。基于考察成果和区域地质资料,对地质灾害孕育、建筑结构震损和人员伤亡情况进行了分析,以期为灾后重建提供参考。主要结论如下:1)地质灾害的上盘效应不突出,灾害主要分布于烈度Ⅶ度及其以上地区,规模小,以崩塌或落石和浅层滑坡为主,偶见基岩平面滑动和土体圆弧形滑动。2)地质灾害形式受地质条件控制。泸定县得妥镇以上为干热河谷,山坡卸荷较强,风化程度低,主要灾害形式为落石;得妥镇以下降雨量相对较大,山坡卸荷、风化严重,主要灾害形式为浅层滑坡。3)地质灾害主要出现在山脊、陡缓坡交接部位、侵蚀沟槽两壁,以及公路沿线。工程扰动是地质灾害密集分布和人员伤亡的促发因素。4)建筑结构震损主要出现在Ⅸ度烈度区,以磨西镇的震损最为严重。农村自建房屋和老旧建筑施工质量是影响结构抗震能力的主要问题,灾后重建房屋选址需要考虑场地效应影响。5)在高山峡谷地区,公路边坡加固和建筑结构避开落石影响区是降低地震伤亡率的有效措施。

浅谈金安区中生界地层地质灾害发育规律

安徽六安市金安区地质灾害分布于低山丘陵区,而低山丘陵区的主要出露多为中生界地层。对中生界地层地质灾害发育规律进行研究,有利于提高居民对金安区地质灾害的认识,为区域地质灾害的预防与治理提供基础依据。通过收集金安区地质灾害发育基础资料,对研究区中生界地层中发育地质灾害分布情况统计,分析其孕灾地质条件、形成机理与成灾模式,并提出防治措施建议。结果认为:(1)金安区现有地质灾害点32处,其中21处灾害点发育于中生界地层,占灾害点总数的65.63%,其中滑坡17处,崩塌4处,金安区灾害点有一半以上分布于中生界地层中。(2)区内灾害点的治理措施及工艺相对成熟,以“减载工程+支挡工程+排水工程”与“减载工程+防护工程+排水工程”为主;(3)该地层中地质灾害主要受地形地貌、工程地质岩组等控制。金安区中生界地层中仅存在发育滑坡与崩塌地质灾害,两种地质灾害的破坏模式有所不同,滑坡地质灾害破坏模式多为突滑+毁伤模式,崩塌灾害成灾模式主要为滑移或倾倒+毁伤模式和崩落+毁伤模式。(4)结合既有治理区的工程经验及本次研究成果,认为通过加强切坡建房中的防护,做好切坡后相应的排水措施,完善排水系统;对坡面采用植被护坡、种草籽、喷浆等手段,可达到护坡的作用。研究结论对同类型切坡建房灾害的防治可提供一定的指导和借鉴意义。

煤矿防治水“三区”划分方法及其水害防治意义

为系统性认识矿井各类水害问题,规范化管理矿井防治水工作,国家矿山安全监察局于2022年6月将针对老空水防治的“三区”管理工作推广到顶板水害、底板水害以及构造水害等更多水害类型中。然而各地煤矿在防治水“三区”划分过程中暴露出水害致灾因素和水害治理情况等与划分标准结合不紧密,并且技术上未针对不同煤层和采区进行区别划分,同时划分区域范围和划分结果的规范性和时效性存在不统一。据此,结合防治水“三区”划分的目的,对比了新“三区”划分与老空水“三区”划分的异同,明确了以水文地质条件勘查程度、水害隐患分析、水害治理情况为要素的划分原则,理清了“三区”划分的技术路径;结合我国常见的5种煤矿水害类型特征,提出了不同类型水害的划分方法,即:地表水害应根据井田内地表水体的分布发育特征以及大气降水、滑坡等地质灾害对开采的影响程度等进行划分。顶板水害应根据导水裂隙带范围内是否存在富水性强或者富水性中等静储量丰富含水层、松散含水层等对开采造成威胁进行划分。底板水害应根据煤层带压开采区域底板隔水层厚度与矿压破坏带深度之间的关系以及底板突水系数大小进行划分。老空水害应根据矿井及周边矿井老空积水分布范围、积水量情况进行划分,构造水害应根据井田内断层、陷落柱、溶洞等地质构造和不良地质体的富水性、含水性、与水源导通情况进行划分;总结了划分工作的要点和难点,即:明晰划分时空范围、综合分析划分标准、明确“三区”管理职责、动态转换划分结果等;在此基础上,选择水害类型多样和水文地质条件复杂的典型煤矿井,遵循划分原则,根据划分标准,分煤层、分采区划分了可采区、缓采区、禁采区,并加以详细的解释说明;阐明了开展“三区”划分工作具有提升综合探测水平、强化预测预报能力、找准水害治理方向的水害防治意义,以期指导和规范我国煤矿防治水“三区”划分工作。

