Templated synthesis of transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions

Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts.TMPs have been produced in various morphologies,including hollow and porous nanostructures,which are features deemed desirable for electrocatalytic materials.Templated synthesis routes are often responsible for such morphologies.This paper reviews the latest advances and existing challenges in the synthesis of TMP-based OER and HER catalysts through templated methods.A comprehensive review of the structure-property-performance of TMP-based HER and OER catalysts prepared using different templates is presented.The discussion proceeds according to application,first by HER and further divided among the types of templates used-from hard templates,sacrificial templates,and soft templates to the emerging dynamic hydrogen bubble template.OER catalysts are then reviewed and grouped according to their morphology.Finally,prospective research directions for the synthesis of hollow and porous TMP-based catalysts,such as improvements on both activity and stability of TMPs,design of environmentally benign templates and processes,and analysis of the reaction mechanism through advanced material characterization techniques and theoretical calculations,are suggested.

Road Traffic Monitoring from Aerial Images Using Template Matching and Invariant Features

Road traffic monitoring is an imperative topic widely discussed among researchers.Systems used to monitor traffic frequently rely on cameras mounted on bridges or roadsides.However,aerial images provide the flexibility to use mobile platforms to detect the location and motion of the vehicle over a larger area.To this end,different models have shown the ability to recognize and track vehicles.However,these methods are not mature enough to produce accurate results in complex road scenes.Therefore,this paper presents an algorithm that combines state-of-the-art techniques for identifying and tracking vehicles in conjunction with image bursts.The extracted frames were converted to grayscale,followed by the application of a georeferencing algorithm to embed coordinate information into the images.The masking technique eliminated irrelevant data and reduced the computational cost of the overall monitoring system.Next,Sobel edge detection combined with Canny edge detection and Hough line transform has been applied for noise reduction.After preprocessing,the blob detection algorithm helped detect the vehicles.Vehicles of varying sizes have been detected by implementing a dynamic thresholding scheme.Detection was done on the first image of every burst.Then,to track vehicles,the model of each vehicle was made to find its matches in the succeeding images using the template matching algorithm.To further improve the tracking accuracy by incorporating motion information,Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT)features have been used to find the best possible match among multiple matches.An accuracy rate of 87%for detection and 80%accuracy for tracking in the A1 Motorway Netherland dataset has been achieved.For the Vehicle Aerial Imaging from Drone(VAID)dataset,an accuracy rate of 86%for detection and 78%accuracy for tracking has been achieved.

Growth of two-inch free-standing heteroepitaxial diamond on Ir/YSZ/Si(001)substrates via laser-patterned templates

As an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor,diamond garners significant interest due to its exceptional physical properties^([1–3]).These superior characteristics make diamonds highly promising for applications in power electronics^([4]),deep-ultraviolet detectors^([5]),high-energy particle detectors^([6]),and quantum devices based on color centers^([7]).

Template-Induced Graphitic Nanodomains in Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Enable High-Performance Sodium-Ion Capacitors

Sodium-ion capacitors(SICs)have great potential in energy storage due to their low cost,the abundance of Na,and the potential to deliver high energy and power simultaneously.This article demonstrates a template-assisted method to induce graphitic nanodomains and micro-mesopores into nitrogen-doped carbons.This study elucidates that these graphitic nanodomains are beneficial for Na+storage.The obtained N-doped carbon(As8Mg)electrode achieved a reversible capacity of 254 mA h g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1).Moreover,the As8Mg-based SIC device achieves high combinations of power/energy densities(53 W kg^(-1)at 224 Wh kg^(-1)and 10410 W kg^(-1)at 51 Wh kg^(-1))with outstanding cycle stability(99.7%retention over 600 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1)).Our findings provide insights into optimizing carbon’s microstructure to boost sodium storage in the pseudocapacitive mode.

