Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method simulation of stirred tank reactor for graphene production

Liquid phase exfoliation(LPE)process for graphene production is usually carried out in stirred tank reactor and the interactions between the solvent and the graphite particles are important as to improve the production efficiency.In this paper,these interactions were revealed by computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method(CFD-DEM)method.Based on simulation results,both liquid phase flow hydrodynamics and particle motion behavior have been analyzed,which gave the general information of the multiphase flow behavior inside the stirred tank reactor as to graphene production.By calculating the threshold at the beginning of graphite exfoliation process,the shear force from the slip velocity was determined as the active force.These results can support the optimization of the graphene production process.

Numerical analysis and experimental validation of hydrodynamics of a thin bubbling fluidized bed for various particle-size distributions using a three-dimensional dense discrete phase model

A dense discrete phase model combined with the kinetic theory of granular flows was used to study the bubbling characteristics and segregation of poly-dispersed particle mixtures in a thin fluidized bed.Our simulations showed that in using the hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian method,the common use of one computational cell in the thickness direction of the thin bed does not predict wall friction correctly.Instead,a three-cell discretization of the thickness direction does predict the wall friction well but six cells were needed to prevent overprediction of the bed expansion.The change in specularity factor(SF)of the model not only affected the predictions of the velocity of particles,but also had a considerable impact on their flow pattern.A decrease in SF,which decreases wall friction,showed an over-prediction in the size of bubbles,particle velocities,and void fraction of the bed,and led to a shift in the circulation center toward the bottom of the bed.The segregation of the Geldart B particles was studied in the narrow range from 400 to 600μm with a standard deviation less than 10%of the average diameter.Simulations showed that large particles accumulated close to the distributor at the bottom of the bed and the center of the bed,but small particles moved towards the wall and top surface.The decrease in the mean particle size and spread in shape of the distribution improves mixing by up to 30%at a superficial gas velocity of around 2.5 times the minimum fluidization velocity.Log-normal mixtures with a small proportion of large particles had the most uniform distribution with a thin layer of jetsam forming at the bottom of the bed.Finally,experimental verification of the segregation and mixing of polydisperse particles with narrow size distribution is suggested.

Analysis of gas-solid flow and shaft-injected gas distribution in an oxygen blast furnace using a discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics coupled model

lronmaking using an oxygen blast furnace is an attractive approach for reducing energy consumption in the iron and steel industry. This paper presents a numerical study of gas-solid flow in an oxygen blast fur- nace by coupling the discrete element method with computational fluid dynamics. The model reliability was verified by previous experimental results. The influences of particle diameter, shaft tuyere size, and specific ratio （X） of shaft-injected gas （51G） flowrate to total gas flowrate on the SIC penetration behavior and pressure field in the furnace were investigated. The results showed that gas penetration capacity in the furnace gradually decreased as the particle diameter decreased from 100 to 40 mm. Decreasing particle diameter and increasing shaft tuyere size both slightly increased the SIG concentration near the furnace wall but decreased it at the furnace center. The value of X has a significant impact on the SIG distribution. According to the pressure fields obtained under different conditions, the key factor affecting SIG penetration depth is the pressure difference between the upper and lower levels of the shaft tuyere. If the pressure difference is small, the SIG can easily penetrate to the furnace center.

Time Discrete Approximation of Weak Solutions to Stochastic Equations of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Applications(Dedicated to Haim Brézis on the occasion of his 70th birthday)

As a first step towards the numerical analysis of the stochastic primitive equations of the atmosphere and the oceans, the time discretization of these equations by an implicit Euler scheme is studied. From the deterministic point of view, the 3D primitive equations are studied in their full form on a general domain and with physically realistic boundary conditions. From the probabilistic viewpoint, this paper deals with a wide class of nonlinear, state dependent, white noise forcings which may be interpreted in either the Itor the Stratonovich sense. The proof of convergence of the Euler scheme,which is carried out within an abstract framework, covers the equations for the oceans, the atmosphere, the coupled oceanic-atmospheric system as well as other related geophysical equations. The authors obtain the existence of solutions which are weak in both the PDE and probabilistic sense, a result which is new by itself to the best of our knowledge.

