Phase-Based Optical Flow Method with Optimized Parameter Settings for Enhancing Displacement Measurement Adaptability

To enhance the applicability and measurement accuracy of phase-based optical flow method using complex steerable pyramids in structural displacement measurement engineering applications, an improved method of optimizing parameter settings is proposed. The optimized parameters include the best measurement points of the Region of Interest (ROI) and the levels of pyramid filters. Additionally, to address the issue of updating reference frames in practical applications due to the difficulty in estimating the maximum effective measurement value, a mechanism for dynamically updating reference frames is introduced. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to representative image gradient-based displacement measurement methods, the proposed method exhibits higher measurement accuracy in engineering applications. This provides reliable data support for structural damage identification research based on vibration signals and is expected to broaden the engineering application prospects for structural health monitoring.

A New Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization Using Local Displacement and Local Guides

This paper introduces a novel variant of particle swarm optimization that leverages local displacements through attractors for addressing multiobjective optimization problems. The method incorporates a square root distance mechanism into the external archives to enhance the diversity. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach on a set of constrained and unconstrained multiobjective test functions, establishing a benchmark for comparison. In order to gauge its effectiveness relative to established techniques, we conduct a comprehensive comparison with well-known approaches such as SMPSO, NSGA2 and SPEA2. The numerical results demonstrate that our method not only achieves efficiency but also exhibits competitiveness when compared to evolutionary algorithms. Particularly noteworthy is its superior performance in terms of convergence and diversification, surpassing the capabilities of its predecessors.

Estimation of earth pressure against retaining walls with different limited displacement modes based on elastic theory

The earth pressure acting on retaining walls due to creep and consolidation is under limited equilibrium conditions(limited displacement). Linear elastic constitutive theory can be applied to determine earth pressure distribution along retaining walls under limited displacement condition. In addition,tangent modulus in Duncan-Chang nonlinear elastic model was introduced to reflect the variations of soil modulus with confining pressure, and boundary strains were derived from Rankine active earth pressure, Rankine passive earth pressure, static earth pressure and principal stress direction deflection.According to the above four boundary strains, earth pressure on retaining walls was divided into five state zones. By comparing the calculation results obtained from the equations proposed in this paper with those of experimental tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: earth pressure distribution was always nonlinear along retaining walls for translation displacement(T mode), rotation displacement around wall base(RB mode), and translation + rotation displacement around wall base(RBT mode). Also,calculated earth pressure distributions along with the depth of wall were found to be consistent with measured values under three displacement modes.Additionally, a parametric study was carried out to evaluate the effects of internal friction angle and backfill soil cohesion on earth pressure. It could be seen from the above series of studies that the earth pressure equations derived in this work could be well applied in practical engineering in designing retaining walls.

An evaluation of force-based design vs.direct displacement-based design of jointed precast post-tensioned wall systems

The unique features of jointed post-tensioned wall systems, which include minimum structural damage and re-centering capability when subjected to earthquake lateral loads, are the result of using unbonded post-tensioning to attach the walls to the foundation, along with employing energy dissipating shear connectors between the walls. Using acceptance criteria defined in terms of inter-story drift, residual drift, and floor acceleration, this study presents a multiplelevel performance-based seismic evaluation of two five-story unbonded post-tensioned jointed precast wall systems. The design and analysis of these two wall systems, established as the direct displacement-based and force-based solutions for a prototype building used in the PREcast Seismic Structural Systems （PRESSS） program, were performed at 60% scale so that the analysis model could be validated using the PRESSS test data. Both buildings satisfied the performance criteria at four levels of earthquake motions although the design base shear of the direct displacement-based jointed wall system was 50% of that demanded by the force-based design method. The study also investigated the feasibility of controlling the maximum transient inter-story drift in a jointed wall system by increasing the number of energy dissipating shear connectors between the walls but without significantly affecting its re-centering capability.

Peak displacement patterns for the performance-based seismic design of steel eccentrically braced frames

Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.

A Displacement Based Analytical Model to Determine Residual Stress Components in a Finite Elastic Thin Plate with Hole-Drilling Method

In order to measure the residual stress components in an elastic thin plate, the hole-drilling strain-gage method has been used. This method enables to determine the relation between the magnitudes and directions of the principal stresses and the strain relaxation about the hole. In the existing analytical models based on stress field, the formulations associated with the hole-drilling method are based on the assumption of an infinite plate, this may cause some errors for a finite plate and it’s difficult to validate these solutions by FE methods. Furthermore, in the composite, the displacement field is continuous but the stress field is not necessarily continuous, the displacement field based method has to be used. In the present paper an analyt-ical model based on a displacement field described by a function with coefficients to determine for a finite round thin plate is presented. The coefficients used in the displacement field are independent on the three residual stress components, and they are determined by minimization of the internal strain energy during the hole-drilling process. Once the coefficients in the dis-placement field are determined, three strains measured in three radial directions are utilized to determine the three residual stress components. The proposed analytical model can be also adapted to infinite plate by assuming that the diameter of the round plate tends to infinite.

