Stochastic modeling of subgrid-scale effects on particle motion in forced isotropic turbulence

The subgrid-scale effects on particle motion were investigated in forced isotropic turbulence by DNS and priorLES methods.In the DNS field,the importance of Kolmogorov scaling to preferential accumulation was validated by comparing the radial distribution functions under various particle Stokes numbers.The prior-LES fields were generated by filtering the DNS data.The subgrid-scale Stokes number(StSGS)is a useful tool for determining the effects of subgrid-scale eddies on particle motion.The subgrid-scale eddies tend to accumulate particles with StSGSb 1 and disperse particles with 1 b StSGSb 10.For particles with StSGS?1,the effects of subgrid-scale eddies on particle motion can be neglected.In order to restore the subgrid-scale effects,the Langevin-type stochastic model with optimized parameters was adopted in this study.This model is effective for the particles with StSGS N 1 while has an adverse impact on the particles with StSGSb 1.The results show that the Langevin-type stochastic model tends to smooth the particle distribution in the isotropic turbulence.

Study on Duality of Wave and Particle of Turbulence Using CML Models

A family of coupled map lattice （CML） models has been developed to simulate the evolutional mechanism of interactions of convection, diffusion, and dispersion in both weakly and strongly coupled cases. Not only coherent and turbulent properties as well as their relations, but also the transitional states between convection dominating, diffusion dominating and dispersion dominating are analyzed to demonstrate the essential characteristics of any state. Numerical results show that the models are capable of simulating both layered coupling and stochastic mechanism, and lead us to understand whether or not turbulence coherent structure is formed by modulation of wave packet. The duality of wave and particle characters of turbulence is illustrated in the numerical simulation; a sketch picture is given to explain the questions associated with the turbulent inverse cascade, which is the result of the mutual interactions among the physical factors of nonlinearity, dissipation and dispersion.

Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Properties of Nano Particle Modified Polyamide 6

This paper discusses the utilization of nano-sized fillers in Polyamide 6 to increase the fracture resistance of the composites, which are crucial for various engineering applications. The toughening of the composites is achieved by using dispersed nano-scaled rubber particles (Polyether block copolymer) as the inclusion in Polyamide 6 matrix. For a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the composites, it is indispensable to use analytical and numerical models for evaluating the overall mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of the composite. In this work the toughening mechanism is studied through literature review and by analytical modeling. The mechanical behavior of the composites such as elastic plastic and damage properties are calculated numerically with 3D representative volume element (RVE) models. The numerical results are compared with previously obtained experiments. The influence of volume fraction and aspect ratio of inclusions on the macroscopic stress strain curve as well as the size effect of inclusions and also the failure properties of the composite are studied in detail.

基于CFD-DPM方法的油雾探测器测量室改型设计

为提高油雾探测器的测量准确性和可靠性,防止油雾颗粒附着在测量室内发生源或接收源壁面上,在原型测量室的基础上,基于CFD-DPM方法提出两种改型设计方案,使用多面体网格离散计算域,建立测量室内部空气-油雾颗粒双向耦合计算模型,计算结果表明,原型测量室有大量油雾颗粒附着在发生源和接收源壁面,两方案测量室附着的油雾颗粒情况不同,对原型和基本无油雾颗粒附着的方案二测量室进行防污试验,结果表明,当抽光油雾时,原型测量室油雾质量浓度读数无法回零,而方案二测量室的油雾质量浓度读数回零,证明方案二测量室可有效避免油雾颗粒附着在发生源和接收源壁面上,提升油雾探测器测量精度。

大型抽水蓄能电站长直型隧洞风尘迁移规律研究

抽水蓄能电站地下洞室群施工存在通风难度大、风尘迁移变化规律无显著特征等难题,采用DPM气固两相流模型,针对地下洞室群中不同坡度的长直型隧洞进行数值试验研究,重点揭示了典型隧洞在不同施工条件下的风尘迁移规律及小粒径沉降粉尘分布特征。研究表明:不同区域粉尘质量浓度随风机风速的增大呈下降趋势,当风速增至21 m/s时开始升高;掌子面附近区域粉尘质量浓度随供风距离的增大呈上升趋势,当供风距离大于25 m时,风机风速不再满足隧洞内通风要求;掌子面附近区域粉尘质量浓度随隧洞坡度的增大呈显著上升趋势,通风管附近出现明显的粉尘空白带;小粒径沉降粉尘分布特征由通风管位置决定,沉降粉尘颗粒最多处位于通风管出口与掌子面之间,粒径分布较广,呈正态分布规律,在通风管出口正后方处急剧下降,并沿隧洞出口方向数量逐渐减少,平均粒径逐渐减小;流出洞外的粉尘颗粒平均粒径偏小。本研究可为抽水蓄能电站地下洞室群整体施工设计提供参考。