CFD-DEM simulation of fluid-solid flow of a tapered column separation bed

Research on recycling waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCB) is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources.The Tapered Column Separation Bed(TCSB) is invented aiming at disposing the problem that fine particles of waste printed circuit boards cannot be separated efficiently so as to obtain further insight about the underlying mechanisms and demonstrate the separation feasibility in the tapered column separation bed.In this work,a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) coupled with Discrete Element Method(DEM) model for two-phase flow has been extended to simulate the fluid-solid flow in the tapered column separation bed.Its validity is demonstrated by its successful capturing the key features of particles' flow pattern,velocity,the pressure distribution,the axial position with time and axial force for particles with different densities.Simulation results show that the plastic particles and resin particles become overflow,while copper particles,iron particles and aluminum particles successively become underflow,with a discharge water flow rate of 1 m^3/h,an obliquity of 30°.The simulated results agree reasonably well with the experimental observation.Using this equipment to separate waste PCBs is feasible,theoretically.

基于CFD-DEM耦合的梯级溜槽的设计与分析

针对传统物料转运过程中溜槽和输送带磨损严重、出口处粉尘浓度过高的问题,建立含臂架的梯级溜槽几何模型,采用基于计算流体力学与离散单元法(CFD-DEM)耦合的数值模拟方法,分析了臂架对转运溜槽的磨损以及对其出口处粉尘排放浓度的影响。仿真结果表明:含臂架的梯级溜槽可以有效控制物料流的速度和方向,降低对溜槽内表面的冲击磨损,降低出口处的粉尘量。

氦冷固态包层氚增殖球床气体和粉末流动特性的数值研究

基于计算流体力学和离散元耦合分析,研究了氦冷固态增殖包层球床中吹扫氦气的速度分布和破碎的正硅酸锂粉末速度随时间的变化及粉末数量随氦气入口流速变化。模拟结果表明,在吹扫氦气流动方向上,用入口流速归一化的氦气速度分布与入口流速无关,在靠近球床边缘速度变化较大,在球床中部速度变化较小;用入口流速归一化的粉末平均速度与入口流速关系不大,会随吹扫时间逐渐趋于稳定;对小粒径粉末,吹扫气体流速越大,越容易被吹出球床,对大粒径粉末,因其本身体积过大,易在球床中形成堵塞。

基于CFD-DEM的流态化速冻影响因素研究

利用Fluent多孔介质理论建立了速冻流化床等效流域模型;以表观气速、入口温度、脉动频率为试验因素,根据CFD-DEM数值模拟方法对典型颗粒形状物料的流态化和冻结进行单因素试验分析,探究了各试验因素对物料冻结的影响规律;基于单因素试验结果,以平均降温速率为评价指标,进行三因素、四水平的正交试验,试验结果表明,在进风量一定的情况下,影响程度由强到弱依次为入口温度、脉动频率、表观气速。以期分析结果对脉冲气流式速冻工程实践具有一定的参考作用。

基于计算流体力学-离散单元法的U形管冲蚀磨损数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)和切向撞击能模型(SIEM)来研究气固两相流中高速煤粉颗粒冲击导致的U形弯管冲蚀磨损问题。分析了颗粒粒径、气体流速、固体颗粒形状对其冲蚀磨损特性的影响,并验证粗粒化模型应用于此磨损过程的准确性。结果表明,U形弯头的冲蚀磨损位置主要有3处;磨损率随粒径的增大呈现整体减小的趋势;U形管拱背磨损率随气速的增加而增大,且前2处磨损率峰值位置随气速的增加向入口方向偏移;长椭球对U形管造成的磨损最严重,扁椭球次之,球形最轻;粗粒化CFD-DEM能够基本准确预测U形管冲蚀磨损,且显著降低计算时间。

