Parameterization of the freeze/thaw discriminant function algorithm using dense in-situ observation network data

The near-surface soil freeze–thaw(FT)transition is an important factor affecting land-atmosphere exchanges,hydrology and carbon cycles.Thus,effectively monitoring the temporal–spatial changes of soil FT processes is crucial to climate change and environment research.Several approaches have been developed to detect the soil FT state from satellite observations.The discriminant function algorithm(DFA)uses temperature and emissivity information from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Enhanced(AMSR-E)passive microwave satellite observations.Although it is well validated,it was shown to be insufficiently robust for all land conditions.In this study,we use in-situ observed soil temperature and AMSR-E brightness temperature to parameterize the DFA for soil FT state detection.We use the in-situ soil temperature records at 5 cm selected from available dense networks in the Northern Hemisphere as a reference.Considering the distinction between ascending and descending orbits,two different sets of parameters were acquired for each frequency pair.The validation results indicate that the overall discriminant accuracy of the new function can reach 90%.We further compared the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 discriminant results using the new function to the Soil Moisture Active Passive freeze/thaw product,and a reasonable consistency between them was found.

Correct Classification Rates in Multi-Category Discriminant Analysis of Spatial Gaussian Data

This paper discusses the problem of classifying a multivariate Gaussian random field observation into one of the several categories specified by different parametric mean models. Investigation is conducted on the classifier based on plug-in Bayes classification rule (PBCR) formed by replacing unknown parameters in Bayes classification rule (BCR) with category parameters estimators. This is the extension of the previous one from the two category cases to the multi-category case. The novel closed-form expressions for the Bayes classification probability and actual correct classification rate associated with PBCR are derived. These correct classification rates are suggested as performance measures for the classifications procedure. An empirical study has been carried out to analyze the dependence of derived classification rates on category parameters.

Predicting the non-breeding distributions of the two Asian subspecies of Black-tailed Godwit using morphological information

Until recently,Limosa limosa melanuroides was thought to be the only subspecies of Black-tailed Godwit in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.For this reason,all previous occurrences and counts of Black-tailed Godwits in the flyway have been assigned to melanuroides.However,a larger-bodied subspecies,bohaii,has recently been discovered in the flyway.As a result,the occurrence of Black-tailed Godwits in the flyway needs to be reconsidered such that the specific distribution of each subspecies becomes known.To this end,we developed a simple discriminant function to assign individuals to subspecies based on their bill and wing length.Cross-validation with individuals known to be bohaii or melanuroides,based on molecular analysis,showed the developed function to be 97.7%accurate.When applied to measurements of godwits captured at 22 sites across 9 countries in East-Southeast Asia and Australia,we found that bohaii and melanuroides occurred at most sites and overlapped in their distribution from Kamchatka to Australia.We examined photos from all along the flyway to verify this surprising result,confirming that both subspecies co-occur in most locations.Based on these results,we hypothesise that bohaii and melanuroides from the west of their breeding ranges mostly migrate over Chinese mainland.Birds of both subspecies from the east of their ranges are expected to migrate along the Pacific Ocean.We encourage ringing groups in East-Southeast Asia and Australia to use this simple method to keep adding knowledge about Black-tailed Godwits in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.

Prognostic and diagnostic scoring models in acute alcoholassociated hepatitis:A review comparing the performance of different scoring systems