Hybrid Post-Processing Procedure for Displacement-Based Plane Elements

In the analysis of high-rise building, traditional displacement-based plane elements are often used to get the in-plane internal forces of the shear walls by stress integration. Limited by the singular problem produced by wall holes and the loss of precision induced by using differential method to derive strains, the displacement-based elements cannot always present accuracy enough for design. In this paper, the hybrid post-processing procedure based on the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle is used for improving the stress precision of two quadrilateral plane elements. In order to find the best stress field, three different forms are assumed for the displacement-based plane elements and with drilling DOF. Numerical results show that by using the proposed method, the accuracy of stress solutions of these two displacement-based plane elements can be improved.

Seismic performance evaluation of steel frame-steel plate shear walls system based on the capacity spectrum method

This paper presents some methods that the standard acceleration design response spectra derived from the present China code for seismic design of buildings are transformed into the seismic demand spectra, and that the base shear force-roof displacement curve of structure is converted to the capacity spectrum of an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） system. The capacity spectrum method （CSM） is programmed by means of MATLABT.0 computer language. A dual lateral force resisting system of 10-story steel frame-steel plate shear walls （SPSW） is designed according to the corresponding China design codes. The base shear force-roof displacement curve of structure subjected to the monotonic increasing lateral inverse triangular load is obtained by applying the equivalent strip model to stimulate SPSW and by using the finite element analysis software SAP2000 to make Pushover analysis. The seismic performance of this dual system subjected to three different conditions, i.e. the 8-intensity frequently occurred earthquake, fortification earthquake and seldom occurred earthquake, is evaluated by CSM program. The excessive safety of steel frame-SPSW system designed according to the present China design codes is pointed out and a new design method is suggested.

Application of consequence-based design criteria in regions of moderate seismicity

Current design criteria and prineiples of earthquake engineering design are reviewed,including safety factors, probabilistic approach,and two-level and muhi-level functional design ideas.The modern multi-functional idea is discussed in greater details.When designing a structure,its resistance to and the intensity of the earthquake action are considered. The consequence of failure of the structure is considered only through a rough and empirical factor of importance,ranging usually from 1.0 to 1.5.This paper suggests a method of'consequence-based design,'which considers the consequences of malfunctioning instead of simply an importance factor.The main argument for this method is that damage to a structure located in different types of societies may have very different consequences,which are depeudant on its value and usefulness to the society and the seismicity in the region.

Force-Based Quadrilateral Plate Bending Element for Plate Using Large Increment Method

A force-based quadrilateral plate element( 4NQP13) for the analysis of the plate bending problems using large increment method( LIM) was proposed. The LIM, a force-based finite element method( FEM),has been successfully developed for the analysis of truss,beam,frame,and 2D continua problems. In these analyses,LIMcan provide more precise stress results and less computational time consumption compared with displacement-based FEM. The plate element was based on the Mindlin-Reissner plate theory which took into account the transverse shear effects.Numerical examples were presented to study its performance including accuracy and convergence behavior,and the results were compared with the results have been obtained from the displacementbased quadrilateral plate elements and the analytical solutions. The4NQP13 element can analyze the moderately thick plates and the thin plates using LIMand is free from spurious zero energy modes and free from shear locking for thin plate analysis.

水平初位移下基础隔震结构现场动力特性测试

应用被动控制技术建成的隔震建筑,其隔震性能缺乏检测手段,因此进行隔震结构动力特性的现场测试具有重要意义。现场测试1栋4层基础隔震幼儿园,展示了试验装置、方法及所得结果,将结果与同条件下非隔震结构模型进行对比分析,探究实际隔震结构动力响应规律及减震效果。用液压千斤顶将建筑物推开使隔震层产生98 mm(对应LNR500剪应变102%)水平初位移,安装混凝土顶杆支撑建筑物;利用炸药将顶杆爆破卸载使建筑物做自由振动;最后测试和分析其动力响应等参数。分析结果表明:水平初位移条件下,隔震结构的一阶自振周期比非隔震结构显著延长,阻尼比增大;隔震层滞回曲线饱满;各楼层动力响应控制效果明显,但观察到屋顶层相比底层加速度略有放大;卸载后隔震层瞬间复位,表明隔震层具有瞬间复位特性。

