Removal of disinfection by-products formation potential by biologically intensified process

The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation(R 2=0.9562 and R 2=0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R 2=0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV 254 (R 2=0.855 and R 2=0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.

Removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potential by bioaugmentation activated carbon process

The high-active bacteria were screened from 8 dominant bacteria obtained from the natural water body,and then the bioaugmentation activated carbon was formed by hydraulic immobilization of the high-active bacteria. Plant-scale studies on removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potentials (DBPFP) by bioaugmentation activated carbon process were conducted for micro-polluted raw water treatment. The results show that the bioaugmentation activated carbon process has adopted better purification efficiency to THMFP and HAAFP than traditional biological activated carbon process,and that average removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP can reach 35% and 39.7% during the test period,increasing by more than 10% compared with traditional biological activated carbon process. The removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP are stable because of the biodegradation of the high-active bacteria and the adsorption of active carbon. The biodegradability of CHCl3 formation potential is better as compared with that of CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 formation potentials among THMFP,and high removal efficiency of CHCl3formation potential is obtained by bioaugmentation degradation of the high-active bacteria. The biodegradability of HAAFP is better in comparison with that of THMFP,and the chemical properties of HAAFP are propitious to adsorption of activated carbon. Thus,HAAFP is on predominance during the competitive removal process with THMFP.

Characterization of NOM and THM formation potential in eutrophic reservoir water

Resin adsorption technique with XAD-8 and XAD-4 was used to characterize the raw water from Erlong reservoir in Jilin province of China. The NOM chemical composition sequences of four organic fractions in the raw water, from high to low, are fulvic acid （FA） fraction, hydrophilic non-acid （HPINA） fraction, hydrophilic acid （HPIA） fraction, and humic acid （HA） fraction. Experimental results show that FA is the main precursor of THMFP among the four organic fractions. However, HA or hydrophobie acid exhibits the highest chlorination activity in forming THMs. It is also found that the value of FI/DOC or SUVA and the specific THMFP have better positive correlation. It is implied that certain source water has unique nature of NOM and DBPs.

Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation in the surface and ground water treatment plants using Yellow River as water source

This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products （C-DBPs, N-DBPs） upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant （SWTP and GWTP） where the conventional treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration were employed. Twenty DBPs, including four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids, seven N-DBPs （dichloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroace- tonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane）, and eight volatile chlorinated compounds （dichloromethane （DCM）, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene） were detected in the two WTPs. The concentrations of these contaminants were all below their corresponding maximum contamination levels （MCLs） regulated by the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China （GB5749-2006） except for DCM （17.1 ~tg/L detected vs. 20 μg/L MCL）. The SWTP had much higher concentrations of DBPs detected in the treated water as well as the DBP formation potentials tested in the filtered water than the GWTP, probably because more precursors （e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen） were present in the water source of the SWTE

Characteristics of typical dissolved black carbons and their influence on the formation of disinfection by-products in chlor(am)ination

Dissolved black carbon(DBC)released from biochar can be one of the potential disinfection by-products(DBPs)precursors in the dissolved organic matter pool.However,the physiochemical and structural properties of DBC and the effects on the development of DBPs and DBP formation potential(DBPFP)during the disinfection process remain unclear.In this study,the characteristics of two kinds of DBC,namely,animal-derived DBC(poultry litter DBC,PL-DBC)and plant-derived DBC(wheat straw DBC,WS-DBC),were investigated.The effects of different kinds of DBC on the evolution of DBPs and DBPFP in chlorine and chloramine disinfection processes were compared with natural organic matter(NOM).The results showed that the total DBPs concentrations derived from PL-DBC,WS-DBC and NOM were similar during chlorination(i.e.,61.23µg/L,64.59µg/L and 64.66µg/L,respectively)and chloramination(i.e.,44.63µg/L,44.42µg/L and 45.58µg/L,respectively).The lower total DBPs and DBPFP concentrations in chloramination could be attributed to the fact that the introduction of ammonia in chloramine inhibited the breaking of the bond between the disinfectant and the active group of the precursor.Additionally,DBC presented much lower total DBPFP concentrations than NOM in both chlorination and chloramination.However,both kinds of DBC tended to form more monochloroacetic acids and haloacetamides than NOM,which could result from the higher organic strength,higher protein matter,and nitrogen-rich soluble microbial products of DBC.

Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes： Formation potential and integrated toxicity

The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials（FPs） of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products（DBPs）（including carbonaceous DBPs（C-DBPs）, nitrogenous DBPs（N-DBPs）, and iodinated DBPs（I-DBPs）） with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment（coagulation–sedimentation, pre-sand filtration）, ozone-biological activated carbon（O_3-BAC） advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated.The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide,and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O_3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON.After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles（HANs）》haloacetamides（HAMs） 〉haloacetic acids（HAAs） 〉 trihalomethanes（THMs） 〉 halonitromethanes（HNMs） 》I-DBPs（I-HAMs and I-THMs）. I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.

微污染引黄水库水中有机物特性研究

为解决有机微污染水源水的工艺选择问题,以黄河下游地区某引黄水库为研究对象,分析了有机物含量的年度变化规律,研究了比紫外吸收值(SUVA)、分子质量分布、消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)、嗅味物质等有机污染特性.结果表明:引黄水库水有机物含量全年变化幅度不大,耗氧量平均为2.32 mg/L,UV254平均为0.045 cm-1,ρ(DOC)平均为2.32 mg/L;但芳香化构造程度较高,以小分子有机物为主,分子质量<3 ku的约占总量的70%;消毒副产物生成势较高,以三卤甲烷为主,占DBPFP总量的94.6%,其中CHCl3占77%;二甲基异崁醇含量较高,呈季节性变化,主要由蓝藻中的浮丝藻、颤藻等的代谢产生;引黄水库水有机物特性与黄河来水水质、沉砂调蓄过程及水力停留时间等因素有关,适宜选择臭氧活性炭深度工艺进行处理.

巢湖水中溶解性有机物分子大小分布、亲疏水性与消毒副产物的生成势

以微污染巢湖原水为研究对象,考察了原水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分子大小分布模式和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并对其氯化消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成潜能进行了系统研究。巢湖原水中的DOM主要以小分子的形式存在。亲疏水性组分的分布为:强疏水组分占43.48%,弱疏水组分占17.39%,亲水组分占39.13%。在微污染巢湖原水有机物中,分子大小(MS)<1 kDa和10~30kDa的组分具有最大的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤代酮(HKs)等含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)生成潜能;同时,MS为5~10 kDa的有机物具有较高的二氯乙腈(DCAN)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)等含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)生成潜能。不同亲疏水性组分的THMs和HKs生成潜能从大到小依次均为强疏水组分>亲水组分>弱疏水组分。同时,强疏水组分生成最多的N-DBPS,弱疏水组分次之,而亲水组分最少。

原水输水管道中消毒副产物生成势的影响因素

研究太湖流域某水厂原水输送管道沿程消毒副产物的生成势变化,并利用皮尔逊相关性分析其影响因素。结果表明:三氯甲烷生成势最高,二氯乙醛生成势最低;总生成势由高到低依次为三卤甲烷类、卤乙酸类、卤乙醛类;氯代副产物生成势的质量浓度约为溴代副产物的6.25倍;除二氯乙酸外的消毒副产物生成势出水相较于进水升高了18.61%~664.22%。此外,预氯化管段中各类副产物生成势及沿程升高比例基本高于未加氯管段,两管段变化趋势基本一致。温度与除一氯二溴甲烷外的三类甲烷类副产物生成势呈正相关;氨氮与各类副产物总生成势呈负相关;DOC与三卤甲烷类副产物生成势呈良好正相关,但与卤乙酸和卤乙醛类副产物生成势相关性不强,因而其可能适宜作为三卤甲烷生成势的指标;管道停留时间与大多数消毒副产物生成势正相关性良好。

