Hierarchical Restriction and Reduction of Overcriminalization of Teachers’Disciplinary Behaviors

The right to education is an important part of basic human rights. To transform from a designed vision to a reality in practice, teachers’ right to discipline, as a component of the right to education, needs tangible support from the criminal law. The criminal law cannot be absent from promoting the rule of law in education. However, in practice, teachers’ disciplinary behaviors are often ex-cessively criminalized, leading to problems such as over-expanding punishment and harming the innocent and even the malaise that en-danger substantive justice such as the tarnishing of teachers’ disci-plinary right and the imbalance of teachers’ disciplinary behaviors. Such overcriminalization has its social causes and normative crux, which is the ambiguity of regulations of teachers’ disciplinary right in terms of the pre-existing law and the unclear positioning of the jus-tification of teachers’ disciplinary behaviors in terms of the criminal law. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a dual clarification of the chaotic parts of the two laws and determine the corresponding guiding principles, and test them one by one through the hierarchical theory of crime to make the path of exculpation clear. At the level of constituent elements, the exculpation is achieved through the normative judgment of the constituent elements;At the level of illegality, the exculpation is achieved by virtue of substantive considerations of reasons such as le-gal acts, legitimate defense, and victims’ commitments;At the level of accountability, the exculpation is achieved through the value screening of the culpability paradigm. We should reverse the trend of overcrim-inalization of teachers’ disciplinary behaviors by clearing the way of exculpation.

An analysis of the divergent opinions on the disciplinary orientation of Business English

Starting with the introduction of current development of Business English in China, the paper points out the problems existing in the disciplinary orientation of Business English. On the basis of discussing the decisive factors in the disciplinary orientation of Business English, the paper concludes that Business English is an interdisciplinary subject which has practical applications, and Business English should take linguistics and economics as its theoretical basis.

Transforming Multidisciplinary Customer Requirements to Product Design Specifications

With the increasing of complexity of complex mechatronic products, it is necessary to involve multidis- ciplinary design teams, thus, the traditional customer requirements modeling for a single discipline team becomes difficult to be applied in a multidisciplinary team and project since team members with various disciplinary backgrounds may have different interpretations of the customers＇ requirements. A new synthesized multidisci- plinary customer requirements modeling method is pro- vided for obtaining and describing the common understanding of customer requirements （CRs） and more importantly transferring them into a detailed and accurate product design specifications （PDS） to interact with dif- ferent team members effectively. A case study of designing a high speed train verifies the rationality and feasibility of the proposed multidisciplinary requirement modeling method for complex mechatronic product development. This proposed research offersthe instruction to realize the customer-driven personalized customization of complex mechatronic product.

A Comparison of Citation Disciplinary Structure in Science between the G7 Countries and the BRICS Countries

Purpose： This study aims to compare the characteristics of citation disciplinary structure between the G7 countries and the BRICS countries.Design/Methodology/Approach： In this contribution, which uses about 1 million Web of Science publications and two publications years（1993 and 2013）, we compare the G7 countries and the BRICS countries with regard to this type of structure. For the publication year 2013, cosine similarity values regarding the citation disciplinary structures of these countries（and of nine other countries） were used as input to cluster analysis. We also obtained cosine similarity values for a given country and its citation disciplinary structures across the two publication years. Moreover, for the publication year 2013, the within-country JeffreysMatusita distance between publication and citation disciplinary structure was measured. Research limitations： First, the citation disciplinary structures of countries depend on multiple and complex factors. It is therefore difficult to completely explain the formation and change of the citation disciplinary structure of a country. This study suggests some possible causes, whereas detailed explanations might be given by future research. Second, the length of the citation window used in this study is three years. However, scientific disciplines differ in their citation practices. Comparison between citations across disciplines using the same citation window length may affect the citation discipline structure results for some countries.Practical limitations： First, the results of this study are based on the WoS database. However, in this database some fields are covered to a greater extent than others, which may affect the results for the citation discipline structure for some studied countries. In future research, we might repeat this study using another database（like Scopus） and, in that case, we would like to make comparisons between the two outcomes. Second, the use of a constant journal setyielded that a large share of the journals covered by WoS year 2013 is ignored in the study. Thus, disciplinary structure is studied based on a quite restricted set of publications. The three mentioned limitations should be kept in mind when the results of this study are interpreted.Originality/value： Disciplinary structure on country level is a highlighted topic for the S＆T policy makers, especially for those come from developing countries. This study observes the disciplinary structure in the view of academic impact, and the result will provide some evidence to make decision for the discipline strategy and funding allocation. Besides, JeffreysMatusita distance is introduced to measure the similarity of citation disciplinary structure and publication disciplinary structure. By applying this measure, some new observations were drawn, for example, ＂Based on the comparison of publication disciplinary structure and citation disciplinary structure, the paper finds most BRICS counties have less impact with more publications＂.Findings： The outcome of the cluster analysis indicates that the G7 countries and BRICS countries are quite heterogeneous regarding their citation disciplinary structure. For a majority of the G7 countries, the citation disciplinary structure tend to be more stable compared to BRICS countries with regard to the years 1993 and 2013. Most G7 countries, with United States as an exception, turned out to have lower values on the Jeffreys-Matusita distance than BRICS countries, indicating a higher degree of heterogeneity between the publication and the citation disciplinary structure for the latter countries. In other words, BRICS countries still receive much less citations in most disciplines than their publication output would suggest. G7 countries can still expect more citations than is to be expected based on their publication output, thereby generating relatively more impact than BRICS countries.