复杂环境下基于CPTU的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用

土压力计算是深基坑围护结构设计的重要组成部分,但现有土压力模型难以合理地考虑开挖扰动诱发土体工程性质演化影响。孔压静力触探(piezocone penetration test,CPTU)能够有效避免取样扰动,并快速提供连续的原位土测试参数(锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力、孔隙水压力)。基于CPTU原位测试和位移相关土压力模型,结合库仑土压力框架,综合考虑开挖诱发土体工程性质演化、邻近地下结构(受限空间)、土拱效应、地基土强度参数和土-结构界面摩擦角等影响因素,构建了复杂环境下深基坑土压力统一计算模型(主动状态至被动状态)。分别通过与室内1g模型试验和离心机试验结果对比,验证了所构建模型的准确性与合理性。进一步将所构建模型应用至太湖冲湖积相软土地区某邻近地铁车站的深基坑工程。现场分别在基坑开挖前后对围护结构的两侧(基坑内外)开展了CPTU原位测试,并监测得到了围护结构侧向变形与土压力变化。原位测试解译结果表明,基坑开挖显著地改变了周边土体状态参数,但对于有效内摩擦角的影响甚微。与现场所测土压力对比指出,基于CPTU的土压力模型能够较好地反映复杂环境下基坑土压力变化,成功实现了工程应用。

基于页岩油井置换条件下的环空压力分布

在置换过程中,井筒内的钻井液与井周地层流体形成了动态的流体交换现象,导致环空中流体组成发生变化,进而引起环空压力的变化。现有环空压力计算模型无法准确预测基于置换条件下的压力分布,因此建立了一种基于置换条件下页岩油井环空压力计算新模型。通过数值模拟方法分析了影响环空压力分布的各因素,结果表明:①保持环空流入地层的排量不变,增加地层流入环空的排量,环空压力降低约为1.19 MPa/L;②环空压力分布曲线上会出现一个拐点,且拐点位置与置换点位置一致;③随着置换流体页岩油密度的增大,环空压力升高约为0.034 MPa/(kg·m^(-3))。研究结果可为发生在复杂地层钻井中的置换、漏失和溢流等问题提供一定的理论参考。

高烈度区快速施工跨线桥基础隔震性能研究

为适应高烈度区跨线桥快速施工的需要,提出基础隔震跨线桥的设计理念。以某2×25m高速公路跨线桥为工程背景,将铅芯橡胶支座作为基础隔震装置进行研究。采用Midas/Civil建立桥梁动力分析模型,选取7条时程曲线作为地震动输入,对跨线桥进行顺桥向和横桥向时程分析,对比采用基础隔震体系前后跨线桥抗震性能的变化,并分析弹性挡块对跨线桥地震位移的控制效果。结果表明:基础隔震跨线桥将主梁与中墩作为整体预制安装,最大限度地减少了现场作业时间,理论上可作为跨线桥快速施工的一种方式;相比于常规结构体系,基础隔震体系既能降低中墩地震内力,又能减小梁端支座位移,可显著提升跨线桥在顺桥向和横桥向的抗震性能;弹性挡块可有效控制基础隔震跨线桥的地震位移,但使得桥墩的地震内力明显增大,设计时应注意二者的平衡,合理选择弹性挡块的力学参数。

绕墙底转动模式下装配式挡土墙土压力研究

墙背土压力分布及大小是装配式挡土墙设计的关键依据。设计并开展新型装配式混凝土挡土墙现场试验,研究挡土墙在加载条件下的位移模式和土压力分布规律。以现场试验为原型,建立无黏性填土、墙背倾斜且粗糙的挡土墙理论计算模型,同时考虑挡土墙位移模式与大小、土拱效应和土层间剪应力的影响,采用水平层分析法推导了绕墙底转动(RB)模式下挡土墙的土压力计算公式。结果表明:①该装配式挡土墙整体性能良好,绕墙底刚性转动。在RB模式下,墙顶处土体最先达到主动极限状态,土体从上至下逐渐达到极限状态;任意深度处的土体位移S_(c)达到7 mm时将达到极限状态,即S_(c)=0.16%H(H为墙高)。②本文理论解与试验值吻合较好,计算公式可用于求解挡土墙绕墙底转动过程中的土压力分布及大小。③随着挡土墙转动幅度的增大,土压力分布曲线凹向逐渐明显,土压力合力作用点高度呈现先降低后回升的现象;挡土墙转动角度η=0.007 rad为挡土墙达到主动状态的临界值。

