Evolution of the Madrean-Tethyan disjunctions and the North and South American amphitropical disjunctions in plants

The present paper reviews advances in the study of two major intercontinental disjunct biogeographic patterns： （i） between Eurasian and western North American deserts with the Mediterranean climate （the Madrean- Tethyan disjunctions）; and （ii） between the temperate regions of North and South America （the amphitropical disjunctions）. Both disjunct patterns have multiple times of origin. The amphitropical disjunctions have largely resulted from long-distance dispersal, primarily from the Miocene to the Holocene, with available data indicating that most lineages dispersed from North to South America. Results of recent studies on the Mediterranean disjuncts between the deserts of Eurasia and western North America support the multiple modes of origin and are mostly consistent with hypotheses of long-distance dispersal and the North Atlantic migration. Axelrod＇s Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis, which implies vicariance between the two regions in the early Tertiary, has been favored by a few studies. The Beringian migration corridor for semiarid taxa is also supported in some cases.

Symphyseal Disjunction after Dystocic Vaginal Delivery: About Two Cases at the SourôSanou University Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso (CHUSS)

Diastasis of the symphysis pubis is a rare postpartum complication. We report two cases of symphysis diastasis after dystocic delivery, in two patients who presented in the postpartum period with functional impotence, pubalgia and acute urine retention. A frontal radiograph of the pelvis confirmed the diagnosis, showing a symphyseal separation of 12 mm and 18 mm. In our case, management was mainly medical, with a favorable clinical outcome.

《阿凡达》:后工业社会的必然神话——兼论一部好电影呈现的影像世界

电影的技术创新在科技飞速发展的今天日益引人关注。但除此之外,好电影呈现的影像世界还应该在与现实人生的关联、形而上想象界的创设与人物主体新世界的建构等方面也都有优秀的表现,詹姆斯·卡梅隆的《阿凡达》运用高新拍摄技术近乎完美地实现了这一点。影片既有对科技极度发达、资本无限扩张而人却倍感断裂与锁闭、孤独与恐惧的后工业社会生活图景的真实呈现,也有对象征着人类自由完整生命归宿的潘多拉星球的奇丽想象,还有对处在两个世界夹缝中的人物内心情感和主体身份重构的探寻。影片让人们观照人类现在所做的一切,思考将来可能发生的后果,并在电影创造的神话般的宇宙生命图景中寻找到灵魂皈依。因此,《阿凡达》成为进入高度信息化智能化时代的人们集体缅怀和反思现代性生活的价值参照,具有超越其自身文本的当代电影生产的社会学意义,它是后工业社会必然产生的神话。相比之下,《阿凡达2:水之道》这三方面的表现则相形见绌。

周惠芳“形神观”辨治经间期出血所致不孕经验

周惠芳提出从“形神观”论治经间期出血所致不孕,认为本病病机为心肾不交、水火失济,是以经后期阴精不足、血海不能滋长,经间期不达重阴、热扰冲任,从而出现经间期出血、影响两精相合以致不孕。在治疗本病时,周惠芳在调周分期论治基础上,重视调心宁神,使神静则生水、水充则能制火,水火相互制约,避免火旺破血妄行,在临床上每获良效。

武当山神道上的牛女传说及其“再生隐喻”

武当山神道上的“牛女传说”,在主调和伴音之外,亦有变奏相生。这些“再生隐喻”以变奏的形态承续演绎,表现为“悖论性离合”与“局限性许可”两重维域。前者的力度在于“强化”,后者的重心在于“去势”,二者两相协和,共同完成神话意蕴的新造与再生。

Phylogenetic analysis of Toxicodendron(Anacardiaceae) and its biogeographic implications on the evolution of north temperate and tropical intercontinental disjunctions