大变幅加卸载下特厚煤层底板断层突水机理模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、扰动范围广,强烈大变幅荷载易导致底板断层破裂加剧并诱发水害。数值模拟是揭示特厚煤层底板断层活化与突水机理的重要方法,准确反映大变幅加卸载下岩体破裂与裂隙水耦合特征是其合理性的关键。构建损伤变量与塑性应变、应力之间的相关关系,得到完整岩块的拉、加压卸载损伤演化方程;以平方拉剪应力与Benzeggagh-Kenane为初始、完全断裂准则,建立塑性位移与强度劣化关系,建立加卸载韧性断裂本构关系;基于实验数据建立贯通裂隙加卸载剪切本构关系。以基本方程与状态方程为基础,结合浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体水力学模拟理论。由此编制流体动力学-有限离散元CFD-FDEM耦合程序,模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层活化突水过程。结果表明:CFD-FDEM耦合程序可数值实现特厚煤层底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及断层带裂隙水运移过程。底板断层采动破坏包络线呈W形,最深位于断层及其上盘(48.6m),最浅位于断层下盘(23m)。特厚煤层采场底板断层及其上盘受到较大超前集中应力,而后在采空区内大幅卸载,导致该位置出现显著二次破坏,并形成主要导水通道。研究成果为特厚煤层工作面底板断层水害防治提供理论支撑。

考虑跨洋特征及碎冰对快速性影响的极地探险邮轮型线优化

[目的]全球减碳背景下,为应对极地船舶设计建造的环保要求,需开展跨洋航行时碎冰水域对极地探险邮轮船体型线优化设计的影响规律研究,以获得最佳节能型线。[方法]针对极地探险邮轮的跨洋航行特征,采用航区权重方法进行量化评估,分析碎冰对阻力和推进效率的影响。应用计算流体力学耦合离散元法(CFD-DEM)来分析螺旋桨的碎冰水域性能,建立以联合自航功率为目标的优化模型,进而对全船参数化模型开展设计航速下的优化计算。[结果]计算结果表明,优化后的船型可以满足排水量要求,有效降低了2种水域下的航行功率,其联合自航功率降低了9.71%。[结论]研究成果验证了基于权重优化方法的可行性和合理性,可为极地探险邮轮的型线和推进器优化设计提供参考。

基于CFD-DEM的超细碳酸钙螺旋输送仿真分析

【目的】为提高螺旋输送机的输送效率,降低输送机的功耗与磨损,探究在不同进料速率、螺旋轴转速与几何体摩擦系数下,超细碳酸钙在水平变径变距螺旋输送机内的颗粒流动状态、出口质量流量、输送机功耗与磨损分布。【方法】使用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)与离散单元法(discrete element method,DEM)双向耦合数值模拟的方法,对螺旋输送机在不同转速下的质量流率进行分析对比,验证数值模型的正确性。【结果】摩擦系数对颗粒的运动有较大影响,颗粒流的轴向速度峰值和质量流率峰值随着摩擦系数的增加先增大再减小;随着下料速度和摩擦系数的增大,输送机功率明显增大,且摩擦系数在高进料速度与低转速的情况下对功耗的影响相对于低进料速度和高转速更加明显;磨损较严重的区域集中在下料口处的螺旋轴与螺旋叶片的边缘处。【结论】简单增大或减小摩擦系数并不能提高颗粒的轴向速度和质量流量,而是存在一个局部最优参数组合;适当地提高转速能够减小颗粒密实度与颗粒停留时间,从而减小输送机的功耗与几何体磨损。

基于CFD-DEM的湿颗粒气力输送数值模拟

【目的】为了探索水平管中湿颗粒气力输送的内在机制,开发液桥轮廓由凸到凹的液桥力模型,实现对颗粒含水率的精准调控,分析不同含水率颗粒在输送过程中的动力学特性变化规律。【方法】采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)和离散元法(discrete element method, DEM)双向耦合的数值模拟方法,通过对弯头外侧中心线的颗粒速度分析对比,验证数值模型的正确性以及网格的无关性。【结果】干颗粒沉降在管道底部,表现为管底流的运动状态,湿颗粒因液桥力的作用而形成紧密的颗粒团块,以单粒子和颗粒团2种形式进行运动,并且颗粒含水率越大,颗粒团聚现象越严重;湿颗粒的输送速度明显比干颗粒低,且随着颗粒含水率的增加,颗粒的平均输送速度呈下降趋势。【结论】相对于干颗粒输送,湿颗粒输送流动性更弱、输送效率更低以及能耗更高,在实际工业应用中,应当对湿颗粒进行前处理,以便于气力输送的无故障进行。