直接基于位移的非规则减隔震桥梁抗震设计

根据性能抗震设计的思想,提出一种高低墩减隔震桥梁直接基于位移的抗震设计方法,该方法可设计各桥墩配筋率及支座参数,使纵桥向地震作用下各墩保持弹性、各支座达到相同的损伤状态,并实现地震剪力或墩底弯矩的均匀分配。以某工程背景桥梁为例进行直接基于位移的设计,并建立有限元模型进行非线性时程分析,比较两者结果,验证所提方法的有效性。此外,对比了剪力均匀和墩底弯矩均匀这两种地震力分配方式下桥梁的地震响应。对于各墩采用相同截面尺寸和配筋的减隔震桥梁,当按照该方法进行设计时,推荐采用墩底弯矩均匀的地震力分配方式,该分配方式能更好的发挥材料性能、节约工程造价,但同时应保证墩高较低的桥墩有足够的抗剪能力。

基于现行规范的型钢混凝土柱侧力-位移曲线预测方法研究

型钢混凝土(steel reinforced concrete,SRC)柱因承载力高、刚度大和耐久性能好等优点而被广泛应用于高层结构中。然而,现阶段SRC结构设计普遍基于承载力设计法,基于性能的抗震设计法在SRC结构方面的应用仍待完善。作为基于性能(位移)的抗震设计方法中最重要的一环,现阶段SRC构件的侧力-位移关系评估缺乏规范指导。基于美国现行规范ASCE/SEI 41-17中针对钢筋混凝土构件的相关规定,结合SRC构件的受力与变形特征,提出了发生弯曲破坏的SRC柱在地震作用下的侧力-位移曲线建模方法。该曲线采用约束混凝土强度计算SRC构件的峰值承载力;使用刚度折减法考虑型钢与混凝土之间的黏结滑移;基于SRC构件的变形特征考虑了纵向受力钢材端部滑移对柱顶侧移的贡献。最后,通过与28根SRC柱试验结果的比较证明了曲线的适用性。计算结果表明:所提出的曲线能合理预测发生弯曲破坏的SRC柱的开裂荷载、开裂位移、峰值荷载、峰值位移和强度退化,可为SRC结构的性能化抗震设计提供参考。

一种适用于油基钻井液堵漏水泥浆体系研发

水泥浆堵漏是解决恶性漏失的有效措施之一,但是水泥浆在油基钻井液中难以凝结固化,致使其使用受限。从油基钻井液污染水泥浆机理出发,开发油水置换剂,并对胶凝体系和配套降失水剂和缓凝剂进行研选,开发油基钻井液堵漏水泥浆体系,并对水泥浆体系性能进行评价。研究表明:通过微乳液共聚法(即油相和水相同时引发聚合)制备了油水置换剂,在油井水泥中加入油水置换剂后,钻井液与水泥浆的相容性良好,水泥浆与油基钻井液体积比为50∶50的混浆体系在50℃条件下养护时间24 h,强度可达2 MPa左右,且油水置换剂具有很好的广谱性能,现场不同区域取的不同类型的油基钻井液,均发展强度;研选了配套降失水剂BXF-200LL和缓凝剂GH-9,开发出了适用于油基钻井液堵漏的水泥浆体系,油水置换剂对水泥浆稠化没有不良影响,且抗温达120℃。

基于贝叶斯分层模型的液化侧移稳健的易损性分析方法

提出了一种基于贝叶斯分层模型的液化侧移稳健的易损性分析方法。采用贝叶斯分层模型量化不同增量动力分析(IDA)曲线间的差异,结合抽样方法预测潜在侧移的分布,建立液化侧移稳健的易损性曲线和超越概率曲线。以一处实际发生过液化侧移的场地为例,展示了稳健的易损性曲线及超越概率曲线的建立方法,并与相关方法进行比较。结果表明,所提出的方法可以较好地模拟IDA曲线的分布,较为准确地量化易损性曲线和超越概率曲线的不确定性。

混合联肢PEC墙结构基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法研究

基于性能化设计理念,提出了混合联肢PEC墙结构基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法:以结构达目标位移时实现合理失效模式作为性能目标,基于能量平衡原理确定结构设计基底剪力,并给出符合失效模式的侧向力分布;依据给定目标塑性耦连比分别求解钢连梁和PEC墙肢底部加强区内力需求;采用塑性设计方法设计钢连梁和PEC墙肢底部加强区截面,采用弹性设计方法设计PEC墙肢非加强区截面,保证结构实现预期性能目标。依据提出的基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法,设计了12层混合联肢PEC墙算例结构,对其进行Pushover分析和弹塑性动力时程分析,验证了该方法的可行性。基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法设计的混合联肢PEC墙结构抗震性能良好,地震作用下,各层钢连梁首先剪切屈服耗散能量,然后PEC墙肢底部形成弯曲塑性铰,塑性铰分布及发展过程符合预期,实现了“两阶段耗能体系”设计目标。