Prussian Blue Analogue‑Templated Nanocomposites for Alkali‑Ion Batteries:Progress and Perspective

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation,whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)including sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).Owing to larger ion sizes of Na^(+)and K^(+)compared with Li^(+),nanocomposites with excellent crystallinity orientation and well-developed porosity show unprecedented potential for advanced lithium/sodium/potassium storage.With enticing open rigid framework structures,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)remain promising self-sacrificial templates for the preparation of various nanocomposites,whose appeal originates from the well-retained porous structures and exceptional electrochemical activities after thermal decomposition.This review focuses on the recent progress of PBA-derived nanocomposites from their fabrication,lithium/sodium/potassium storage mechanism,and applications in AIBs(LIBs,SIBs,and PIBs).To distinguish various PBA derivatives,the working mechanism and applications of PBA-templated metal oxides,metal chalcogenides,metal phosphides,and other nanocomposites are systematically evaluated,facilitating the establishment of a structure–activity correlation for these materials.Based on the fruitful achievements of PBA-derived nanocomposites,perspectives for their future development are envisioned,aiming to narrow down the gap between laboratory study and industrial reality.

A Joint Entity Relation Extraction Model Based on Relation Semantic Template Automatically Constructed

The joint entity relation extraction model which integrates the semantic information of relation is favored by relevant researchers because of its effectiveness in solving the overlapping of entities,and the method of defining the semantic template of relation manually is particularly prominent in the extraction effect because it can obtain the deep semantic information of relation.However,this method has some problems,such as relying on expert experience and poor portability.Inspired by the rule-based entity relation extraction method,this paper proposes a joint entity relation extraction model based on a relation semantic template automatically constructed,which is abbreviated as RSTAC.This model refines the extraction rules of relation semantic templates from relation corpus through dependency parsing and realizes the automatic construction of relation semantic templates.Based on the relation semantic template,the process of relation classification and triplet extraction is constrained,and finally,the entity relation triplet is obtained.The experimental results on the three major Chinese datasets of DuIE,SanWen,and FinRE showthat the RSTAC model successfully obtains rich deep semantics of relation,improves the extraction effect of entity relation triples,and the F1 scores are increased by an average of 0.96% compared with classical joint extraction models such as CasRel,TPLinker,and RFBFN.

Structured magnetic resonance imaging and endoanal ultrasound anal fistulas reporting template(SMART):An interdisciplinary Delphi consensus

BACKGROUND There is still considerable heterogeneity regarding which features of cryptoglandular anal fistula on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and endoanal ultrasound(EAUS)are relevant to surgical decision-making.As a con-sequence,the quality and completeness of the report are highly dependent on the training and experience of the examiners.AIM To develop a structured MRI and EAUS template(SMART)reporting the minimum dataset of information for the treatment of anal fistulas.METHODS This modified Delphi survey based on the RAND-UCLA appropriateness for consensus-building was conducted between May and August 2023.One hundred and fifty-one articles selected from a systematic review of the lite-rature formed the database to generate the evidence-based statements for the Delphi study.Fourteen questions were anonymously voted by an interdisciplinary multidisciplinary group for a maximum of three iterative rounds.The degree of agreement was scored on a numeric 0–10 scale.Group consensus was defined as a score≥8 for≥80%of the panelists.RESULTS Eleven scientific societies(3 radiological and 8 surgical)endorsed the study.After three rounds of voting,the experts(69 colorectal surgeons,23 radiologists,2 anatomists,and 1 gastroenterologist)achieved consensus for 12 of 14 statements(85.7%).Based on the results of the Delphi process,the six following features of anal fistulas were included in the SMART:Primary tract,secondary extension,internal opening,presence of collection,coexisting le-sions,and sphincters morphology.CONCLUSION A structured template,SMART,was developed to standardize imaging reporting of fistula-in-ano in a simple,systematic,time-efficient way,providing the minimum dataset of information and visual diagram useful to refer-ring physicians.

