Application of modified discontinuous deformation analysis to dynamic modelling of the Baige landslide in the Jinsha River

Accurate dynamic modeling of landslides could help understand the movement mechanisms and guide disaster mitigation and prevention.Discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)is an effective approach for investigating landslides.However,DDA fails to accurately capture the degradation in shear strength of rock joints commonly observed in high-speed landslides.In this study,DDA is modified by incorporating simplified joint shear strength degradation.Based on the modified DDA,the kinematics of the Baige landslide that occurred along the Jinsha River in China on 10 October 2018 are reproduced.The violent starting velocity of the landslide is considered explicitly.Three cases with different violent starting velocities are investigated to show their effect on the landslide movement process.Subsequently,the landslide movement process and the final accumulation characteristics are analyzed from multiple perspectives.The results show that the violent starting velocity affects the landslide motion characteristics,which is found to be about 4 m/s in the Baige landslide.The movement process of the Baige landslide involves four stages:initiation,high-speed sliding,impact-climbing,low-speed motion and accumulation.The accumulation states of sliding masses in different zones are different,which essentially corresponds to reality.The research results suggest that the modified DDA is applicable to similar high-level rock landslides.

Particle Discontinuous Deformation Analysis of Static and Dynamic Crack Propagation in Brittle Material

Crack propagation in brittle material is not only crucial for structural safety evaluation,but also has a wideranging impact on material design,damage assessment,resource extraction,and scientific research.A thorough investigation into the behavior of crack propagation contributes to a better understanding and control of the properties of brittle materials,thereby enhancing the reliability and safety of both materials and structures.As an implicit discrete elementmethod,the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis(DDA)has gained significant attention for its developments and applications in recent years.Among these developments,the particle DDA equipped with the bonded particle model is a powerful tool for predicting the whole process of material from continuity to failure.The primary objective of this research is to develop and utilize the particle DDAtomodel and understand the complex behavior of cracks in brittle materials under both static and dynamic loadings.The particle DDA is applied to several classical crack propagation problems,including the crack branching,compact tensile test,Kalthoff impact experiment,and tensile test of a rectangular plate with a hole.The evolutions of cracks under various stress or geometrical conditions are carefully investigated.The simulated results are compared with the experiments and other numerical results.It is found that the crack propagation patterns,including crack branching and the formation of secondary cracks,can be well reproduced.The results show that the particle DDA is a qualified method for crack propagation problems,providing valuable insights into the fracture mechanism of brittle materials.

On the calibration and verification of Voronoi-based discontinuous deformation analysis for modeling rock fracture

Since its introduction,discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)has been widely used in different areas of rock mechanics.By dividing large blocks into subblocks and introducing artificial joints,DDA can be applied to rock fracture simulation.However,parameter calibration,a fundamental issue in discontinuum methods,has not received enough attention in DDA.In this study,the parameter calibration of DDA for intact rock is carefully studied.To this end,a subblock DDA with Voronoi tessellation is presented first.Then,a modified contact constitutive law is introduced,in which the tensile and shear meso-strengths are modified to be independent of the bond lengths.This improvement can prevent the unjustified preferential failure of short edges.A method for imposing confining pressure is also introduced.Thereafter,sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the calculated parameters and meso-parameters on the mechanical properties of modeled rock.Based on the sensitivity analysis,a unified calibration procedure is suggested for both cases with and without confining pressure.Finally,the calibration procedure is applied to two examples,including a biaxial compression test.The results show that the proposed Voronoi-based DDA can simulate rock fracture with and without confining pressure very well after careful parameter calibration.

Dynamic process analysis of the Niumiangou landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake using the finite difference method and a modified discontinuous deformation analysis

The Niumiangou landslide was the largest landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,which was significantly affected by the amplification effect of seismic acceleration.The ringshear experiments indicated that the materials in the source area of the Niumiangou landslide were subjected to friction degradation under a big shear displacement,which may result in rapid movement of the landslide.In order to better understand the landslide movement and study the effect of the friction degradation on movement mechanisms,the dynamic process of Niumiangou landslide was simulated with a new numerical method,which combines the finite difference method(FDM)and the discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA).First,the FDM was used to study the initiation time,amplification effect and velocity of the landslide.Afterwards,these initiation velocities were applied to the blocks in the DDA model by corresponding coordination in the FDM model.A displacementdependent friction model of the sliding surface was incorporated into DDA code to further understand the kinetic behavior of the landslide.The results show that the displacement-dependent friction strongly decreases the friction coefficient of sliding surface under a big displacement,which can obviously promote the run-out and velocity of landslide.The model output well matches the topographic map formed by the landslide.This implies that the proposed model can be applied to the simulation of earthquake-induced landslides with amplification effect,and the friction degradation model is important to clarify the movement mechanism of high-speed and long-distance landslides.