夹管式真空界面阀设计与通过性模拟研究

船舶上的真空排污系统中作为阻隔大气与真空的核心部件真空界面阀,设计一款可靠实用的真空界面阀对整个真空排污系统至关重要。文章设计了一款真空界面阀,利用ANSYS Workbench对橡胶阀芯进行有限元分析,探究压强不同、阀芯结构不同情况下形变量与应力规律,利用DPM粒子模型检测出口粒子所占百分比模拟通过性,得出界面阀的最佳设计参数比例为1.40:1。通过出口粒子呈现正态分布现象,结合粒子轨迹云图、速度云图,分析出口粒子呈现正态分布原因在于直径不同的粒子,质量速度不同,粒子受到重力以及萨夫曼剪切提升力作用不同,解释了出口粒子分布原因。由于阀芯结构导致的形变量不同,使得粒子离壁面的距离不同,因此不同结构模型壁面对粒子的吸收程度也不同,这就使得出口粒子所占百分比不同,由此分析解释了真空界面阀结构不同所导致的阀门通过性差异。

铅铋合金夹杂颗粒对含缺陷弯管侵蚀的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学与离散相模型耦合的方法,计算不同工况条件下存在缺陷管道的侵蚀速率。对比不同工况下的侵蚀速率和侵蚀关键区域,揭示了缺陷对侵蚀的影响模式。研究结果表明:(1)随着铅铋共晶流速的增加,含缺陷管道和完整管道的侵蚀区域均显著扩大。含缺陷管道的最大侵蚀速率降低,完整管道的侵蚀速率略有上升。(2)颗粒尺寸的增大会导致含缺陷管道的侵蚀区域从缺陷位置转移至入口直管段;对于完整管道,侵蚀则集中在弯管入口附近,两种管道的侵蚀区域均明显扩大。(3)缺陷的存在增加了凹坑位置的湍流强度,弯管的侵蚀位置集中于凹坑位置,并随着凹坑尺寸的增大,凹坑位置的最大侵蚀速率也显著上升。

基于DPM模型的旋流式沉沙池悬沙数值模拟

为了研究旋流式沉沙池泥沙颗粒的运动及沉沙机理和旋桨转速N与沉沙率之间的关系,借助商业软件Fluent,采用湍流模型和DPM模型相结合的数值模拟方法对泥沙颗粒进行颗粒追踪,通过设置7种不同的湍流模型模拟旋流式沉沙池悬沙在7种转速下的运动,与已有的试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的可行性,并选出在不同转速下最合适的湍流模型,进而运用选出的湍流模型分别模拟7不同转速下旋流式沉沙池流场分布,分析了旋流式沉沙池的流场和颗粒轨迹。结果表明,在沉沙池转桨所在的平面上,速度从池壁到池中心逐渐增加,相应位置上的压力逐渐减小;在沉沙池立面上,存在二次流现象,在转桨附近存在较大的漩涡;相同转速下粒径较大的颗粒比较小的颗粒更易沉降;随着桨叶转速的增加,颗粒总去除率逐渐减小。

Hydrodynamics and Lateral Gas Dispersion in a High-Density Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Bluff Internals

Effect of bluff internals on the hydrodynamics and lateral gas mixing was studied in a 0.186m ID high-density riser. With the bluff internals, the extremely non-uniform radial profiles of solid fraction and particle velocity become flat and the dense downflow layer near the wall disappears, indicating the significant enhancement of solid turbulence introduced by the internals. The fluctuation velocity and solid fraction transient signal analysis indicates a significant increase in fluctuation intensity near the wall region. The length influenced by the internals on the flow structure is about 1 meter. The lateral gas dispersion coefficient increases significantly as the bluff internals exist in the riser.

A Three-dimensional Heterogeneous Mass Transfer Model for the Absorption of Gas into Multiphase System

A three-dimensional heterogeneous mass transfer model was proposed to investigate the enhancement of dispersed particles on gas absorption. The strategy to calculate local and overall enhancement factors is proposed. Instead of a global grid, the composite overlapping grid is adopted, which simplifies the setup and solution of the three-dimensional model equations. It is found that dispersed particle hold-up, particle size, liquid-solid partition coefficient of transported component, characteristic contact time, and the shortest distance between particles and gas-liquid interface have major influence on absorption enhancement factor. The particle-particle interaction on gas absorption and the lateral diffusion of transported component in liquid film were studied with the multi-particle simulation. The proposed model predicted the experimental data from the literature reasonably well.

