C-H-F氛围下金刚石薄膜的低温CVD生长过程分析

基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论对C-H-F氛围下低温CVD金刚石薄膜的生长过程进行仿真分析,计算H、F原子在氢终止金刚石表面发生萃取反应的吸附能、反应热与反应能垒,并分析CF_(3)、CF_(2)、CF 3种生长基团在带有活性位点基底上的吸附。结果表明:与H原子相比,F原子更容易在氢终止金刚石表面萃出H,并以HF形式脱附,且在C-H-F氛围下有利于在低温时产生更多的活性位点;CF_(3)、CF_(2)、CF基团在吸附后的结构和吸附能绝对值都更有利于金刚石相的生成,适当提高CF_(3)、CF_(2)、CF基团的浓度有助于实现金刚石相的更高速率生长。

退火处理对CVD生长石墨烯薄膜功函数的影响

通过退火处理去除了石墨烯薄膜上的吸附气体和杂质,改变了石墨烯表面吸附情况.利用原子力显微镜和开尔文扫描探针显微镜,对退火处理前后的石墨烯薄膜表面进行了原位扫描,分别得到其退火前、后的表面形貌和表面接触电势差图.根据表面接触电势差测量结果进一步计算其功函数,并对退火处理导致的功函数变化机理进行分析.结果表明:退火处理使得石墨烯薄膜与SiO_(2)衬底间的水分子层逸出,从而导致石墨烯薄膜与SiO_(2)衬底间距减小,降低了石墨烯薄膜的P型掺杂水平,使得费米能级上升、石墨烯薄膜功函数减小.

Mist CVD生长的雾滴迁移与早期沉积研究

第三代半导体材料α-Ga_(2)O_(3)因其超宽带隙(5.3 eV)和超高巴利加优值(6726)在制造高功率器件等电子器件方面更具优势。在α-Ga_(2)O_(3)的诸多生长方法中,Mist CVD简化了前体输运,是亚稳相薄膜较有前景的生长技术。针对早期雾滴分布会制约薄膜质量的问题,使用计算流体力学(CFD)对α-Ga_(2)O_(3)的水平热壁Mist CVD系统进行了多相流反应的瞬态数值仿真研究。基于雾滴迁移与气化模型,研究影响雾滴蒸发时间的因素,解释了雾滴迁移长度对初始外延质量和平均生长速率的作用。在影响α-Ga_(2)O_(3)薄膜生长分布的诸多变量中,对衬底温度、衬底位置及衬底角度等关键参数进行了优化。结果表明,26.5°的衬底角度、距离出口78 cm的衬底位置和550℃的衬底温度具有较好的雾滴迁移分布,是有利于薄膜成核生长的优化条件,为实际生长与制备提供生长参数。

The role of exosomes in adult neurogenesis:implications for neurodegenerative diseases

Exosomes are cup-shaped extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer that is approximately 30 to 200 nm in thickness.Exosomes are widely distributed in a range of body fluids,including urine,blood,milk,and saliva.Exosomes exert biological function by transporting factors between different cells and by regulating biological pathways in recipient cells.As an important form of intercellular communication,exosomes are increasingly being investigated due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules such as lipids,proteins,mRNAs,and microRNAs between cells,and because they can regulate physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system.Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process by which new neurons are generated and migrate to be integrated into existing neuronal circuits.In the adult brain,neurogenesis is mainly localized in two specialized niches:the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus.An increasing body of evidence indicates that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions with the niches.In recent studies,exosomes released from different sources of cells were shown to play an active role in regulating neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo,thereby participating in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders in patients and in various disease models.Here,we provide a state-of-the-art synopsis of existing research that aimed to identify the diverse components of exosome cargoes and elucidate the therapeutic potential of exosomal contents in the regulation of neurogenesis in several neurodegenerative diseases.We emphasize that exosomal cargoes could serve as a potential biomarker to monitor functional neurogenesis in adults.In addition,exosomes can also be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various neurodegenerative disorders by improving endogenous neurogenesis to mitigate neuronal loss in the central nervous system.