Toxicodendron is a genus in the Rhus complex of Anacardiaceae with a disjunct distribution between eastern Asia and North America, extending to southeastern Asia and the neotropics. Nuclear （internal transcribed spacer, external transcribed spacer, and NIA-i3） and chloroplast （ndhF and trnL-F） sequences were used to construct phylogenetic relationships of Toxicodendron. Phylogenetic analysis of these data strongly support Toxieodendron as a monophyletic group distinct from other genera of the Rhus complex, and the phylogeny does not fully corroborate classification at the sectional level. Two temperate disjunct lineages were detected, one from section Toxicodendron and the other between the eastern North American Toxicodendron vernix and the eastern Asian Toxicodendron vernieifluum. Their divergence times were estimated to be 13.46 （7.95-19.42） and 7.53 （2.76-12.86） mya, respectively. The disjunction between section Griffithii （taxa from warm temperate to tropical Asia） and Toxieodendron striatum （from the neotropics） was supported and their divergence time was estimated to be 20.84 （11.1 6-30.52） mya in the early Miocene. Our biogeographic results and the paleontological data support the Bering land bridge as the most likely route to explain the temperate disjunctions, yet the tropical disjunction in Toxicodendron seems to be best explained by the North Atlantic land bridge hypothesis.

食管部分断离法在腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术食管-空肠吻合中的应用

目的总结食管部分断离法在上部胃癌腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术食管-空肠吻合中的手术经验,评价其临床效果及安全性。方法回顾性分析新乡医学院第一附属医院普外科行腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术+食管-空肠Roux-en-Y重建手术治疗的28例胃癌患者临床资料。应用食管部分断离法完成圆形吻合器抵钉座包埋。观察患者手术时间、食管-空肠吻合重建时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目、术后排气时间、术后住院时间以及吻合口瘘、发热、术后出血、切口感染、吻合口狭窄等术后并发症发生情况。结果28例患者均顺利完成腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术+食管-空肠Roux-en-Y手术。手术时间(193±42)min,食管-空肠吻合重建时间(26.2±4.3)min,术中出血量为(109±32)ml,淋巴结清扫数目(28.1±7.2)枚;术后并发症发生率为14.3%(4/28),其中发热2例、术后肠道动力不足2例;术后排气时间为(3.4±0.8)d,术后住院时间(10.4±1.1)d。所有患者均未发生腹部切口感染、术后出血、吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄。结论食管部分断离法在上部胃癌腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术食管-空肠吻合中应用,吻合操作简单,且安全可行。

名中医胡跃强基于“扶阳三焦次第法”论治顽固性失眠经验

总结胡跃强教授基于“扶阳三焦次第法”治疗顽固性失眠经验。胡跃强教授认为三焦阳虚是顽固性失眠的根本病因,从三焦阳虚导致心肺失降、脾胃气机失调、肝肾失升,分析顽固性失眠的发病机制。根据三焦是人体气血、水火运行的通道,是调和阴阳的关键枢机,阳气以温为用、常易亏易损等生理特点,在治法上采用“三焦次第法”即桂枝法宣通中上二焦,四逆法温固下焦,并倡导择时服药的诊疗思想,疗效显著。

析取回答集程序设计结构化测试方法

针对析取回答集程序的结构化测试基础理论匮乏的问题,系统化地提出析取回答集程序结构化测试覆盖的概念。首先,定义针对析取回答集程序的测试用例,确立析取回答集程序的主要测试实体为程序中的逻辑规则;其次,通过对规则的头、规则的体、规则的集合等不同测试目标构建了规则覆盖、定义覆盖、环覆盖等基本概念来模拟结构化测试中的语句覆盖、分支覆盖等概念;最后,提出了析取回答集程序的测试覆盖率计算公式,并举例说明各种覆盖下的覆盖率计算方法,并讨论了析取回答集程序的部分特殊性质和关键指标。

Phylogenetic diversity of eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct plants is mainly associated with divergence time

The underlying causes of biodiversity disparities among geographic regions have long been a fundamental theme in ecology and evolution.However,the patterns of phylogenetic diversity(PD) and phylogenetic beta diversity(PBD) of congeners that are disjunctly distributed between eastern Asia-eastern North America(EA-ENA disjuncts) and their associated factors remain unknown.Here we investigated the standardized effect size of PD(SES-PD),PBD,and potentially associated factors in 11natural mixed forest sites(five in EA and six in ENA) where abundant EA-ENA disjuncts occur.We found that the disjuncts in ENA possessed higher SES-PD than those in EA at the continental scale(1.96vs-1.12),even though the number of disjunct species in ENA is much lower than in EA(128 vs 263).SESPD of the EA-ENA disjuncts tended to decrease with increasing latitude in 11 sites.The latitudinal diversity gradient of SES-PD was stronger in EA sites than in ENA sites.Based on the unweighted unique fraction metric(UniFrac) distance and the phylogenetic community dissimilarity,PBD showed that the two northern sites in EA were more similar to the six-site ENA group than to the remaining southern EA sites.Based on the standardized effect size of mean pairwise distances(SES-MPD),nine of eleven studied sites showed a neutral community structure(-1.96 ≤SES-MPD ≤1.96).Both Pearson’s r and structural equation modeling suggested that SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts was mostly associated with mean divergence time.Moreover,SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts was positively correlated with temperaturerelated climatic factors,although negatively correlated with mean diversification rate and community structure.By applying approaches from phylogenetics and community ecology,our work sheds light on historical patterns of the EA-ENA disjunction and paves the way for further research.