臭氧投加量对微污染淮河原水中消毒副产物前体物去除效果的影响

淮河流域某水源水面临微量有机污染物种类增多、藻类季节性暴发而导致消毒副产物前体物增多的问题。试验在淮河流域某水厂建立的深度处理中试装置进行,重点探讨不同臭氧投加量条件下各处理单元对三卤甲烷前体物(THMFP)与卤乙酸前体物(HAAFP)的去除规律。结果表明,预臭氧-强化常规处理(生物强化滤柱)工艺主要去除三氯甲烷前体物(TCMFP),去除率为70.2%;臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)深度处理单元以去除二溴一氯甲烷前体物(CDBMFP)为主,去除率为56.8%。针对卤乙酸前体物(HAAFP),预臭氧-强化常规单元和O3-BAC深度处理单元都以去除二氯乙酸前体物(DCAAFP)为主,去除率分别为67.9%和45.5%。当预臭氧投加量为1.1 mg/L,主臭氧投加量为2 mg/L时,整个工艺对TTHMFP及THAAFP的去除率分别可达78.1%和52.4%,说明采用预氧化-强化常规处理-深度处理组合工艺可以有效去除水中的消毒副产物前体物,保障出厂水水质安全。

Effect of activated sludge treatment on the formation of N–nitrosamines under different chloramination conditions

Municipal wastewater discharge is considered as one of the main sources of N-nitrosamine precursors which can impact the qualities of downstream source waters and reclaimed wastewaters for potable reuse. N –Nitrosamine precursors can be removed to various degrees during biological wastewater treatment(e.g., the activated sludge(AS) process). So far, little is known about the impact of the AS process on N-nitrosamine formation under practical disinfection condition(e.g., uniform formation condition(UFC)). In this study, N-nitrosamine UFC from selected model compounds, sewage components(i.e., blackwaters and greywaters) and sewage samples were comprehensively investigated during batch AS treatment tests. N –Nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) formation from the tested precursor compounds(i.e., trimethylamine(TMA) and sumatriptan(SMTR)) under UFC chloramination decreased mostly after 6 or 24 hr treatment with different types of AS(i.e., domestic rural AS, domestic urban AS, and textile AS), and the reductions in NDMA UFC were comparable to their NDMA formation potential(FP) reductions. In urine and feces blackwaters, NDMA UFC increased after 6 or 24 hr treatment with the domestic(i.e., rural and urban) AS, while NDMA FP decreased substantially. The increases in NDMA UFC after AS treatment was presumably attributed to the removal of bulk organic matters(e.g., dissolved organic carbon(DOC)) which favored NDMA formation under UFC. On the other hand, in laundry greywaters having relatively abundant DOC, N-nitrosamine UFC was less affected by DOC removal before or after AS treatment, but decreased to similar degrees with N-nitrosamine FP. In sewage samples collected from wastewater treatment plants, N-nitrosamines UFC tended to increase or remain constant during AS treatment, despite the decreases in their FPs. These results suggest that biological wastewater treatment(e.g., the AS process) may not effectively reduce N-nitrosamine formation(e.g., measured under UFC) partially because the concurrent removal of bulk organic matters(e.g., DOC) favored N-nitrosamine formation in s econdary effluents.

南水北调丹江口水库原水有机物分子组成规律及其强化混凝处理的效能对比

以取自南水北调中线工程的丹江口水库原水作为研究对象,考察了丹江口水库原水中有机物的分子量大小和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并确定了其所适用的强化混凝工艺条件.分离试验表明,丹江口原水中有机物主要以小分子量形式存在.其中,<1 000组分的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254所占比例最大,分别为39.98%和39.10%,且此区间还具有最高的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP).亲疏水性方面,原水中弱疏水性组分含量最高,疏水性有机物的比例用DOC表征时超过80%.强疏水性组分含量最低但是强疏水性组分的THMFP最大,占总量的57.31%,而各组分的NDBPFP则相差不大.混凝试验表明,当采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS,4 mg·L-1)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,0.4 mg·L-1)处理丹江口原水时,强化混凝效果最好,可实现较为有效的去除浊度(76.33%)、DOC(25.57%)、UV254(37.78%)及THMFP(23.16%).本研究成果可为南水北调河南受水区既有水厂升级改造与工艺的优化运行提供有效的理论和技术支持.