Phase II Clinical Study of Three-Dimensional Printed Coplanar Template Combined with CT-Guided Percutaneous Core Needle Biopsy of Pulmonary Nodules in Elderly Patients

Background: As the population age structure gradually ages, more and more elderly people were found to have pulmonary nodules during physical examinations. Most elderly people had underlying diseases such as heart, lung, brain and blood vessels and cannot tolerate surgery. Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CNB) was the first choice for pathological diagnosis and subsequent targeted drugs, immune drugs or ablation treatment. CT-guided percutaneous CNB requires clinicians with rich CNB experience to ensure high CNB accuracy, but it was easy to cause complications such as pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Three-dimensional (3D) printing coplanar template (PCT) combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy has been used in clinical practice, but there was no prospective, randomized controlled study. Methods: Elderly patients with lung nodules admitted to the Department of Oncology of our hospital from January 2019 to January 2023 were selected. A total of 225 elderly patients were screened, and 30 patients were included after screening. They were randomly divided into experimental group (Group A: 30 cases) and control group (Group B: 30 cases). Group A was given 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy, Group B underwent CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB. The primary outcome measure of this study was the accuracy of diagnostic CNB, and the secondary outcome measures were CNB time, number of CNB needles, number of pathological tissues and complications. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of group A and group B was 96.67% and 76.67%, respectively (P = 0.026). There were statistical differences between group A and group B in average CNB time (P = 0.001), number of CNB (1 vs more than 1, P = 0.029), and pathological tissue obtained by CNB (3 vs 1, P = 0.040). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pneumothorax and hemorrhage between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous CNB can improve the puncture accuracy of elderly patients, shorten the puncture time, reduce the number of punctures, and increase the amount of puncture pathological tissue, without increasing pneumothorax and hemorrhage complications. We look forward to verifying this in a phase III randomized controlled clinical study. .

Reactive template-derived interfacial engineering of CoP/CoO heterostructured porous nanotubes towards superior electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

The development of economical,efficient,and robust electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is highly imperative for the rapid advancement of renewable H2 energy-associated technologies.Extensive utilization of the heterointerface effect can endow the catalysts with remarkably boosted electrocatalytic performance due to the modified electronic state of active sites.Herein,we demonstrate deliberate crafting of CoP/CoO heterojunction porous nanotubes(abbreviated as CoP/CoO PNTs hereafter)using a self-sacrificial template-engaged strategy.Precise control over the Kirkendall diffusion process of the presynthesized cobalt–aspartic acid complex nanowires is indispensable for the formation of CoP/CoO heterostructures.The topochemical transformation strategy of the reactive templates enables uniform and maximized construction of CoP/CoO heterojunctions throughout all the porous nanotubes.The establishment of CoP/CoO heterojunctions could considerably modify the electronic configuration of the active sites and also improve the electric conductivity,which endows the resultant CoP/CoO PNTs with enhanced intrinsic activity.Simultaneously,the hollow and porous nanotube architectures allow sufficient accessibility of exterior/interior surfaces and molecular permeability,drastically promoting the reaction kinetics.Consequently,when used as HER electrocatalysts,the well-designed CoP/CoO PNTs show Pt-like activity,with an overpotential of only 61 mV at 10mA cm^(−2) and excellent stability in 1.0M KOH medium,exceeding those of the vast majority of the previously reported nonprecious candidates.Density functional theory calculations further substantiate that the construction of CoP/CoO heterojunctions enables optimization of the Gibbs free energies for water adsorption and H adsorption,resulting in boosted HER intrinsic activity.The present study may provide in-depth insights into the fundamental mechanisms of heterojunction-induced electronic regulation,which may pave the way for the rational design of advanced Earth-abundant electrocatalysts in the future.

Template synthesis of copper azide primary explosive through Cu2O@HKUST-1 core-shell composite prepared by “bottle around ship” method

Copper azide(CA), as a primary explosive with high energy density, has not been practically used so far because of its high electrostatic sensitivity. The Cu2O@HKUST-1 core-shell structure hybrid material was synthesized by the “bottle around ship” methodology in this research by regulating the dissolution rate of Cu2O and the generation rate of metal-organic framework(MOF) materials. Cu2O@HKUST-1 was carbonized to form a Cu O@porous carbon(CuO@PC) composite material. CuO@PC was synthesized into a copper azide(CA) @PC composite energetic material through a gas-solid phase in-situ azidation reaction.CA is encapsulated in PC framework, which acts as a nanoscale Faraday cage, and its excellent electrical conductivity prevents electrostatic charges from accumulating on the energetic material’s surface. The CA@PC composite energetic material has a CA content of 89.6%, and its electrostatic safety is nearly 30times that of pure CA(1.47 mJ compared to 0.05 mJ). CA@PC delivers an outstanding balance of safety and energy density compared to similar materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hollow Strontium Carbonate Pompons by Composite Soft Template Method