Alcohol-associated hepatitis(AAH)is a severe form of liver disease caused by alcohol consumption.In the absence of confounding factors,clinical features and laboratory markers are sufficient to diagnose AAH,rule out alternative causes of liver injury and assess disease severity.Due to the elevated mortality of AAH,assessing the prognosis is a radical step in management.The Maddrey discriminant function(MDF)is the first established clinical prognostic score for AAH and was commonly used in the earliest AAH clinical trials.A MDF>32 indicates a poor prognosis and a potential benefit of initiating corticosteroids.The model for end stage liver disease(MELD)score has been studied for AAH prognostication and new evidence suggests MELD may predict mortality more accurately than MDF.The Lille score is usually combined to MDF or MELD score after corticosteroid initiation and offers the advantage of assessing response to treatment a 4-7 d into the course.Other commonly used scores include the Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score and the Age Bilirubin international normalized ratio Creatinine model.Clinical AAH correlate adequately with histologic severity scores and leave little indication for liver biopsy in assessing AAH prognosis.AAH presenting as acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF)is so far prognosticated with ACLF-specific scoring systems.New artificial intelligence-generated prognostic models have emerged and are being studied for use in AAH.Acute kidney injury(AKI)is one possible complication of AAH and is significantly associated with increased AAH mortality.Predicting AKI and alcohol relapse are important steps in the management of AAH.The aim of this review is to discuss the performance and limitations of different scoring models for AAH mortality,emphasize the most useful tools in prognostication and review predictors of recurrence.

Prevalence and Early Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) among 18-36 Month Old Children in Tianjin of China

Objective The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder （ASD） among 18-36 month old children in the Tianjin Municipality of China, and to identify early signs of autistic children and the predictability of each individual symptom. Methods A total of 8 000 children were screened to do a questionnaire based on CHAT modified to include more early signs of autism at the age of 28-36 months. Then the at-risk children were reexamined 1.5 years later and ASD children were identified based on DSM-IV. Early signs of autism were analyzed retrospectively by using discriminant function analysis performed among ASD children, children not followed up and children followed up but failing to meet ASD criteria. Results Three hundred and sixty seven children were screened as being at-risk to ASD, and 22 of them were identified as having ASD in the subsequent diagnosis. The prevalence of ASD was 27.5 per 10 000 in Tianjin of China with a male to female ratio of 4：1. Items addressing social interactions and communications had higher predictability than other items to distinguish autistic children from non-autistic ones. Pretend play, functional play, showing and reading parents＇ facial expressions distinguished autistic children from those not followed up, nevertheless those followed up but failing to meet ASD criteria were not included.Conclusion The prevalence of ASD found in our study was lower than that reported in some studies by western researchers. Autism has its specific symptoms, such as deficits in social awareness, social relatedness, and social referencing.

Identification of vocal individuality in male cuckoos using different analytical techniques

Background: Individuality in vocalizations may provide an effective tool for surveying populations of the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus) but there remains few data on which technique to use to identify individuality. In this research, we compared the within-and between-individual variation in cuckoo calls using two different analytical methods, and discuss the feasibility of using call individuality to count male cuckoos within a population.Methods: We recorded vocalization from 13 males, and measured 15 spectro-temporal variables for each call. The majority of these call variables(n = 12) have greater variation between individuals than within individual. We first calculated the similarity(Pearson's R) for each paired calls in order to find a threshold that could distinguish calls emitted from the same or different males, and then counted the number of males based on this distinction. Second, we used the more widely accepted technique of discriminant function analysis(DFA) to identify individual male cuckoos, and compared the correct rate of classifying individuals between the two analytical methods.Results: Similarity of paired calls from the same male was significantly higher than from different males. Under a relatively broad threshold interval, we achieved a high(>90%) correct rate to distinguish calls and an accurate estimate of male numbers. Based on banded males(n = 3), we found the similarity of paired calls from different days was lower when compared with paired calls from the same day, but this change did not obscure individual identification, as similarity values of paired calls from different days were still larger than the threshold used to distinguish calls from the same or different males. DFA also yielded a high rate(91.9%) of correct classification of individuals.Conclusions: Our study suggests that identifying individual vocalizations can form the basis of an appropriate survey method for counting male cuckoos within a population, provided the performance of different analytical techniques are compared.