新型CVD金刚石涂层刀具铣削高性能各向同性石墨研究

利用自主研发的新型CVD金刚石复合涂层刀具对自行研制的高密高强各向同性石墨材料进行了铣削加工试验,对比测试了新型CVD金刚石复合涂层刀具与PCD刀具的切削性能。试验结果表明,PCD刀具铣削加工25min其后刀面磨损已超过磨钝标准0.3 mm,新型CVD金刚石复合涂层刀具加工到45 min时,其后刀面磨损量仅为0.25 mm,这说明新型CVD金刚石复合涂层刀具高速铣削石墨时表现出良好的耐磨性和使用寿命,可以适应高性能各向同性石墨的加工需求。铣削加工试验还发现新型CVD金刚石复合涂层刀具加工的石墨表面质量在初期不如PCD刀具,但在更长时间加工情况下,其加工表面质量优于PCD刀具。

Antisense therapy:a potential breakthrough in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons in the central or peripheral nervous system.Currently,there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases and this means a heavy burden for patients and the health system worldwide.Therefore,it is necessary to find new therapeutic approaches,and antisense therapies offer this possibility,having the great advantage of not modifying cellular genome and potentially being safer.Many preclinical and clinical studies aim to test the safety and effectiveness of antisense therapies in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.The objective of this review is to summarize the recent advances in the development of these new technologies to treat the most common neurodegenerative diseases,with a focus on those antisense therapies that have already received the approval of the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.

The History of Controlling and Treating Infectious Diseases in Ancient China

Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.

Correlation between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases:a review of metagenomics evidence

A growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.As a contributing factor,microbiota dysbiosis always occurs in pathological changes of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.High-throughput sequencing technology has helped to reveal that the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system is facilitated by the microbiota’s diverse microorganisms,and for both neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems.Here,we summarize the bioinformatics analysis and wet-biology validation for the gut metagenomics in neurodegenerative diseases,with an emphasis on multi-omics studies and the gut virome.The pathogen-associated signaling biomarkers for identifying brain disorders and potential therapeutic targets are also elucidated.Finally,we discuss the role of diet,prebiotics,probiotics,postbiotics and exercise interventions in remodeling the microbiome and reducing the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.

Genome-edited rabbits:Unleashing the potential of a promising experimental animal model across diverse diseases

Animal models are extensively used in all aspects of biomedical research,with substantial contributions to our understanding of diseases,the development of pharmaceuticals,and the exploration of gene functions.The field of genome modification in rabbits has progressed slowly.However,recent advancements,particularly in CRISPR/Cas9-related technologies,have catalyzed the successful development of various genome-edited rabbit models to mimic diverse diseases,including cardiovascular disorders,immunodeficiencies,agingrelated ailments,neurological diseases,and ophthalmic pathologies.These models hold great promise in advancing biomedical research due to their closer physiological and biochemical resemblance to humans compared to mice.This review aims to summarize the novel gene-editing approaches currently available for rabbits and present the applications and prospects of such models in biomedicine,underscoring their impact and future potential in translational medicine.

氮化硼包覆碳化硅纤维表面CVD法生长碳纳米管研究

目的通过调节化学气相沉积(CVD)的工艺参数,实现碳纳米管(CNTs)在氮化硼(BN)包覆的碳化硅纤维(SiCf)表面的可控生长。方法通过控制单一变量,采用扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、X射线光电子能谱等表征手段,系统地研究了CVD工艺参数和BN表面改性对CNTs形貌、长度、含量的影响。结果通过改变CVD工艺参数,实现了对CNTs形貌、长度、含量的调节与控制,获得了CNTs和BN协同改性的SiC纤维(SiC@BN-CNTs)。其中,SiC@BN-OH在反应温度为700℃、反应时间为20 min等参数下具有最大的CNTs产率(质量分数为10.6%),且形貌良好、含量较高。结论浸渍催化剂和缩短碳源与载体的距离对生长CNTs有积极影响,增加了CNTs的长度和生长密度;通过调节反应温度和时间能够实现对CNTs长度、含量的精确控制,从而获得高质量、高结晶度的CNTs;在反应器中,气体和催化剂的含量相互影响,在制备过程中需要考虑气体和催化剂的比例,按比例同时增加气体和催化剂的流入速率能够获得更好的结果。BN表面羟基化改性处理增强了BN对催化剂的吸附,促进了催化剂颗粒的分散,提高了CNTs的产率。