The hollow strontium carbonate pompons was synthesized for the first time by a controlled reaction precipitation method with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)and polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)work together as template.The sampled particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement,X-ray diffraction(XRD),Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy(EDX),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry(TGA-DSC),etc.It is shown that the assynthesized hollow strontium carbonate pompons with the size of about 2μm consist of flake-like particles under the optimal reaction conditions.The formation mechanism of hollow strontium carbonate pompons was preliminarily explored.

Efficient Scalable Template-Matching Technique for Ancient Brahmi Script Image

Analysis and recognition of ancient scripts is a challenging task as these scripts are inscribed on pillars,stones,or leaves.Optical recognition systems can help in preserving,sharing,and accelerate the study of the ancient scripts,but lack of standard dataset for such scripts is a major constraint.Although many scholars and researchers have captured and uploaded inscription images on various websites,manual searching,downloading and extraction of these images is tedious and error prone.Web search queries return a vast number of irrelevant results,and manually extracting images for a specific script is not scalable.This paper proposes a novelmultistage system to identify the specific set of script images from a large set of images downloaded from web sources.The proposed system combines the two most important pattern matching techniques-Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT)and Template matching,in a sequential pipeline,and by using the key strengths of each technique,the system can discard irrelevant images while retaining a specific type of images.

Fabrication and Characterization of LiFePO4 Nanotubes by a Sol-gel-AAO Template Process

The LiFePO4 nanotubes were successfully fabricated by a sol-gel method with porous anodic aluminum oxide as the template. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that the synthesized LiFeP04 nanotubes were monodispersed and parallel to one another. Selected area electron diffraction pattern, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations jointly demonstrated that the synthesized LiFePO4 nanotubes were pure olivine structure. This approach offered a potentially way for fabricating ordered LiFePO4 nanotubes at room temperature and ambient conditions, which might be expected to find promising application as a new cathode material in lithium ion battery,

Growth behavior of CVD diamond in microchannels of Cu template

Deposition of diamond inside the trenches or microchannels by chemical vapor deposition （CVD） is limited by the diffusion efficiency of important radical species for diamond growth （H, CH3） and the pore depth of the substrate template. By ultrasonic seeding with nanodiamond suspension, three-dimensional （3D） penetration structure diamond was successfully deposited in cylindrical microchannels of Cu template by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to characterize diamond film and the effects of microchannel depth on the morphology, grain size and growth rate of diamond film were comprehensively investigated. The results show that diamond quality and growth rate sharply decrease with the increase of the depth of cylindrical microchannel. Individual diamond grain develops gradually from faceted crystals into micrometer cluster, and finally to ballas-type nanocrystalline one. In order to modify the rapid decrease of diamond quality and growth rate, a new hot filament apparatus with a forced gas flow through Cu microchannels was designed. Furthermore, the growth of diamond film by new apparatus was compared with that without a forced gas flow, and the enhancement mechanism was discussed.

Facile template-induced synthesis of Ag-modified TiO_2 hollow octahedra with high photocatalytic activity