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Miocene pelitic sedimentary rocks from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin System(Croatia):Implications for provenance studies

Fifty-two samples of Miocene pelitic sedimentary rock from outcrops on Medvednica,Moslavacka Gora and Psunj Mts.,and boreholes in the Sava Depression and the Pozega Sub-depression were investigated.These sediments formed in different marine（with normal and reduced salinity）,brackish,and freshwater environments,depending on the development stage of the Pannonian Basin System.Carbonate minerals,clay minerals and quartz are the main constituents of all pelitic sedimentary rocks,except in those from Moslavacka Gora Mt in which carbonate minerals are not present.Feldspars,pyrite,opal-CT,and hematite are present as minor constituents in some rocks.Besides calcite,dependent on the sedimentary environment and diagenetic changes,high-magnesium calcite,aragonite,dolomite and ankerite/Cadolomite are also present.Smectite or illite-smectite is the main clay minerals in the samples.Minor constituents,present in almost all samples,are detrital illite and kaolinite.In some samples chlorite is also present in a low amount.Major elements,trace elements and rare earth elements patterns used in provenance analysis show that all analysed samples have a composition similar to the values of the upper continental crust（UCC）.The contents of major and trace elements as well as SiO2/Al2O3,K2O/Al2O3,Na2O/K2O,Eu/Eu＊,La/Sc,Th/Sc,La/Co Th/Co,Th/Cr,Ce/Ce＊ and LREE/HREE ratios,show that the analysed pelitic sedimentary rocks were formed by weathering of different types of mostly acidic（silicic）,i.e.felsic rocks.

Quantitative structure－activity study on the reductive dehalogenation potency of the halogenated aromatics

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QAUST:Protein Function Prediction Using Structure Similarity,Protein Interaction,and Functional Motifs

The number of available protein sequences in public databases is increasing exponentially.However,a sig-nificant percentage of these sequences lack functional annotation,which is essential for the understanding of how bio-logical systems operate.Here,we propose a novel method,Quantitative Annotation of Unknown STructure(QAUST),to infer protein functions,specifically Gene Ontology(GO)terms and Enzyme Commission(EC)numbers.QAUST uses three sources of information:structure information encoded by global and local structure similarity search,biological network information inferred by protein–protein interaction data,and sequence information extracted from functionally discriminative sequence motifs.These three pieces of information are combined by consensus averaging to make the final prediction.Our approach has been tested on 500 protein targets from the Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation(CAFA)benchmark set.The results show that our method provides accurate functional annotation and outperforms other prediction methods based on sequence similarity search or threading.We further demonstrate that a previously unknown function of human tripartite motif-containing 22(TRIM22)protein predicted by QAUST can be experimentally validated.

Sediment provenance discrimination in northern Okinawa Trough during the last 24 ka and paleoenvironmental implication:rare earth elements evidence

Rare earth elements （REE） compositions and discriminant function were successfully used to examine high resolution sediment source changes in the northern Okinawa Trough over the last 24.1 ka, especially for the influence from the Yellow River and the Tsushima Warm Current （TWC） that has not been well solved. Variations of these parameters were clearly divided into three distinct depositional units. During Interval 1 （24.1-16.0 ka BP）, the paleo-Yellow River and the paleo-Yangtze River mouths were situated near the studied area and could have played major roles in the sedimentation therein. In Interval 2 （16.0-7.3 ka BP）, these river mouths gradually retreated with global sea-level rise, leading to less fluvial inputs from them to the northern Okinawa Trough. Meanwhile, formation of the TWC could carry some sediment loads of Taiwan to the studied core, especially during its late phase （8.0-7.3 ka BP）. Modem oceanographic conditions, with a predominance of the TWC, were finally established since the beginning of Interval 3, causing more ten＇igenous contribution from Taiwan to the studied area. Subsequently, modem depositional environments mainly influenced by the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the TWC were finally formed.

Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Northern Okinawa Trough since 25 ka BP:REE and Organic Carbon Evidence

Paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Okinawa trough covering the last 25 ka were synthetically reconstructed using REE and organic carbon indices of core CSH1.Variations of these parameters revealed three distinct intervals of major sediment provenance changes that can be related to sea-level fluctuation and Tsushima Warm Current evolution.Interval 1（16-24.7 ka BP） is characterized by dominantly fluvial discharge from the Changjiang（Yangtze River） and Huanghe（Yellow River） as well as high primary productivity.In Interval 2（7.3-16 ka BP）,the Changjiang and Huanghe mouths regressed with sea-level rising.The newly formed Tsushima Warm Current could carry some sediment loads of Taiwan to the study core,especially during its late phase（7.3-8.2 ka BP）.Modern oceanographic conditions were finally established since the beginning of Interval 3,leading to more terrigenous contribution from Taiwan,whereas low sea-surface productivity in the study area.

Effect of land cover on channel form adjustment of headwater streams in a lateritic belt of West Bengal(India)

Present work is exploring the influence of land cover on channel morphology in 34 headwater catchments of the lateritic belt of West Bengal.Non-parametric tests(Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis)and multivariate analysis(Principal Component Analysis and Canonical Discriminant Function models)have successfully differentiated the performance of land cover on channel morphology adjustment among the three groups of headwater streams(forested,transitional,and agricultural)on the Kunur River Basin(KRB).Spatial Interpolation Techniques reveal that intense land-use change,particularly forest conversion to agricultural land,is significantly increasing channel widths(269%)and cross-section area(78%),whereas agricultural channels become shallower(40%)than would be predicted from forested streams.Catchments with the dominance of forest and agricultural land are classified as‘C′and‘B′types of streams respectively,as per Rosgen's Stream Classification Model.Finally,the work claimed that transitional stream group is the definitive area to exaggerate the river restoration plan to stabilize the anthropogenic deformation on channel morphology.

Identifying female phenotypes that promote behavioral isolation in a sexually dimorphic species of fish Etheostoma zonale

In sexually dimorphic species characterized by exaggerated male ornamentation,behavioral isola-tion is often attributed to female preferences for conspecific male signals.Yet,in a number of sexu-ally dimorphic species,male mate choice also results in behavioral isolation.In many of these cases,the female traits that mediate species boundaries are unclear.Females in sexually dimorphic species typically lack many of the elaborate traits that are present in males and that are often used for taxonomic classification of species.In a diverse and largely sexually dimorphic group of fishes called darters(Percidae:Etheostoma),male mate choice contributes to behavioral isolation be-tween a number of species;however,studies addressing which female traits males prefer are lack-ing.In this study,we identified the dominant female pattern for two sympatric species,Etheostoma zonale and Etheostoma barrenense,using pattern energy analysis,and we used discriminate func-tion analysis to identify which aspects of female patterning can reliably classify species.We then tested the role of female features in male mate choice for E.zonale,by measuring male preference for computer animations displaying the identified(species specific)conspecific features.We found that the region above the lateral line is important in mediating male mate preferences,with males spending a significantly greater proportion of time with animations exhibiting conspecific female patterning in this region than with animations exhibiting heterospecific female patterning.Our results suggest that the aspects of female phenotypes that are the target of male mate choice are different from the conspicuous male phenotypes that traditionally characterize species.

Extracting Relevant Terms from Mashup Descriptions for Service Recommendation

Due to the exploding growth in the number of web services, mashup has emerged as a service composition technique to reuse existing services and create new applications with the least amount of effort. Service recommendation is essential to facilitate mashup developers locating desired component services among a large collection of candidates. However, the majority of existing methods utilize service profiles for content matching, not mashup descriptions. This makes them suffer from vocabulary gap and cold-start problem when recommending components for new mashups. In this paper, we propose a two-step approach to generate high-quality service representation from mashup descriptions. The first step employs a linear discriminant function to assign each term with a component service such that a coarse-grained service representation can be derived. In the second step, a novel probabilistic topic model is proposed to extract relevant terms from coarse-grained service representation. Finally, a score function is designed based on the final high-quality representation to determine recommendations. Experiments on a data set from ProgrammableWeb.com show that the proposed model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Multivariate morphometric investigation to delineate species diversity and stock structure of mud crab Scylla sp. along the coastal regions of Bangladesh