Role of CD36 in central nervous system diseases

CD36 is a highly glycosylated integral membrane protein that belongs to the scavenger receptor class B family and regulates the pathological progress of metabolic diseases.CD36 was recently found to be widely expressed in various cell types in the nervous system,including endothelial cells,pericytes,astrocytes,and microglia.CD36 mediates a number of regulatory processes,such as endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress,mitochondrial dysfunction,and inflammatory responses,which are involved in many central nervous system diseases,such as stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and spinal cord injury.CD36 antagonists can suppress CD36 expression or prevent CD36 binding to its ligand,thereby achieving inhibition of CD36-mediated pathways or functions.Here,we reviewed the mechanisms of action of CD36 antagonists,such as Salvianolic acid B,tanshinone IIA,curcumin,sulfosuccinimidyl oleate,antioxidants,and small-molecule compounds.Moreover,we predicted the structures of binding sites between CD36 and antagonists.These sites can provide targets for more efficient and safer CD36 antagonists for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Toward understanding the role of genomic repeat elements in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases cause great medical and economic burdens for both patients and society;however, the complex molecular mechanisms thereof are not yet well understood. With the development of high-coverage sequencing technology, researchers have started to notice that genomic repeat regions, previously neglected in search of disease culprits, are active contributors to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the association between repeat element variants and multiple degenerative diseases through genome-wide association studies and targeted sequencing. We discuss the identification of disease-relevant repeat element variants, further powered by the advancement of long-read sequencing technologies and their related tools, and summarize recent findings in the molecular mechanisms of repeat element variants in brain degeneration, such as those causing transcriptional silencing or RNA-mediated gain of toxic function. Furthermore, we describe how in silico predictions using innovative computational models, such as deep learning language models, could enhance and accelerate our understanding of the functional impact of repeat element variants. Finally, we discuss future directions to advance current findings for a better understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and the clinical applications of genomic repeat elements.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone:a potential neuroprotective compound for neurodegenerative diseases targeting metabolism

Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a quinone described as a cofactor for many bacterial dehydrogenases and is reported to exert an effect on metabolism in mammalian cells/tissues.Pyrroloquinoline quinone is present in the diet being available in foodstuffs,conferring the potential of this compound to be supplemented by dietary administration.Pyrroloquinoline quinone’s nutritional role in mammalian health is supported by the extensive deficits in reproduction,growth,and immunity resulting from the dietary absence of pyrroloquinoline quinone,and as such,pyrroloquinoline quinone has been considered as a“new vitamin.”Although the classification of pyrroloquinoline quinone as a vitamin needs to be properly established,the wide range of benefits for health provided has been reported in many studies.In this respect,pyrroloquinoline quinone seems to be particularly involved in regulating cell signaling pathways that promote metabolic and mitochondrial processes in many experimental contexts,thus dictating the rationale to consider pyrroloquinoline quinone as a vital compound for mammalian life.Through the regulation of different metabolic mechanisms,pyrroloquinoline quinone may improve clinical deficits where dysfunctional metabolism and mitochondrial activity contribute to induce cell damage and death.Pyrroloquinoline quinone has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective properties in different experimental models of neurodegeneration,although the link between pyrroloquinoline quinone-promoted metabolism and improved neuronal viability in some of such contexts is still to be fully elucidated.Here,we review the general properties of pyrroloquinoline quinone and its capacity to modulate metabolic and mitochondrial mechanisms in physiological contexts.In addition,we analyze the neuroprotective properties of pyrroloquinoline quinone in different neurodegenerative conditions and consider future perspectives for pyrroloquinoline quinone’s potential in health and disease.