Insight into the Disciplinary Structure of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Purpose： This paper aims to gain an insight into the disciplinary structure of nanoscience ＆ nanotechnology （N＆N）： What is the disciplinary network of N＆N like？ Which disciplines are being integrated into N＆N over time？ For a specific discipline, how many other disciplines have direct or indirect connections with it？ What are the distinct subgroups of N＆N at different evolutionary stages？ Such critical issues are to be addressed in this paper. Design/methodology/approach： We map the disciplinary network structure of N＆N by employing the social network analysis tool, Netdraw, identifying which Web of Science Categories （WCs） mediate nbetweenness centrality in different stages of nano development. Cliques analysis embedded in the Ucinet program is applied to do the disciplinary cluster analysis in the study according to the path of ＂Network-Subgroup-Cliques,＂ and a tree diagram is selected as the visualizing type. Findings： The disciplinary network structure reveals the relationships among different disciplines in the N＆N developing process clearly, and it is easy for us to identify which disciplines are connected with the core ＂N＆N＂ directly or indirectly. The tree diagram showing N＆N related disciplines provides an interesting perspective on nano research and development （R＆D） structure. Research limitations： The matrices used to draw the N＆N disciplinary network are the original ones, and normalized matrix could be tried in future similar studies. Practical implications： Results in this paper can help us better understand the disciplinary structure of N＆N, and the dynamic evolution of N＆N related disciplines over time. The findings could benefit R＆D decision making. It can support policy makers from government agencies engaging in science and technology （S＆T） management or S＆T strategy planners to formulate efficient decisions according to a perspective of converging sciences and technologies. Originality/value： The novelty of this study lies in mapping the disciplinary network structure of N＆N clearly, identifying which WCs have a mediating effect in different developmental stages （especially analyzing clusters among disciplines related to N＆N, revealing close or distant relationships among distinct areas pertinent to N＆N）.

Multiple disciplinary team management of rare primary splenic malignancy:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Malignant splenic tumors are rare but fatal,presenting a challenge in diagnosis and management involving hematology,oncology,and general surgery.By contrast,diagnosing and treating other common malignant tumors(such as lung and gastrointestinal cancer)offers multiple strategies for chemotherapy,radiotherapy,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy with the prospect of a cure.With various specialists involved in clinical multiple disciplinary team(MDT)discussion,personal bias can be minimized.It can also ignite important discussion which can benefit not only one patient but many patients.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report on the MDT diagnosis and management of the malignant splenic tumors littoral cell angiosarcoma and histiocytic sarcoma.Although only two cases of rare primary splenic malignancy are presented,MDT is a novel means of rare disease treatment.CONCLUSION To benefit patients,imaging analysis,safe operation,precise pathology examination,and individualized therapeutic treatment strategies are required.The involvement of various specialists in a clinical MDT discussion minimizes personal bias and can create important ideas to benefit all patients.

Application of the Modality of Multiple Disciplinary Team for a Perioperative Patient with Suspected Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia and Cervical Spine Fracture in Nursing

With the explosive spread of novel coronavirus pneumonia, a major public major public health emergency has been declared around the world. Our country has come to a crucial stage of “external defense input, internal defense rebound” and strict quarantine measures are taken in all ports of entry throughout the country. Operations on patients with cervical spine during the quarantine, which not only increases the risk of surgical treatment, but also increases the difficulty of perioperative nursing. The objective is to explore the result of application of the modality of multiple disciplinary team for a perioperative patient with suspected novel coronavirus pneumonia and cervical spine fracture in nursing. The patient’s condition and nursing measures are studied and discussed from various specialist angle through the multidisciplinary team established by the isolation ward, orthopedics department, emergency department, anesthesiology department, operating room, rehabilitation department, psychology department and so on, and the overall and personalized surgical and nursing planning is formed through interdisciplinary advice. The nursing experience is summarized in this paper.