Despite the importance of mud crab species(genus Scylla)in both coastal aquaculture and artisanal fisheries,knowledge of the species diversity and stock structure of mud crab population for their sustainable management across the coastal region of Bangladesh remains obscure.Therefore,the present study was conducted to delineate the diversity and stock structure of mud crab species based on the 24 morphometric length measurements and 27 morphometric ratios data collected from the three coastal regions(Chittagong,Cox’s Bazar and Bagerhat)of Bangladesh.Based on the taxonomic keys,majority of the species(about 82.4%)were identified as S.olivacea,while the remaining(about 17.6%)was S.serrata.In consistent to our preliminary analysis,both the univariate proportion and multivariate analysis of the collected morphometric lengths and ratios data also distinctly divided the mud crabs population into two multivariate spaces as S.serrata and S.olivacea.For the further analysis of the stock structure of these two species,data were subjected to the univariate ANOVA,multivariate ANOVA,Canonical Variate Analysis(CVA),and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)according to their collection sites.Scatter plots of CVA scores between CV1 and CV2 and PCA scores between PC1 and PC2 showed that the individuals of both species clearly made clusters into three multivariate spaces with minimum overlaps according to their collection sites.In morphometric traits Linear Discriminant Function Analysis(LDFA),the average percentage of correctly classified(PCC)into the original groups of the S.olivacea and S.serrata was 100%.For stock discrimination,the average PCC into their original groups of collection sites were 100%and 99%for the S.olivacea and S.serrata,respectively.Finally,dendrogram based on the Euclidean distances consistently separated S.olivacea and S.serrata and stock structures similar to other multivariate analyses.In conclusion,our study shows that S.olivacea is the dominant mud crab species and S.serrata is the minor one,and the stock discrimination of each species should be considered in the management and conservation policy of these species along the coastal region of Bangladesh.

Evaluation of Frontal Sinus Index in Establishing Sex Dimorphism Using Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Northern Saudi Arabian Population

Purpose:Identification of sex of unknown people becomes important in situations of mass disaster.Previous studies have shown that morphological characteristic of frontal sinus is distinctive to particular individual and hence,literature suggests that it can be used in establishing identification of a person.However,few researches have concluded that,its use in detennining sexual dimorphism is limited.Aim:This study aimed to evaluate frontal sinus index using cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)and differentiate sex dimorphism based on the index obtained.Materials and Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken using three-dimensional-CBCT scans.By simple random sampling method,150 scans were selected,out of which 74 were of male and 76 were of female within the age group of20-64 years.The frontal sinus width and the height were measured,and the ratio was taken as frontal sinus index.This index was correlated to the differentiation of sex.Data were analyzed using SPSS,and sex dimorphism was assessed using discriminant function analysis.Results:The mean height of the frontal sinus in both males and females was 30.12±7.6 mm and 30.14±7.8 mm,respectively.The mean width of frontal sinus in males(13.39±3.6 mm)was slightly more than that of females(12.06±3 mm).Conclusion:The parameter frontal sinus index measured using CBCT was found to be a contributing factor in sex determination in forensic identification within the sample population.