高炉风口回旋区多形貌颗粒混合流动特性数值模拟

【目的】高炉的稳定运行和能耗控制受制于风口回旋区内复杂的物理化学行为,因此对回旋区内混合多形貌颗粒的气固相互作用机制进行研究。【方法】采用计算流体力学-离散单元法耦合方法对高炉风口回旋区内混合多形貌焦炭颗粒的流动行为和动力学特性进行数值模拟;系统地研究和分析4种不同的混合非球形颗粒体积分数对风口回旋区演化形貌和微观结构等的影响。【结果】随着非球形颗粒的体积分数从0增至9%,回旋区的宽度和高度分别增加96%和67%,转动能则增加3.53倍;颗粒所受曳力随非球形颗粒混合体积分数的增大而增大,颗粒间接触法向力概率密度函数分布也会向左偏移且峰值随之减小,而混合非球形颗粒时配位数概率密度函数分布峰值均小于不混合时的工况。【结论】混合非球形颗粒体积分数对高炉风口回旋区形貌和曳力分布、颗粒配位数概率分布等产生显著影响。

密相栓流湿颗粒气力输送数值模拟

鉴于目前对于湿颗粒密相气力输送的研究缺乏成熟的体系与结论,本文探究了湿颗粒密相气力输送的流动机理与流动形态,为气力输送的优化设计提供理论支持。研究采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)和离散元法(discrete element method,DEM)双向耦合的数值模拟方法,对水平管道中干湿颗粒料栓的运动形式和颗粒运动轨迹进行了分析,深入研究了颗粒含水率对输送流型、输送效率以及输送压降的影响。结果表明,同等气速下,湿颗粒可以形成段塞流,而干颗粒先是段塞流,随后料栓被气体击穿演变为沙丘流,最后成为管底流;随着气体速度的增大,单位长度的水平管道压降数值呈现先降低后增长的趋势,在质量流率0.5 kg/s、含水率5%的工况下,输送速度为9 m/s时管道压降数值最低,为最佳经济速度值;湿颗粒的压力曲线一直处于波动较大的不稳定状态,当两个监测点位于段塞外部时,轴向压差几乎为零,而当两个监测点位于段塞内部时,轴向压差可以达到-600 Pa。通过对湿颗粒输送时的压降变化进行分析和监测,可及时发现设备故障的迹象,预警可能的问题并采取预防措施,避免设备损坏和生产中断。

脉动流化床内青刀豆颗粒的混合特性数值模拟

青刀豆一般采用流化床装置进行速冻。为了解决其床层堵塞和聚集不良的问题,进一步提高青刀豆的混合效率,课题组建立了三维混合脉动流化床模型,将计算流体力学与离散单元法(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method,CFD-DEM)相结合,探究1,2,4和8 Hz 4种不同频率的脉动进口风速下青刀豆颗粒的流化混合情况。仿真结果表明:脉动流化床对于青刀豆颗粒混合具有一定改善作用,青刀豆颗粒的轴向混合强于径向混合,4 Hz时颗粒混合标准偏差值最小;当进口风速的频率接近颗粒的自主振动频率时,床层膨胀最明显,出现类似“共振”的现象;2 Hz时颗粒径向、轴向混合效果最佳,频率过大或过小对于流态化增强效果不明显。