A 3-D DDA damage analysis of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders in mountainous areas

In mountainous areas, geological disasters carrying large boulders can cause severe damage to the widely used masonry buildings due to the high impact forces. To better understand the damage of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders, a "block-joint" model is developed using threedimensional discontinuous deformation analysis(3-D DDA) to simulate the behaviour of the "brick-mortar" structure. The "block-joint" model is used to capture not only the large displacement and deformation of individual bricks but also the large-scale sliding and opening along the mortar between the bricks. The linear elastic constitutive model is applied to account for the non-plastic deformation behaviour of brick materials. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the mortar are represented using the Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager criteria. To propose safe structural design schemes and effective reinforcement for brick masonry buildings, seven construction techniques are considered, includingdifferent grades of brick and mortar, effective shear areas and reinforced members. The proposed 3-D DDA model is used to analyse the velocity distribution and the key point displacements of the brick masonry building under the impact of boulders. The results show that upgrading the brick and mortar, increasing the wall thickness, making full use of the wall thickness, and adding a circular beam and structural column are very effective approaches for improving the impact resistance of brick masonry buildings.

A Coupling Model of the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis Method and the Finite Element Method

Neither the finite element method nor the discontinuous deformation analysis method can solve problems very well in rock mechanics and engineering due to their extreme complexities. A coupling method combining both of them should have wider applicability. Such a model coupling the discontinuous deforma- tion analysis method and the finite element method is proposed in this paper. In the model, so-called line blocks are introduced to deal with the interaction via the common interfacial boundary of the discontinuous deformation analysis domain with the finite element domain. The interfacial conditions during the incre- mental iteration process are satisfied by means of the line blocks. The requirement of gradual small dis- placements in each incremental step of this coupling method is met through a displacement control proce- dure. The model is simple in concept and is easy in numerical implementation. A numerical example is given. The displacement obtained by the coupling method agrees well with those obtained by the finite ele- ment method, which shows the rationality of this model and the validity of the implementation scheme.

Discontinuous deformation analysis based on complementary theory

The contact between blocks is treated by the open-close iteration in the conventional discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA),which needs to introduce spurious springs between two blocks in contact and to assume the normal stiffness and the tangential stiffness (the penalty factors). Unreasonable values of stiffness would result in numerical problems. To avoid the penalty factors and the open-close iteration,we reformulate the DDA as a mixed complementary problem (MiCP) and then choose the path Newton method (PNM) to solve the problem. Some examples including those originally designed by Shi are reanalyzed,which proves feasibility of the proposed procedure.

Discontinuous deformation and displacement analysis: From continuous to discontinuous

A discontinuous deformation and displacement(DDD) analysis method is proposed for modelling the rock failure process. This method combines the rock failure process analysis(RFPA) method(based on finite element method) and discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA) method. RFPA is used to simulate crack initiation, propagation and coalescence processes of rock during the small deformation state. The DDA method is used to simulate the movement of blocks created by the multiple cracks modelled by the RFPA. The newly developed DDD method is particularly suitable for modelling both crack propagation and block movement during the rock failure process because of the natural and convenient coupling of continuous and discontinuous deformation analyses. The proposed method has been used to simulate crack initiation, propagation and coalescence within a slope as well as the block movement during the landslide process. Numerical modelling results indicate that the proposed DDD method can automatically simulate crack propagation and block movement during the rock failure process without degrading accuracy.

Some modifications to the process of discontinuous deformationanalysis

This paper presents a modified method of discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA). In the presented method, open-close iteration may not be needed, small penetration is permitted among blocks, and springs are added between contacting block pairs only when a penetration takes place. The three contact patterns(i.e. sliding, locking and opening) in original DDA method are not involved, and the recognition of these contact patterns and treatment of transformation among patterns are not required either,signi fi cantly saving the computing time. In a convex to concave contact, there are two candidate entrance edges which may cause uncertainty. In this case, we propose the angle bisector criterion to determine the entrance edge. The spring stiffness is much larger than Young's modulus in the original DDA, however we fi nd that the correct results can still be obtained when it is much smaller than Young's modulus. Finally,the penetrations by using penalty method and augmented Lagrangian method are compared. Penetration of the latter is 1/4 of the former. The range of spring stiffness for the latter is wider than the former,being 0.01-1 of the former. Both methods can lead to correct contact forces.