Atmospheric Dispersion and Deposition of Radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs and ¹³¹I) Released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant

The Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) in the 594 km× 594 km model domain with the horizontal grid scale of 3 km×3 km centered at a power plant and the Eulerian Transport Model (ETM) modified from the Asian Dust Aerosol Model 2 (ADAM2) in the domain of 70° LAT × 140° LON with the horizontal grid scale of 27 km×27 km have been developed. These models have been implemented to simulate the concentration and deposition of radionuclides (137Cs and 131I) released from the accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. It is found that both models are able to simulate quite reasonably the observed concentrations of 137Cs and 131I near the power plant. However, the LPDM model is more useful for the estimation of concentration near the power plant site in details whereas the ETM model is good for the long-range transport processes of the radionuclide plume. The estimated maximum mean surface concentration, column integrated mean concentration and the total deposition (wet+dry) by LPDM for the period from 12 March to 30 April 2011 are, respectively found to be 2.975 × 102 Bq m-3, 3.7 × 107 Bq m-2, and 1.78 × 1014 Bq m-2 for 137Cs and 1.96 × 104 Bq m-3, 2.24 × 109 Bq m-2 and 5.96 × 1014 Bq m-2 for 131I. The radionuclide plumes released from the accident power plant are found to spread wide regions not only the whole model domain of downwind regions but the upwind regions of Russia, Mongolia, Korea, eastern China, Philippines and Vietnam within the analysis period.

综采工作面瞬时涌出灾害气体弥散规律试验研究

为研究综采工作面灾害气体的运移弥散规律,分析灾害气体运移过程中峰值体积分数及分布的影响因素,在综采工作面内开展示踪气体(SF_(6))现场试验,应用一维对流—弥散模型定量分析示踪气体运移特征,使用粒子群算法(PSO)对数学模型中的巷道平均风速和纵向弥散系数进行最优参数估计。结果表明:综采工作面监测到的示踪气体呈现偏态分布,随着运移距离的增加,示踪气体分布影响区域增大;影响监测点处的示踪气体浓度曲线峰值和波形的主要因素是平均风速,其次是纵向弥散系数。对比模拟与试验测试值可以看出,使用一维对流—弥散模型可以准确描述灾害气体在综采工作面内的弥散运移规律。

基于White层状模型的流度响应特征分析与反演方法

流度是指某相流体有效渗透率与流体黏度的比值,反映了储层岩石骨架中孔隙结构的渗透性和孔隙流体的黏度的共同作用.目前,有关流度的研究主要集中在流度属性的计算等方面,然而基于岩石物理模型来探讨流度对地震波频散衰减特征的影响以及流度的反演方法研究较少.注意到,在White层状斑块饱和模型中,频散衰减方程建立了流度与相速度和逆品质因子之间的关系.基于此模型,首先针对两种砂岩储层及两种含气饱和度,应用数值模拟研究了流度对地震波频散衰减特征的影响.其次,提出了利用粒子群算法和速度频散数据进行流度反演的方法.最后,苏里格岩心实测速度频散数据的反演应用验证了反演方法的有效性与准确性.结果表明:流度的变化对纵波的频散衰减影响显著.一般来说,在疏松高孔、含气饱和度较低的砂岩储层中,流度对地震响应特征的影响更为显著.应用于实际资料的反演结果验证了反演方法可靠稳定、收敛性好,精度较高.上述研究为流度的岩石物理反演提供了理论依据和新的技术思路.

基于CFD的旋风分离器陶瓷颗粒与气体分离性能数值模拟

针对陶瓷墙地砖制粉对颗粒物性参数多样性要求,造成陶瓷颗粒与气体在旋风分离器分离过程中流场的复杂性明显,而实验法各种缺陷无法满足测试需求等问题,基于CFD方法构建气固两相分离过程的数学模型,采用数值模拟方式对气固两相流流动特性及分离性能进行了研究,并通过雷诺应力模型(RSM)和随机轨道模型(DPM)对旋风分离器内速度分布、压力分布及陶瓷颗粒运动轨迹进行了重点分析。结果表明:该结构旋风分离器存在对分离性能有较大影响的“短路流”与二次涡流;当气流速度为20 m·s^(-1)、颗粒流量为0.01 kg·s^(-1)、颗粒粒径为0.001~0.8 mm时,该旋风分离器的分离效率为85.7%,分离效率偏低。