Stormwater treatment： examples of computational fluid dynamics modeling

Control of rainfall-runoff particulate matter （PM） and PM-bound chemical loads is challenging; in part due to the wide gradation of PM complex geometries of many unit operations and variable flow rates. Such challenges and the expense associated with resolving such challenges have led to the relatively common examination of a spectrum of unit operations and processes. This study applies the principles of computa- tional fluid dynamics （CFD） to predict the particle and pollutant clarification behavior of these systems subject to dilute multiphase flows, typical of rainfall-runoff, within computationally reasonable limits, to a scientifically acceptable degree of accuracy. The Navier-Stokes （NS） system of nonlinear partial differential equations for multi- phase hydrodynamics and separation of entrained particles are solved numerically over the unit operation control volume with the boundary and initial conditions defined and then solved numerically until the desired convergence criteria are met. Flow rates examined are scaled based on sizing of common unit operations such as hydrodynamic separators （HS）, wet basins, or filters, and are examined from 1 to 100 percent of the system maximum hydraulic operating flow rate. A standard turbulence model is used to resolve flow, and a discrete phase model （DPM） is utilized to examine the particle clarification response. CFD results closely follow physical model results across the entire range of flow rates. Post-processing the CFD predictions provides an in-depth insight into the mechanistic behavior of unit operations by means of three dimensional （3-D） hydraulic profiles and particle trajectories. Results demon- strate the role of scour in the rapid degradation of unit operations that are not maintained. Comparisons are provided between measured and CFD modeled results and a mass balance error is identified. CFD is arguably the most powerful tool available for our profession since continuous simulation modeling.

Modelling of Magnetorheological Fluids with Combined Lattice Boltzmann and Discrete Element Approach

A combined lattice Boltzmann and discrete element approach is proposedfor numerical modelling of magnetorheological fluids. In its formulation, the particledynamics is simulated by the discrete element method, while the fluid field is resolvedwith the lattice Boltzmann method. The coupling between the fluid and the particlesare realized through the hydrodynamic interactions. Procedures for computing magnetic, contact and hydrodynamic forces are discussed in detail. The applicability ofthe proposed solution procedure is illustrated via a two-stage simulation of a MR fluidproblem with four different particle volume fractions. At the first stage, simulationsare performed for the particle chain formation upon application of an external magnetic field;and at the second stage, the rheological properties of the MR fluid underdifferent shear loading conditions are investigated with the particle chains establishedat the first stage as the initial configuration.

固液分离旋流器壁面磨损的数值模拟

基于计算流体力学（CFD）方法,应用Fluent软件中雷诺应力模型和离散相模型,对重分散相颗粒分离旋流器壁面的磨损情况进行了模拟研究。结果表明,旋流分离器壁面的磨损以局部磨损为主;在入口环形区域,颗粒对壁面的主要磨损为冲击磨损;在圆筒体和圆锥体区域,颗粒对壁面的主要磨损为磨削磨损;磨损最严重的部位在旋流分离器的底流口。入口环形空间磨损最严重的位置在圆周方向上100°~110°;圆柱筒体壁面的磨损成螺旋向下的带状分布;越接近锥体末端,圆锥体壁面的磨损越严重,在底流口处达到磨损峰值。旋流分离器内部颗粒浓度高的部位磨损严重;同时入口速度增加,旋流分离器壁面各个部位的磨损率也会相应增大。这些结果为旋流分离器的设计及应用提供了一定的指导。

背负式喷雾器雾滴分布特性的CFD模拟与试验

为了解决不同喷雾条件对背负式喷雾器雾滴分布的影响问题,采用CFD离散相粒子跟踪模拟方法,研究了距喷嘴垂直高度分别为0.4、0.55和0.7m,喷雾压力分别为0.15、0.2、0.3和0.35MPa,风速分别为0、1、2、3m/s情况下,雾滴沉积分布和粒径分布特性,并进行试验验证。结果表明:沉积率受风速影响显著,随风速增大而降低,但沉积率受喷雾压力影响不显著。模拟与试验结果回归决定系数R2和标准误差SE分别为0.9424、0.039,表明CFD离散相粒子跟踪模拟法可用于评估雾滴沉积分布。雾滴粒径分布模拟结果与试验结果相关性差,CFD模拟法不宜用于评估雾滴粒径分布情况。该研究为后续各类喷雾器数据测量提供参考。