Simulation of blast induced crater in jointed rock mass by discontinuous deformation analysis method

Rock blasting is a dynamic process accom panied with the propagations of shock waves and the dispersion of the explosion gas.This paper adopts the discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)method to simulate the rock blasting process.A dynamic parameter adjustment and the non-reflecting boundary condition are implemented in the DDA method.The sub-block DDA method to simulate fracture problems is used.The blasting process in jointed rock mass is simulated by application of the explosion gas pressure on the expanding borehole walls and induced connected fracture surfaces around the boreholes.The blast craters with different overburdens are derived.The whole process including the explosion gas dispersion,borehole expansion,rock mass failure and cast,and the formation of the final blasting piles in rock blasting are well reproduced numerically.Parametric study for different overburdens is carried out,and the results are analyzed and discussed.

天体运动的三维DDA模拟

不连续变形分析(DDA)方法广泛应用于岩土工程领域,其中三维球颗粒DDA(3D-SDDA)理论能够对球形物体模型的运动进行数值模拟。本研究将不连续变形分析方法应用于太阳系天体运行模拟,将各天体看作球状物体,仅考虑天体间的引力和其自身惯性力,通过建立系统总体平衡方程式,推导载荷矩阵方程,求解总体方程,编写Matlab计算程序,从而得到各天体的运动参数,对天体运动进行数值模拟。结果表明,利用3D-SDDA理论能够模拟日-地二体系统和日-地-月三体系统在宇宙空间中的运行状态,获取任意时刻天体的空间位置和速度信息。分别将日-地二体系统的数值计算结果与开普勒计算方法所得结果对比,日-地-月三体系统的结果与虚拟天文馆软件Stellarium高精度数据对比,结果吻合良好。同时输入月全食发生的限制条件,能够正确预测出月全食发生时刻。

三维DDA方法的验证及其在隧道围岩垮塌控制中的应用

为准确模拟隧道围岩垮塌灾害演化过程与锚杆加固处置,通过嵌入锚杆支护算法实现了三维非连续变形分析方法(DDA)中的锚杆支护模拟.首先,介绍了三维DDA方法模拟块体运动的基本原理,提出了三维DDA方法中锚杆支护算法;其次,针对隧道围岩垮塌灾害中的不同运动模式,采用三维DDA方法模拟了块体滑移、转动以及碰撞过程,验证了三维DDA方法模拟块体运动的准确性;最后,采用三维DDA方法模拟了工程尺度的节理岩体隧道围岩垮塌过程.结果表明:无支护条件下隧道洞周块体垮塌高度为3.9 m,洞周块体位移呈现出明显的各向异性特征;有支护条件下隧道洞周块体保持稳定状态,隧道左拱肩部位锚杆轴力较大,实际施工过程中可增加该区域锚杆长度.

DDA方法在复杂地质条件下地下厂房围岩变形与破坏特征分析中的应用研究

以清江水布垭水电工程地下厂房为例,应用非连续变形分析方法对复杂地质条件下地下厂房围岩的变形与破坏特征开展了研究,重点分析了厂房区域地应力水平、锚固、岩体结构条件及结构面强度参数等对洞室围岩变形的影响。分析结果表明,当水平初始应力增加时,洞室围岩位移量相应增加,由于洞室边墙分布有多条层间剪切带且围岩具有软硬相间的层状岩体结构特点,使得边墙变形存在错动现象。锚固后洞室边墙围岩的变形明显减小,且围岩应力状态得到显著改善。对于高边墙地下洞室,陡倾角结构面在边墙上的出露对围岩的稳定十分不利,在一定的岩体结构条件下,围岩的破坏可表现为因局部块体的崩落所引起的整个洞室围岩的破坏。在相同岩体结构条件下,降低结构面强度参数,洞室围岩可以从变形稳定状态发展到不稳定状态,围岩的失稳主要表现为因围岩大变形引起的失稳。

DDA方法块体稳定性验证及其在岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

首先,介绍DDA方法中关于块体接触力的计算过程,提出计算沿潜在滑动面稳定性安全系数的计算方法;然后,在此基础上以沿折坡单块体滑动问题为实例,利用DDA方法分别计算仅考虑滑动面摩擦角?和同时考虑摩擦角?和黏聚力c条件下块体的运动稳定性和安全系数大小,并与理论值进行比较与验证;最后,针对乌江银盘水电工程右坝肩边坡开挖后因软弱断层控制引起的稳定性及处理措施选取问题,利用已有的极限平衡分析条块系统,将DDA方法应用于该边坡稳定性分析,对边坡的实际稳定状态及锚固效果进行对比分析与评价。研究结果表明,利用DDA方法在计算滑面上条块系统沿滑面稳定安全系数时,因其条块间接触力是建立在严格的力学平衡方程基础上,允许块体系统非连续变形,并且勿需条块界面强度等比例调用的假定,其结果对反映实际岩质边坡的稳定性应该更具合理性。另外,DDA方法关于边坡锚固模拟计算,充分反映和验证了锚杆在边坡稳定性加固处理中的效果。

