A general method to calculate passive earth pressure on rigid retaining wall for all displacement modes

A general analytical method to calculate the passive rigid retaining wall pressure was deduced considering all displacement modes. First, the general displacement mode function was setup, then the hypotheses were made that the lateral passive pressure is linear to the corresponding horizontal displacement and the soil behind retaining wall is composed of a set of springs and ideal rigid plasticity body, the general analytical method was proposed to calculate the passive rigid retaining wall pressure based on Coulomb theory. The analytical results show that the resultant forces of the passive earth pressure are equal to those of Coulomb＇s theory, but the distribution of the passive pressure and the position of the resultant force depend on the passive displacement mode parameter, and the former is a parabolic function of the soil depth. The analytical results are also in good agreement with the experimental ones.

CALCULATION METHOD FOR EARTH PRESSURE CONSIDERING DISPLACEMENT

The calculation of earth pressure is a difficult problem in the pit foundation design. Aiming at the problem, the earth pressure calculation formulas considering the displacement are proposed. A method for determining the limit displacement is given and it is convenient for use. The result indicates that the earth pressure calculated by the formulas is between the earth pressure at rest and the Rankine earth pressure, the formulas can reflect the change rules of active and passive earth pressures along with the displacement. Moreover, the calculation result using the formulas is approximate to the monitoring result. It confirms the validity of the formula deduction and the rationality of the calculation results. As for the passive earth pressure, the calculation method is theoretically feasible.

Direct scaling of residual displacements for bilinear and pinching oscillators

The estimation of residual displacements in a structure due to an anticipated earthquake event has increasingly become an important component of performance-based earthquake engineering because controlling these displacements plays an important role in ensuring cost-feasible or cost-effective repairs in a damaged structure after the event.An attempt is made in this study to obtain statistical estimates of constant-ductility residual displacement spectra for bilinear and pinching oscillators with 5%initial damping,directly in terms of easily available seismological,site,and model parameters.None of the available models for the bilinear and pinching oscillators are useful when design spectra for a seismic hazard at a site are not available.The statistical estimates of a residual displacement spectrum are proposed in terms of earthquake magnitude,epicentral distance,site geology parameter,and three model parameters for a given set of ductility demand and a hysteretic energy capacity coefficient in the case of bilinear and pinching models,as well as for a given set of pinching parameters for displacement and strength at the breakpoint in the case of pinching model alone.The proposed scaling model is applicable to horizontal ground motions in the western U.S.for earthquake magnitudes less than 7 or epicentral distances greater than 20 km.

Estimation of earth pressure against retaining walls with different limited displacement modes based on elastic theory

The earth pressure acting on retaining walls due to creep and consolidation is under limited equilibrium conditions(limited displacement). Linear elastic constitutive theory can be applied to determine earth pressure distribution along retaining walls under limited displacement condition. In addition,tangent modulus in Duncan-Chang nonlinear elastic model was introduced to reflect the variations of soil modulus with confining pressure, and boundary strains were derived from Rankine active earth pressure, Rankine passive earth pressure, static earth pressure and principal stress direction deflection.According to the above four boundary strains, earth pressure on retaining walls was divided into five state zones. By comparing the calculation results obtained from the equations proposed in this paper with those of experimental tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: earth pressure distribution was always nonlinear along retaining walls for translation displacement(T mode), rotation displacement around wall base(RB mode), and translation + rotation displacement around wall base(RBT mode). Also,calculated earth pressure distributions along with the depth of wall were found to be consistent with measured values under three displacement modes.Additionally, a parametric study was carried out to evaluate the effects of internal friction angle and backfill soil cohesion on earth pressure. It could be seen from the above series of studies that the earth pressure equations derived in this work could be well applied in practical engineering in designing retaining walls.

Mechanism of localized severe plastic deformation and damage fracture in fine-blanking using mixed displacement and pressure FEM

A mixed displacement-pressure updated Lagrange FEM was used to simulate the severe plastic deformation, which can overcome shear locking and volume locking. Together with adaptive remeshing technique based on strain gradient and surface curvature, the strain localization in severe plastic deformation can be captured. Schiffmann damage density was used to predict the developments of damage and fracture in sheet metal. The intensive dislocation and slip appear under the action of severe shear deformation, and metallic grains are flattened and elongated in shear band. Because of the existence of large radius of die edge, the flow direction of grains changes, and the grains are elongated and simultaneous. As a result, it is not easy to cut the grains off, and outer surfaces with clean cut are formed.

Experimental Investigation of Pressure Drop Hysteresis in a Cocurrent Gas-Liquid Upflow Packed Bed

Extensive experimental work on hysteresis in a c℃urrent gas-liquid upflow packed bed was carried out with three kinds of packings and the air-water system. However, only when packed with small glass beads ((1.4 mm) was the bed pressure drop hysteresis observed. Two more liquids with different liquid properties were employed to further examine the influence of parameters on pressure drop hysteresis. The similarity of pressure drop hysteresis in packed beds was concluded in combination of experimental evidence reported in literature.