保险业应对气候变化的现状回顾

从气候变化风险的类别入手,详细阐述了气候变化主要灾害和次生灾害对保险业负债端的影响。作为市场化风险管理工具,保险业在减缓和适应气候变化方面持续发挥着重要作用。随着气候变化风险意识的不断增强,保险业不断推出创新产品实践,将应对气候变化纳入公司管理体系,并积极参与国际合作。保险监管也在推行气候变化应对相关意见。然而,保险业在应对气候变化的过程中仍然存在大量的问题、风险和挑战。未来,中国保险业应持续采取加快产品创新、提升风险管理、加强跨行业合作等措施,充分发挥风险保障作用,为服务国家适应气候变化战略做出重要贡献。

可持续灾害运作管理的概念与绩效测量指标研究

为了挽救生命,缓解幸存者痛苦和促进发展,全面理解可持续灾害运作管理的内涵并建立相应的绩效测量指标已成为当前亟待解决的重要问题。在梳理灾害运作管理与可持续发展定义的基础上,界定可持续灾害运作管理的概念与内涵。从社会、环境和经济三个方面,提出了可持续灾害运作管理绩效测量的潜在指标。研究表明:提出的可持续灾害运作管理的定义及其绩效测量指标有助于加强可持续发展理论与灾害运作管理决策之间的联系;为建立面向可持续发展的决策模型提供科学依据,从而改善救援效果,满足救援过程的可持续要求。

黑龙江省西部地区糜子灾害类型及防治措施

糜子是重要的救灾救荒作物,也是北方旱作地区农业生产的优势作物。为深入推动黑龙江省西部地区糜子生产和产业发展,本研究针对该地区糜子种植过程中遭遇的6种主要农业气象灾害类型,进行了系统分析与评估。针对每种灾害类型对糜子生长情况的影响、采取的防治措施,以及种植管理中的关键注意事项3个方面进行梳理和总结,为农户田间防灾减灾提供理论依据,合理推进相关气象灾害预防措施,最大限度减少灾害造成的经济损失。

考虑受灾差异和多物资满意度的应急物资调度研究

为有效解决因受灾差异导致灾民的满意度衡量标准不同,多种类物资优先级不同的问题,进而提高灾民对救援工作的满意度。通过实地调研得到各类型灾区对待救援效率及公平的不同满意度衡量标准,并确定各类型灾区对待不同种类物资的优先级。进一步完善出更符合实际的满意度模型。设计相应的遗传算法对模型进行求解,并将其应用于“利奇马”台风案例。结果表明,在考虑区分灾区满意度标准的情况下能够在原有满意度的基础上有所提高,在物资不充足运力有限的情况下,使整个物资分配过程更具针对性和有效性。

宁镇低山丘陵区降雨型滑坡致灾机理与防治措施研究

宁镇低山丘陵区是突发性滑坡灾害的高易发区和重点防治区。本文以江宁开发区盘山公路降雨型堆积层滑坡为例,根据滑坡灾害调绘和详细勘查,掌握了滑坡的孕灾条件、灾害特征和成因机理。利用Geo-Studio和理正岩土软件定量分析了不同工况下滑坡稳定性和拟设支挡结构受力特征。结果表明:滑坡正处在蠕动变形阶段,罕遇强降雨和人为切坡扰动是诱发滑坡的主要因素,滑坡在天然、降雨和地震工况皆处于不稳定状态,并求取滑坡推力设计值和拟设抗滑桩桩身内力及分布。提出了以抗滑桩板墙+拱形锚杆格构+系统截排水为主的综合治理方案,为宁镇地区同类型滑坡灾害防治提供参考。