Comparative transcriptomes reveal the disjunction adaptive strategy of Thuja species in East Asia and North America

The genus Thuja is ideal for investigating the genetic basis of the East Asia-North America disjunction.The biogeographical background of the genus is debatable and an adaptive strategy is lacking.Through the analysis and mining of comparative transcriptomes,species differentiation and positively selected genes(PSGs)were identified to provide information for understanding the environmental adaptation strategies of the genus Thuja.De novo assembly yielded 44,397-74,252 unigenes of the five Thuja species with contig N50length ranging from 1,559 to 1,724 bp.Annotations revealed a similar distribution of functional categories among them.Based on the phylogenetic trees constructed using the transcriptome data,T.sutchuenensis was divided first,followed by T.plicata and T.occidentalis.The final differentiation of T.koraiensis and T.standishii formed a clade.Enrichment analysis indicated that the PSGs of the North American Thuja species were involved in plant hormone signal transduction and carbon fixation of photosynthetic organisms pathways.The PSGs of East Asian Thuja were related to phenolic,alkaloid,and terpenoid synthesis,important stress-resistant genes and could increase plant resistance to external environmental stresses.This study discovered numerous aroma synthetic-related PSGs including terpene synthase(TPS)genes and lipid phosphate phosphatase 2(LPP2),associated with the synthetic aroma of T.sutchuenensis.Physiological indicators,such as the contents of soluble sugars,total chlorophyll,total phenolics,and total flavonoids were determined,which are consistent with the PSGs enrichment pathways associated with adaptive strategies in the five Thuja species.The results of this study provide an important basis for future studies on conservation genetics.

带AGV开放车间调度的析取图模型与求解

随着AGV小车在制造系统的广泛应用,其路线规划与生产调度集成可大大提高生产效率,降低运输能耗。这里以开放车间为研究对象,考虑AGV的物料搬运特性,提出了一种考虑最大完工时间和AGV能耗的双目标析取图模型,剖析问题特征,提取问题的关键弧特性;其次,设计了基于关键弧的多种邻域结构,融合遗传算法的全局搜索能力和变邻域结构的局部探索能力实现问题的寻优。最后,标杆案例测试结果表明,所提出算法可有效解决带AGV开放车间调度问题,多种邻域结构设计显著地提升了算法求解性能。

郭军教授从脾胃论治心肾不交型早泄经验探析

心肾不交是早泄常见证型,临床交通心肾之法多单从心、肾论治。郭军教授通过梳理“心肾相交”理论结合临床实践,指出心肾相交关键在脾胃,一是脾升胃降在维持人体气机升降和一气周流中起着枢纽和维系作用,二是脾胃受火制水,是心肾相交的途径。因此,郭军教授提出“培土交心肾”治法,强调在治疗心肾不交型早泄时,应当注重调理脾胃功能,恢复气机升降,实现心肾相交。临床常用黄芩、黄连、酒大黄等清利脾胃湿热,党参、白术、陈皮、茯苓、鸡内金等增强运化,木香、枳实等理气导滞,配合交通心肾常规用药收效良好。

基于用户动态交互行为扩展的信念网络推荐模型

针对现有推荐方法证据组合方式单一,未能同时考虑准确性和多样性的问题,提出基于用户动态交互行为扩展的信念网络推荐模型(EBNR_UDIB)。首先,构建一个具有3层结构的基本信念网络推荐(BNR)模型,从而为证据的引入提供一个灵活有效的框架;其次,通过分析用户间的直接及耦合交互关系计算交互强度,并引入动态调整的时间衰减因子修订该强度;最后,以该强度对交互用户加权,将该用户的兴趣作为新证据扩展基本模型,并利用合取和析取两种证据组合方式得到EBNR_UDIB。实验结果表明,相较于基于内容的推荐模型(CBRM)和基于社交的推荐模型(SBRM),在准确率、召回率和F1值上,合取组合方式下的所提模型分别至少提升了7、4和5个百分点,析取组合方式下的所提模型分别至少提升了2、8和6个百分点;在多样性和新颖性指标上,析取组合方式下的所提模型分别至少提升了15和6个百分点,合取组合方式下的所提模型也优于对比模型。

