Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt are important worldwide fungal diseases on cotton that cause damage to yield and quality.The pathogens survive in soil as microsclerotia for many years,and
Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 10 million people world- wide （Planetta et al., 2014; Zigmond and Smeyne, 2014）. The principal clinical features of PD ...Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 10 million people world- wide （Planetta et al., 2014; Zigmond and Smeyne, 2014）. The principal clinical features of PD are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest and postural instability （Planetta et al., 2014）. It is known that both PD itself and the use of anti-parkinson drugs are associated with several non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric disturbances and sleep, autonomic, and sensory disorders （Park and Stacy, 2009; Foster et al., 2014）. The histopathological hallmark of PD is the reduction of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, causing dopamine deficiency in spe- cific nuclei of the basal ganglia such as the dorsal striatum （Fearnley and Lees, 1991; Planetta et al., 2014）. The disrup- tion of the dopaminergic system has long been regarded as the major cause of PD; however, it has been shown that a widespread involvement of several non-dopaminergic path- ways also contribute to the clinical manifestations of PD （Park et al., 2014）.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV)affects 130-210 million people worldwide and is one of the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.Globally,at least one third of hepatocellular carcinoma cases are attributed to HCV infe...Hepatitis C virus(HCV)affects 130-210 million people worldwide and is one of the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.Globally,at least one third of hepatocellular carcinoma cases are attributed to HCV infection,and 350000 people died from HCV related diseases per year.There is a great geographical variation of HCV infection globally,with risk factors for the HCV infection differing in various countries.The progression of chronic hepatitis C to end-stage liver disease also varies in different study populations.A long-term follow-up cohort enrolling participants with asymptomatic HCV infection is essential for elucidating the natural history of HCV-caused hepatocellular carcinoma,and for exploring potential seromarkers that have high predictability for risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.However,prospective cohorts comprising individuals with HCV infection are still uncommon.The risk evaluation of viral load elevation and associated liver disease/cancer in HCV(REVEAL-HCV)study has followed a cohort of 1095 residents seropositive for antibodies against hepatitis C virus living in seven townships in Taiwan for more than fifteen years.Most of them have acquired HCV infection through iatrogenic transmission routes.As the participants in the REVEALHCV study rarely receive antiviral therapies,it provides a unique opportunity to study the natural history of chronic HCV infection.In this review,the prevalence,risk factors and natural history of HCV infection are comprehensively reviewed.The study cohort,data collection,and findings on liver disease progression of the REVEAL-HCV study are described.展开更多
文摘Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt are important worldwide fungal diseases on cotton that cause damage to yield and quality.The pathogens survive in soil as microsclerotia for many years,and
文摘Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 10 million people world- wide （Planetta et al., 2014; Zigmond and Smeyne, 2014）. The principal clinical features of PD are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest and postural instability （Planetta et al., 2014）. It is known that both PD itself and the use of anti-parkinson drugs are associated with several non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric disturbances and sleep, autonomic, and sensory disorders （Park and Stacy, 2009; Foster et al., 2014）. The histopathological hallmark of PD is the reduction of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, causing dopamine deficiency in spe- cific nuclei of the basal ganglia such as the dorsal striatum （Fearnley and Lees, 1991; Planetta et al., 2014）. The disrup- tion of the dopaminergic system has long been regarded as the major cause of PD; however, it has been shown that a widespread involvement of several non-dopaminergic path- ways also contribute to the clinical manifestations of PD （Park et al., 2014）.
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV)affects 130-210 million people worldwide and is one of the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.Globally,at least one third of hepatocellular carcinoma cases are attributed to HCV infection,and 350000 people died from HCV related diseases per year.There is a great geographical variation of HCV infection globally,with risk factors for the HCV infection differing in various countries.The progression of chronic hepatitis C to end-stage liver disease also varies in different study populations.A long-term follow-up cohort enrolling participants with asymptomatic HCV infection is essential for elucidating the natural history of HCV-caused hepatocellular carcinoma,and for exploring potential seromarkers that have high predictability for risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.However,prospective cohorts comprising individuals with HCV infection are still uncommon.The risk evaluation of viral load elevation and associated liver disease/cancer in HCV(REVEAL-HCV)study has followed a cohort of 1095 residents seropositive for antibodies against hepatitis C virus living in seven townships in Taiwan for more than fifteen years.Most of them have acquired HCV infection through iatrogenic transmission routes.As the participants in the REVEALHCV study rarely receive antiviral therapies,it provides a unique opportunity to study the natural history of chronic HCV infection.In this review,the prevalence,risk factors and natural history of HCV infection are comprehensively reviewed.The study cohort,data collection,and findings on liver disease progression of the REVEAL-HCV study are described.