Disciplinary System of Scientific Research on Geoparks and the Prospects

A geopark is a scientific theme park with the main body of geoheritage and is usually of significance of scientific research.Scientific research on geoparks may provide a sound basis for geoheritage conservation; enhance the scientificity of geoscience popularization and interpretation.In turn,it can promote the development of geosciences,technologies and other related disciplines.The purpose of this study is to define the concept of scientific

The general surgeon in inter-disciplinary gynaecological cancer care

Gynaecological cancers pose a significant cancer burden globally. In 2008 cancers of the cervix, uterus and ovaries accounted for 529000(4.2%), 287000(2.3%) and 225000(1.8%) cancers, respectively, and together were responsible for 486400 deaths. Inter-disciplinary gynaecological care is an emerging concept aimed at providing more effective care by integrating different disciplines into a team working together to perform the various aspects of management at one time. This model has both advantages and potential shortcomings. In advanced healthcare systems there appears to be little role for the general surgeon. However in developing world, the general surgeon has a valuable, but complementary role in inter-disciplinary gynaecological cancer care. This role depends on the available workforce and includes, but is not limited to, the establishment of a diagnosis and treatment, including the management of complications. There is however little evidence-based research to provide guidance on the general surgeon's role in inter-disciplinary gynecologic cancer care and more research is needed.

The Medical Care of Multiple Disciplinary Team Reduces the Risks of Complications in Patients after Arteriovenous Fistula Operation

Introduction: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) operation is recognized a gold standard of hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Because various complications may occur during perioperative period, medical care plays an important role in improving the possibility of AVF operation. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of the mode of multiple disciplinary team (MDT) medical care on the patients with end-stage renal disease treated by arteriovenous fistula (AVF) operation. Method: 98 patients with end-stage renal disease under the AVF operation were divided into observation group and control group. The control group was performed with regular medical care and for the observation group was treated under the mode of MDT medical care. Complications after operation, hospitalized time and medical satisfaction were comprehensively compared between the both groups. Results: The overall complications including swelling, bleeding, infection and thrombosis in observation group accounted for 5%, however, 19% of patients suffered different complications in the control group. The total complications significantly decreased in the observation group compared with control group (P < 0.001). The hospitalization time was shortened to 9.8 ± 5.6 days in the observation group, and the average hospitalization in control group was 17.8 ± 8.9 days. The medical satisfaction was increased by 20.83 percent in the observation group compared with the control group (P < 0.001). 75% patients in control group were satisfied with medical care, and 98.53% patients were satisfied for observation group. Conclusion: The mode of MDT medical care was beneficial for patients with end-stage renal disease after AVF operation, which could significantly reduce complications, hospitalized time and improve patients’ degree of satisfaction. Thus, it should be recommended in the clinical work.

Decolonizing Geography and Access to Powerful Disciplinary Knowledge

Article history Received:6 June 2019 Accepted:8 October 2019 Published Online:30 November 2019 This article engages with and aims to advance the debate about Decolonizing geography,examining its approach to knowledge and its implications for the discipline.Decolonizers draw heavily upon social constructivist and historically-rooted notions of knowledge which emphasize its embeddedness in power relations.While shedding light on the social and political conditions under which knowledge is produced is valuable,its context-dependent view of knowledge limits its scope to account for disciplinary knowledge.Taking a particularistic epistemology which conflates knowledge with experience is insufficient to explain the historical evolution of theoretical and disciplinary frameworks.Denying the potential for and even the desirability of context-independent(theoretical)knowledge Decolonizing geography can be read as post-disciplinary and post-universal,potentially denying that geography can offer all students,regardless of their background,access to powerful knowledge and insights.Here,social realism is proposed as an alternative approach to knowledge which accounts for both the social context of knowledge production and its distinctive epistemic qualities.An epistemological framework for geography is examined which demonstrates the relationship between propositional(conceptual),contextual and procedural knowledge,and why all three are essential for the student of geography。

Influencing program satisfaction for undergraduate students in STEM areas: The impact of interdisciplinary features, disciplinary connectedness, faculty support, and examination difficulty

Ensuring program satisfaction for undergraduate students in the areas of science,technology,engineering and mathematics(STEM)matters in student retention and education quality improvement.This study explores how four rarely examined variables support from faculty members,interdisciplinary features of STEM program courses,disciplinary connectedness of STEM program core courses,and examination difficulty impact Chinese STEM undergraduates’program satisfaction.With data from 619 Chinese STEM undergraduates,structural equation modeling shows that course satisfaction partially mediates the impact of support from faculty members on program satisfaction,while fully mediating that of interdisciplinary features of STEM program courses and disciplinary connectedness of STEM program core courses on program satisfaction.Examination difficulty exerts no significant impact on program satisfaction neither directly nor indirectly.Support from faculty members impact course satisfaction significantly stronger for junior and senior students than for freshmen and sophomores,while interdisciplinary features of STEM program courses impact course satisfaction stronger for freshmen and sophomores than for juniors and seniors.The study ends with practical implications for the higher education reform in relevant areas.