Determination of Sex from the Tibia in a Contemporary Sri Lankan Population

Determination of sex from the tibial dimensions has been attempted before in different populations.The formulae developed to determine sex of one population are not appropriate to be applied to another.Seven standard variables including the maximum length of tibia,proximal epiphyseal breadth,distal epiphyseal breadth,minimum circumference of shaft,anteroposterior diameter at nutrient foramen,transverse diameter at the nutrient foramen(TDNF),and circumference at the nutrient foramen obtained from 81 adult tibiae(56 male and 25 female)were analyzed to investigate the sexual dimorphism in the tibial dimensions to establish sex estimating formulae from the tibia in a contemporary Sri Lankan population.Results confirmed the existence of sexual dimorphism of the tibia.Discriminant functions obtained resulted in the classification accuracies ranging from 61.9%to 80.2%.The most dimorphic single parameter in males was the TDNF providing an accuracy of 92.9%,while in females,the minimum circumference of shaft provided an accuracy of 70.4%.The best multivariate equation utilizing two tibial dimensions resulted in an accuracy of 80.2%after cross‑validation.We envisage that sex estimating formulae established in this study for a contemporary Sri Lankan population will contribute toward the biological profiling and identification of unknown skeletal remains.

Comprehensive Application of Multiple Genetic Markers in a Case of Half‑Siblings with the Same Father and Different Mothers and an Avuncular Relationship

Half-sibling(HS)kinship testing is more difficult and complicated.This article describes a case where we sought to establish if three children with different mothers(one boy and two girls),shared a common father.The three children and their mother,as well as the suspected father’s elder brother took part in the identification.To investigate the application of multiple genetic markers in HS kinship testing,autosomal STR,Y-STR,and X-STR was performed on blood samples from the individuals of interest C1(female),M1(mother of C1),C2(male),M2(mother of C2),C3(female),M3(mother of C3),and UC(elder brother of the suspected biological father).The 24 Y-STR haplotypes of C2 and UC were identical,confirming that they come from the same paternal line.Among the 27 X-STRs tested in C1 and C3,18 of them had different paternal alleles,so C1 and C3 were excluded as half-sibling kinship.39 autosomal STR were calculated by ITO method,the HSI(or AI)of the pairs C1-C3,C2-C3,and C3-UC are<1,so HS kinship between C1 and C3,and between C2 and C3 can be excluded and avuncular kinship between C3 and UC can be excluded.The HSI(or AI)of the pairs C1-C2,C1-UC,and C2-UC are much>1,which may supports HS kinship between C1 and C2 and avuncular kinship between C1 and UC,and between C2 and UC.15 autosomal STR were calculated by discriminant function,DHS3>DR3 between C1 and C2,and thus they could be HS.DHS3<DR3 between C1 and C3,and between C2 and C3,so C1 and C3,and C2 and C3 may be unrelated individuals.Based on the above results,we can conclude that a HS relationship may be existed between C1 and C2.There may be a avuncular relationships between C1 and UC and between C2 and UC.HS relationships between C3 and C1 and between C3 and C2 as well as an avuncular relationship between C3 and UC were not supported by this study.The application of multiple genetic marker testing should be more regularly applied in the evaluation of HS and avuncular relationships.Increasing the number of related individuals tested when evaluating kinship relationships provides more data for better identification.

Measurement of the spatial resolution and the relative density resolution in an industrial cone-beam micro computed tomography system

The spatial resolution and the relative density resolution are the two most critical indicators in CT system. The method recommended in the ASTM E1695-95 and GJB 5311-2004 is only suitable to the fan-beam CT system. In this paper, for industrial cone-beam micro CT system, we will adopt the edge response function （ERF） created by the step edges of a steel ball to measure the system 3D PSF and MTF. To describe the contrast discrimination function more accurately, we will first propose to extend the two-dimensional measurement region to the three-dimensional space. Our experimental spatial resolution is （55.56＋0.56） lp/mm and the relative density resolution is 1% within 300 μm×300 μm×300 μm according to the 3σ rule.

Deterministic Pattern Classifier Based on Genetic Programming

This paper proposes a supervised training\|test method with Genetic Programming (GP) for pattern classification. Compared and contrasted with traditional methods with regard to deterministic pattern classifiers, this method is true for both linear separable problems and linear non\|separable problems. For specific training samples, it can formulate the expression of discriminate function well without any prior knowledge. At last, an experiment is conducted, and the result reveals that this system is effective and practical.