Noble metal/titania hollow nanomaterials usually exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity because of their high specific surface area,low density,good surface permeability,strong light-harvesting capacity,and rapid interfacial charge transfer. However,the present preparation methods usually include complicated and multistep procedures,which can cause damage to the hollow nanostructures. In this paper,a facile template-induced synthesis,based on a template-directed deposition and in situ template-sacrificial dissolution,was employed to prepare Ag-modified TiO 2（Ag/TiO 2） hollow octahedra using Ag2 O octahedra as templates and TiF 4 as the precursor. In the synthetic strategy,the shells of TiO 2 hollow octahedra were formed by coating TiO 2 nanoparticles on the surface of Ag2 O templates based on the template-directed deposition. Simultaneously,the Ag2 O templates can be in situ removed by dissolving the Ag2 O octahedral template in HF solution produced via the hydrolysis reaction of TiF 4 in the reaction system. In addition,Ag nanoparticles were deposited on the inside and outside surfaces of TiO 2 shells by effectively using the photosensitive properties of Ag2 O and Ag＋ ions under light irradiation,along with the formation of TiO 2 hollow octahedra. The Ag/TiO 2 hollow octahedra exhibited high photocatalytic activity because of their（1） short diffusion distances between photogenerated electrons and holes because of the thin shells of Ag/TiO 2 hollow octahedral,（2） deposition of Ag nanoparticles on the inside and outside surfaces of TiO 2 shells,and（3） rapid interfacial charge transfer between TiO 2 shells and Ag nanoparticles. This work may also provide new insights into preparing other Ag-modified and hollow nanostructured photocatalysts.

Preparation and improved photocatalytic activity of ordered mesoporous TiO_2 by evaporation induced self-assembly technique using liquid crystal as template

Ordered mesoporous TiO2 （OMPT） was prepared by an evaporation induced self-assembly technique using liquid crystal as template. The key factors affecting the methylene blue （MB） oxidation efficiency were investigated, including the initial concentration of MB, pH value and catalyst concentration. The results show that the obtained OMPT has high thermal stability and shows a 2D hexagonal mesostructure with the small particle size and high surface area, which lead to higher degradation efficiency than commercial P25 or nanoparticle TiO2 （NPT） fabricated by sol-gel process. The optimal conditions are 5 mg/L MB, pH 6 and 1.5 g/L OMPT for the fastest rate of MB degradation. Total organic carbon （TOC） analysis indicates complete mineralization of MB in 240 min by OMPT, with rate constant higher than NPT or P25.

Template synthesis of MnO_2/CNT nanocomposite and its application in rechargeable lithium batteries

Nanostructured MnO2/CNT composite was synthesized by a soft template approach in the presence of Pluronic P123 surfactant. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the sample consists of poor crystalline α-MnO2 nanorods with a diameter of about 10 nm and a length of 30-50 nm, which absorb on the carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical properties of the product as cathode material for Li-MnO2 cell are evaluated by galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. Compared with pure MnO2 electrode, the MnO2/CNT composite delivers a much larger initial capacity of 275.3 mA-h/g and better rate and cycling performance.

Synthesis of Biomorphic ZrO2-CeO2 Nanostructures by Silkworm Silk Template

A simple and green technique has been developed to prepare hierarchical biomorphic ZrO2- CeO2, using silkworm silk as the template. Different from traditional immersion technics, the whole synthesis process depends more on the restriction or direction functions of the silkworm silk template. The analytic results showed that ZrO2-CeO2 exhibited a well-crystallized hierarchically interwoven hollow fiber structure with 16-28 μm in diameter. The grain size of the sample calcined at 800 ℃ was about 14 nm. Consequently, the interwoven meshwork at three dimensions is formed due to the direction of biotemplate. The action mechanism is summarily discussed here. It may bring the biomorphic ZrO2-CeO2 nanomaterials with hierarchical interwoven structures to more applications, such as catalysts.

Recent advances of remote selective C-H activation:Ligand and template design

Regioselective （site selective） control is one of the major aims of research directed towards the development of novel organic methodologies. Regioselective control is especially important for C-H activation reactions because most organic compounds contain a large number of C-H bonds and it can therefore be difficult to differentiate between similarly reactive C-H bonds. Traditional approaches for controlling the regiose- lectivity of C-H activation reactions involve the use of an ortho directing group,

REALIZATION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED RULE-TYPE EXPERT SYSTEM TEMPLATE

Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-oriented knowledge representation, the heuristic inference engine with an improved depth-first search (DFS) and the graphical user interface. A diagnositic ES instance for debris on magnetic chip detectors (MCDs) is then created with the EST. The spot running shows that the rule-type EST enhances the abilities of knowledge representation and heuristic inference, and breaks a new way for the rapid construction and implementation of ES.