Suffering and Resistance in A Woman on a Roof Based on Disciplinary Power Theory

Known as the literary evergreen tree,Doris Lessing is a prolific and significant British novelist,poet,playwright,librettist,biographer as well as short story writer.Meanwhile,her works cover a wide range of subjects and reflect deep implications because she is good at observing and capturing human subtle and rich emotion.A Woman on a Roof is a famous short story of Doris Lessing,and studies on it are also not enough.Therefore,this paper intends to make a detailed and theoretical analysis on the suffering and resistance in Lessing’s A Woman on a Roof from the perspective of Foucault’s disciplinary power theory.Through the analysis of different victims in the story,a conclusion is to be brought forth that a disciplinary society is permeated with the power relations and resistance spirit.

Disciplinary Adjustment at Institute of Physics

The Institute of Physics (IOP) was chosen in 1998as an experimental unit for the trial implementationof the National Knowledge Innovation Program (KIP)being conducted at the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS). Through its efforts to refine its innovationgoals, reform its operational mechanisms, and developits research contingent, the institute has achieved

Disciplinary structure of geographic science in China

International and domestic circumstances have led to new opportunities and higher requirements for the development of geographic science in China.In this paper,we propose a modified disciplinary structure for geographic science in China in the new era.Geographic science in China can be categorized into four secondary disciplines,i.e.,integrated geography,physical geography,human geography,and information geography,according to the current situation and expected trends.The tertiary disciplines under each secondary discipline are nearly fully developed,and a few quaternary disciplines under the tertiary disciplines are widely accepted and used in China.We hope this new disciplinary structure can play a breakthrough role in improving the branches of geographic science,promoting the development of emerging disciplines under the framework of geographic science,and supporting national and international development strategies in the new era.

Disciplinary structure and development strategy of information geography in China

The advent of the information era has resulted in exceptional advances in geographic science.The domain of geographic science has expanded from traditional physical and human geography to physical,human,and information geography,resulting in the emergence of the field of information geography.Three subdisciplines have gradually formed,i.e.,geographic remote sensing science,geographic information science,and geographic data science.With a view towards preparing a description of the disciplinary structure of geographic science for the“Development Strategy of Discipline and Frontier Research in China(2021-2035)”,this article summarizes the history,definition,and disciplinary structure of information geography.The strategic layout of the discipline,along with the goals and key directions of priority development fields,are also highlighted.The insights into this new discipline provided in this paper will promote the development and application of remote sensing and geographic information within the framework of geographic science,advancing the synthesis of geographic research and the integrated development of geographic science.

The Hazard and Risk Science Base at Beijing Normal University—Enhancing Disciplinary Research and Education Capacity in China

Jointly initiated in 2005 by the Ministry of Education and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs,China,the Expertise-Introduction Project for Disciplinary Innovation of Universities,also known as the"111 Project"in China,is an ambitious national program that aims to draw about I000leading overseas scholars and researchers from the top 100 leading universities and research institutions in the world to build 100 innovative bases for disciplinary development and research in China(1000-100-100,thus the nickname“111 Project”).

Disciplinary structure and development strategy of physical geography in China

Physical geography,one of the branches of geography,is the basic discipline of geographic science.And it is the scientific foundation of ecology,environmental science and other related disciplines.Physical geography focuses on spatial characteristics,evolution and regional differentiation of the earth’s surface.In the new period of rapid development of social economy,and science and technology,physical geography is more closely and widely connected with human geography and,information geography.This paper analyzed the forming process of the physical geography,expressed sub-discipline structure of integrated physical geography,sectoral physical geography,human living-environment geography,and proposed the development strategy of physical geography and its sub-branch disciplines,key priority of development goals and directions in China.

The school disciplinary system from the perspective of rule by law

Discipline affects students’rights and interests greatly.If there is no scientific and efficient system to standardize it,the disciplinary rights of students will be easily abused,which will not only infringe on students’rights and interests but also give rise to campus disputes.The problems of the disciplinary system in Chinese primary and middle schools are as follows:disciplinary actions lack a legal basis;the disciplinary system is not standardized;disciplinary enforcement infringes on students’other legal rights;and the mechanism for the supervision of discipline is imperfect.The status and modes of discipline should be made clear in the legislation to make the school disciplinary system detailed and specific,the disciplinary enforcement equitable and reasonable,and the procedure of the disciplinary enforcement justifiable,and also ensure that students’other legal rights are protected.

Disciplinary construction of rare books' preservation and conservation

Since the official implementation of China Rare Books Preservation Project in 2007,great achievements have been made in the preservation and conservation of rare books.However,for the lack of specialized talents to be engaged in rare books’preservation and conservation,there is a long way to go to train enough talents to cater the realistic demands,and accordingly the disciplinary construction of rare books’preservation and conservation has become the focus of academic circles.