The Importance of Setting Treatment Goals for Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: Guidelines are issued by most major organizations that focus on a specific disease entity. Guidelines should be a significant help to the practicing physician who may not be up-to-date with the recent medical literature. Unfortunately, when conflicting guidelines for a specific disease are published, confusion results. Purpose: This article provides a suggested guideline outcome measure that would benefit the physician and patient. Methods: A review of 19 different guidelines for cardiovascular disease treatment is one example of the lack of specific outcomes that currently exist. The basic problem with most guidelines is that they do not state the expected end result (i.e., the benefit to the patient) if that guideline is followed. When guidelines use cardiovascular disease risk factors to dictate therapy, the end benefit is never stated so that the patient can make an appropriate choice of which (if any) guideline to follow. Results: A good example is guidelines published by the American Heart Association for reducing cardiovascular disease. These guidelines are risk factor based and only indicate that cardiovascular disease would be reduced if followed. No specific percentage in the reduction of the incidence of disease is given. In contrast, when elimination of the disease is the stated goal of the guideline, the end result is clear. To date, this goal has been stated by only one organization devoted to eliminating cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Guidelines need to be written to provide the physician and the patient with a specific end point that is expected when the guideline is followed. Patient acceptance and compliance will be much improved if the patient knows the risk/benefit of following the guideline’s recommendations.

NADPH oxidase 4(NOX4)as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases

Diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NADPH oxidase 4, is viewed as a potential therapeutic touchstone and indicative marker for these ailments. This in-depth review brings to light distinct features of NADPH oxidase 4, responsible for generating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing its pivotal role in activating glial cells, inciting inflammation, and disturbing neuronal functions. Significantly, malfunctioning astrocytes, forming the majority in the central nervous system, play a part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases, due to their reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor secretion. Our study reveals that aiming at NADPH oxidase 4 within astrocytes could be a viable treatment pathway to reduce oxidative damage and halt neurodegenerative processes. Adjusting NADPH oxidase 4 activity might influence the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, including myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, offering better prospects for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This review sheds light on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in neural degeneration, emphasizing its drug target potential, and paving the path for novel treatment approaches to combat these severe conditions.

Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International

Copyright 2024,Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International.All rights reserved.www.hbpdint.com.General information.Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the English language by the First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou,China.

Identification of Early Warning Signals of Infectious Diseases in Hospitals by Integrating Clinical Treatment and Disease Prevention

The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.

Applications of deep learning for detecting ophthalmic diseases with ultrawide-field fundus

AIM:To summarize the application of deep learning in detecting ophthalmic disease with ultrawide-field fundus images and analyze the advantages,limitations,and possible solutions common to all tasks.METHODS:We searched three academic databases,including PubMed,Web of Science,and Ovid,with the date of August 2022.We matched and screened according to the target keywords and publication year and retrieved a total of 4358 research papers according to the keywords,of which 23 studies were retrieved on applying deep learning in diagnosing ophthalmic disease with ultrawide-field images.RESULTS:Deep learning in ultrawide-field images can detect various ophthalmic diseases and achieve great performance,including diabetic retinopathy,glaucoma,age-related macular degeneration,retinal vein occlusions,retinal detachment,and other peripheral retinal diseases.Compared to fundus images,the ultrawide-field fundus scanning laser ophthalmoscopy enables the capture of the ocular fundus up to 200°in a single exposure,which can observe more areas of the retina.CONCLUSION:The combination of ultrawide-field fundus images and artificial intelligence will achieve great performance in diagnosing multiple ophthalmic diseases in the future.

ATP-binding cassette transporters as possible targets for the intervention of neurodegenerative diseases

ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters are ubiquitous membrane-bound proteins that are responsible for the translocation of a broad spectrum of substrates across cellular membranes,including lipids,amino acids,nucleosides,sugars,and xenobiotics.Interestingly,ABC transporters are highly expressed in the brain.While their functions in the brain still need to be elucidated,several members are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease(AD),Parkinson’s disease(PD),and frontotemporal dementia.In this perspective,we will review current knowledge of ABC transporters in the central nervous system in terms of physiological functions and pathology in neurodegeneration.Furthermore,we will explore the possibilities of ABC transporters as potential targets in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.

Emerging roles of exosomes in oral diseases progression

Oral diseases, such as periodontitis, salivary gland diseases, and oral cancers, significantly challenge health conditions due to their detrimental effects on patient's digestive functions, pronunciation, and esthetic demands. Delayed diagnosis and non-targeted treatment profoundly influence patients' prognosis and quality of life. The exploration of innovative approaches for early detection and precise treatment represents a promising frontier in oral medicine.