节理岩质边坡变形的DDA模拟

对原非连续变形分析方法(DDA方法)中边界约束方法进行了推广,将其应用于节理岩质边坡变形规律的数值模拟,并利用模型实验结果验证了推广方法的正确性。

强度折减DDA法及其在边坡稳定分析中的应用

在自行研制的非连续变形分析程序中实现自动强度折减法以模拟边坡的稳定性和安全系数。针对强度折减有限元法收敛标准的不确定性,通过分析滑块在边坡上的稳定性,提出以边坡滑移位移与强度折减系数曲线的最大曲率所对应的折减系数为边坡安全系数的判别标准,该判别标准克服了"位移突变准则"不准确的缺点;并基于该判别标准,分析水库岩体边坡的稳定性并得到岩体边坡安全系数随库水位变化的规律;最后对小湾某高边坡进行开挖模拟及开挖后边坡的稳定性进行计算分析。

基于Newmark积分方案的DDA方法

不连续变形分析(DDA)方法以离散的块体集合作为研究对象,引入动力学分析和时步积分技术模拟块体系统的不连续变形行为。对DDA采用的常加速度法进行拓展,给出求解块体系统运动方程的Newmark积分格式,并引入一种与块体不平衡力成正比的自适应阻尼使系统收敛到新的平衡状态,保证求解的稳定性。作为考核,将基于Newmark积分方案的DDA方法应用到隧洞开挖模拟,通过和UDEC软件的计算结果进行对比分析,论证改进后DDA方法的有效性和实用性,进一步拓展DDA解决实际工程问题的能力。

1997年玛尼地震对青藏川滇地区构造块体系统稳定性影响的三维DDA＋FEM方法数值模拟

本文用三维非连续变形与有限元相结合(DDA+FEM)的方法,在青藏川滇地区三维构造块体相互制约的大背景中,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约束,计算得到研究区的初始位移场和应力场与该地区GPS测量结果和震源机制分布结果基本一致.在此基础上进一步数值模拟1997年玛尼7.9级大震的发生过程,研究大震引起研究区各块体边界断层应力状态变化的特征.(1)发震断层两侧发生左旋走滑错动,最大水平位错大约7m;(2)深部位错面上位错分布与用地震波资料震源反演的结果类似;(3)最大差应力变化等值线图与由星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场图像相似;(4)地表垂直位移表明地震断层面略向北逆冲.计算模拟得到了玛尼地震发生引起青藏川滇地区构造块体系统各边界断层上库仑破裂应力变化的分布,表明玛尼大震的发生除了使其发震断层的两端库仑破裂应力增大,应力进一步集中外,位于上地壳层上东昆仑断裂中段的2001年昆仑山8.1大震(H=11km)发震断层段的库仑破裂应力增加约2MPa,位于中地壳层上喀拉昆仑断裂带中的2008年改则6.9级地震(H=30km)发震断层段的库仑破裂应力也增加约0.7MPa,可见这两个已接近破裂强度地段的失稳对发生大震起了一定促进作用.研究结果也表明:作者发展的三维DDA+FEM方法能有效地用于大震活动与各构造块体相互作用关系的研究.

基于DDA方法一种流-固耦合模型的建立及裂隙体渗流场分析和应用

以非连续变形分析方法(DDA)为基础并采用稳态流体计算方法将二者结合进行裂隙岩体流-固耦合分析。利用DDA方法生成裂隙岩体模型,在此基础上采用矩阵搜索等方法形成新的裂隙水通网络模型。采用稳态迭代算法和立方定律求得裂隙水压力,并把裂隙水压力作为线载荷施加到块体边界,在DDA算法中每个迭代步完成后更新裂隙开度和水压值,与DDA算法结合研究裂隙水与块体之间相互作用关系。利用以上裂隙岩体流-固耦合计算方法研究了某水封油库开挖和运行过程洞室围岩流量和密封性,为该工程预测水封效果提供了有益的主要依据,也是国内首次采用DDA方法做大型工程的流-固耦合模型分析。

重力坝抗滑稳定分析中DDA与有限元方法的比较

本文在原来的DDA基础上作了扩展 ,推导了水压、扬压力等荷载矩阵以及抗滑稳定局部、整体安全系数的求解方法并编制了相应的程序。由本文给出的计算实例可以看出 ,经扩展的DDA法可以较高精度求出沿各可能滑裂面的安全系数 。