浙北环太湖平原耕地土壤重金属的空间变异特征及其风险评价研究

研究了浙北环太湖平原10个区县市耕地土壤Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、As六种重金属的空间变异特征及其环境风险。结果表明,土壤Hg和Cd含量在总体分布上显现出较强的各区县市空间异质性,且这种变异更多与外界人为因素的影响密切相关。鉴于Hg在研究区域超标率高达10.34%,为该区土壤环境质量的主要限制因子,对土壤Hg用超过国家规定的土壤环境质量二级标准(0.3 mg kg-1)的离析克里格法(Disjunc-tive kriging)进行了风险评价,结果表明超标区域主要集中在各区县市的城镇和工矿企业周边,说明其与人为活动造成的大量大气粉尘、工业固废和城市垃圾的长期累积密切相关。研究认为在加快城市化和工业、农业现代化的同时,还应该考虑土壤污染与农产品质量、生态安全和人体健康的关系。

非平衡数据训练方法概述

现实世界中数据分类的应用通常会遇到数据非平衡的问题,即数据中的一类样本在数量上远多于另一类,例如欺诈检测和文本分类问题等。其中少数类的样本通常具有巨大的影响力和价值,是我们主要关心的对象,称为正类,另一类则称为负类。正类样本与负类样本可能数量上相差极大,这给训练非平衡数据提出了挑战。传统机器训练算法可能会产生偏向多数类的结果,因而对于正类来说,预测的性能可能会很差。本文分析了导致非平衡数据分类性能差的多方面原因,并针对这些原因列出了多种解决方法。

二种抗有丝分裂化合物诱发小鼠联会复合体损伤的研究

以抗有丝分裂化全物秋水仙素和对苯二酚处理雄性小鼠，分析了减数分裂的前期细胞联会复合体出现的各类损伤。二种化合物在减数分裂前期都诱发各种特殊倾向性的联会复合体损伤（如联会复合体断裂、联会异常等现象）。联会复合体分析，可以作为监测减数分裂过程中同源染色体联会异常所引起的染色体异常分离和染色体结构损伤的手段。

电针分期针刺对中风患者瘫痪肢体促分离运动的影响

目的:研究电针配合促通技术对中风瘫痪肢体促分离运动的临床疗效。方法:将119例中风患者随机分为3组,针灸康复组40例,采用电针配合促通技术进行治疗,针灸组38例、康复组41例,分别采用单纯电针和单纯促通技术进行治疗,评测3组在治疗前、治疗2周后和治疗1个月后Fugl-Meyer及ADL评分。结果:Fugl-Meyer和ADL评分治疗两周后各组比较无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗4周后各组组内比较(P<0.05),各组疗后均优于疗前,各组组间比较(P<0.05),针灸康复组优于其他两组,差异显著(P>0.05);Ashworth评分比较无明星差异。结论:电针配合促通技术能促进中风患者瘫痪肢体分离运动出现。

应用析取克里格方法估计区域地下水埋深分布

本文比较了几种常用的估计土壤空间变异的计算方法，介绍了析取克里格的理论和计算方法，给出计算区域地下水埋深分布的实例，并对普通克里格和析取克里格的计算方差作了比较．

特殊复杂类型的断指再植94例体会

目的探讨提高特殊复杂类型断指再植的成活率及功能恢复的方法和途径。方法采用血管、神经、肌腱移植以及血管多样化组合吻合的修复方式完成再植。结果本组94例128指中再植成功121指。经过6～12个月的随访,再植指有良好的外形及功能,按中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准,综合评定结果为:优43指,占35.6%,良54指,占44.6%;可15指,占12.4%;差9指,占7.4%,总优良率达80%。结论特殊复杂类型断指再植经针对性手术方法,多数断指可恢复良好的外形及功能。