气冷快堆燃料组件设计及中子学特性分析

气冷快堆兼具高温气冷堆的经济性和快堆的可持续性等优点,在四代堆型中具有独特的技术优势。为了适应气冷快堆高温、高中子通量的堆芯环境,本文基于耐事故燃料模型,提出了一种块状气冷快堆燃料组件设计方案,并对该组件中铀钚混合燃料中的钚含量、冷却孔道的直径及数量、栅距比、包壳及组件盒厚度等物理参数对中子学特性的影响规律开展了敏感性分析研究。分析结果表明:在研究的6个参数中,钚含量和栅距比对组件的中子学特性影响最大,冷却孔道数量主要影响组件内的功率分布,其余参数对组件中子学特性几乎无影响。最后针对块状燃料组件低冷却剂份额的特点,利用单通道模型进行组件内的温度分布计算,给出了热工限值对组件参数的要求。

风沙环境下风力机叶片冲蚀磨损的数值研究

基于N-S方程，结合RNG κ-ε湍流模型和DPM模型对风沙环境下风轮的冲蚀磨损行为进行数值计算。通过分析不同颗粒直径和浓度下风轮的冲蚀磨损特性，研究风沙对风力机叶片冲蚀磨损的主要部位，以及叶片磨损与颗粒粒径和沙尘浓度的关系。研究发现，叶片磨损最严重的区域位于叶片前缘部分，次严重区域为叶片压力面；颗粒粒径对叶片磨损区域和磨损速率的大小影响显著；颗粒浓度对磨损位置影响很小，叶片的磨损速率随着颗粒浓度的增加呈线性规律增加。

三维溢油动态预报模式

基于“油粒子”概念建立了模拟海上溢油行为的三维数值模型。模型运用确定性方法模拟平流过程，采用随机性方法模拟湍流扩散过程。“粒子扩散”方法避开了“平流—扩散”传统数值方法所导致的伪扩散效应，同时将油由于自身特性的扩展与受环境动力作用的被动扩展融为一体，较好地解决了油膜的扩散和破裂问题。通过模拟结果与卫星遥感监测资料的比较表明，模拟的溢油漂移方向误差不超过２０°，厚油区的分布面积与卫片资料基本一致。

超声速旋流分离器内气液两相流流动特性

采用考虑颗粒碰撞的欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法对超声速旋流分离器内部复杂的气液两相流场进行数值计算。在数值模拟中,采用RNG k-ε模型模拟气相流动,采用离散相模型(DPM)追踪颗粒运动轨迹。以湿空气为介质,测量超声速分离器的轴向压力并与数值模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:数值模拟结果和测量值较为一致;气体进入超声速喷管后发生膨胀形成低温(-70℃),使天然气中的水凝结为液滴,同时气体经旋流叶片产生旋流,经中心体的收缩形成较大的离心加速度(300000 g);在巨大的离心场作用下极少部分液相颗粒随气相从扩压器流出,大部分液相颗粒与旋流分离段壁面碰撞被吸附或直接进入积液槽空间被排出,达到气液分离的目的。

湍流弥散对轴心通风器油气分离过程的影响

轴心通风器对航空发动机性能的提升有着重要意义,但其结构和内部流动均比较复杂,很难进行详细的试验研究。应用DPM模型对航空发动机轴心通风器内气液两相流流场进行了数值模拟。通过对比不同工况以及数学模型计算所得到的分离效率,结合试验测得数据,对轴心通风器油气分离机理和湍流的影响进行研究。结果表明:除了离心力和惯性分离对分离效果有重要影响外,湍流弥散对提高分离效率也有非常重要的作用,合理地提高湍流强度可以减少滑油消耗量。

固液两相流粒子冲蚀钻头内流道磨损

针对固液两相流粒子冲蚀钻头内流道磨损机制,应用固液两相流离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM),建立钻头内流道冲蚀磨损的物理模型,获得粒子参数对内流道磨损的影响规律,并进行室内实验,验证DPM模型的有效性。研究结果表明:粒子对钻头内流道冲蚀磨损主要分布在内流道收缩面,越靠近钻头中心轴线,磨损率越大;随粒子入口速度的增大,内流道平均磨损率增大;随粒子直径的增大,内流道平均磨损率先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定,当直径为2.0 mm时平均磨损率最小;随粒子体积分数的增大,内流道平均磨损率近似呈直线增加;当粒子入口角度为50°时,内流道平均磨损率最大;压力对于内流道磨损影响较小;进行100 h磨损实验后,钻头内流道的磨损率减小了0.80%。