Factors influencing hysteresis characteristics of concrete dam deformation

Thermal deformation of a concrete dam changes periodically, and its variation lags behind the air temperature variation. The lag, known as the hysteresis time, is generally attributed to the low velocity of heat conduction in concrete, but this explanation is not entirely sufficient. In this paper, analytical solutions of displacement hysteresis time for a cantilever beam and an arch ring are derived. The influence of different factors on the displacement hysteresis time was examined. A finite element model was used to verify the reliability of the theoretical analytical solutions. The following conclusions are reached:(1) the hysteresis time of the mean temperature is longer than that of the linearly distributed temperature difference;(2) the dam type has a large impact on the displacement hysteresis time, and the hysteresis time of the horizontal displacement of an arch dam is longer than that of a gravity dam;(3) the reservoir water temperature variation lags behind of the air temperature variation, which intensifies the differences in the horizontal displacement hysteresis time between the gravity dam and the arch dam;(4) with a decrease in elevation, the horizontal displacement hysteresis time of a gravity dam tends to increase, whereas the horizontal displacement hysteresis time of an arch dam is likely to increase initially, and then decrease; and(5) along the width of the dam, the horizontal displacement hysteresis time of a gravity dam decreases as a whole, while the horizontal displacement hysteresis time of an arch dam is shorter near the center and longer near dam surfaces.

DISPLACEMENT WAVE OF THE BLOOD VESSEL——A MECHANICAL MODEL

According to clinical observations and model experiment,we have developed a theoretical mod- el and obtained its mathematical equations to investigate the displacement wave of the blood vessel.The waveform and its occurrence criterion have been obtained by using perturbation theory and numerical method. The present study suggests that the displacement wave is associated with the blood velocity waveform and the machanical behaviour of the blood vessel,but not with the pressure waveform.The clinical criterion is in agreement with the observations.

Influence of preoperative astigmatism on corneal biomechanics and accurate intraocular pressure measurement after micro-incision phacoemulsification

AIM: To define the corneal hysteresis(CH), corneal resistance factor(CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure(IOPg) and corneal compensated intraocular pressure(IOPcc) prior to and following coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification in patients with corneal astigmatism. METHODS: Of 97 patients with cataracts were enrolled in the study. Group 1 included patients with corneal astigmatism(K1-K2) values of K1-K2<+1.0 D, and group 2 with values of K1-K2 ≥+1.0 D and ≤+2.25 D. Coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification of a corneal incision of 2.0 mm with intraocular lens(IOL) implantation was performed. CH, CRF, IOPg, IOPcc, waveform score(WS) were measured preoperatively and one week, one month postoperatively using an Ocular Response Analyzer. Axial length(AXL) was calculated by Tomey Optical Biometer OA 2000.RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 51 patients with mean corneal astigmatism value of +0.49±0.25 D. Group 2 included 46 patients with astigmatism of +1.43±0.43 D. In group 1, CRF(t=2.68, P<0.05), CH(t=2.64, P<0.05) and WS(t=3.51, P<0.05) were significantly lower one week postoperatively, when compared to the preoperative values. CRF significantly decreased(t=3.61, P<0.05) when measured one month following the surgery. In group 2 CH(t=5.92, P<0.05), and WS(t=3.96, P<0.05) were significantly lowered one week after cataract surgery. Moreover, we observed a significant decrease in IOPg(t=2.24, P<0.05), CRF(t=5.05, P<0.05) and CH(t=2.31, P<0.05) one month after phacoemulsification. There was no statistically significant(t=-0.83, P=0.41) difference in AXL between study groups.CONCLUSION: CRF, CH and IOPg are reduced in patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism equal or higher than +1.0 D and lower than +2.25 D. Hence, bias of IOPg measurement in these patients may cause underestimation of the real IOP both before and after cataract surgery. The measurement of IOPcc allows the precise assessment of IOP pre-and postoperatively, independently on corneal astigmatism, CH and CRF values.

Corneal biomechanical changes and intraocular pressure in patients with thyroid orbitopathy

AIM：To determine the relevance of the objective parameters addressing the altered biomechanical properties of cornea for glaucoma monitoring in patients with mild or moderate thyroid associated orbitopathy（TAO）,and in healthy individuals.· METHODS：Twenty-five patients with TAO（group 1）and 25 healthy adults（group 2） were included to the study.Both groups were of a similar age and the ratio women：man.For each patient,the following parameters of both eyes were measured with ocular response analyzer（ORA）：corneal hysteresis（CH）,corneal resistance factor（CRF）,Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure（IOPg） and corneal compensated intraocular pressure（IOPcc）.In both groups participating in our study,all measurements were performed within minutes to reduce the diurnal effects.· RESULTS：The mean age in group 1 was 56±11y and76%were women,24%were men.The mean age in group 2 was 64±11y and 68%were women,32%were men.CH correlated negatively with IOPg in group 1（r^2=0.10,P 〈0.05）.IOPg strongly correlated with IOPcc in both groups（group 1：r^2=0.79,P〈0.0001;group 2：r^2=0.85,P〈0.0001）.There was positive correlation between CRF and IOPg in group 1（r^2=0.12,P〈0.05） and in group 2（r^2=0.31,P〈0.0001）.Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between CRF and IOPcc in group 1（r^2=0.009,P 〉0.05） and also no significant correlation in group 2（r^2=0.04,P〉0.05）.CRF mean value in group 2（11.51±1.72 mm Hg） was higher than in group 1（10.85±1.45 mm Hg）（P〈0.05）.IOPg strongly correlated with IOPcc in both groups（group 1：r^2=0.79,P〈0.0001;group 2：r^2=0.85,P 〈0.0001）.There was also strong correlation between CRF and CH in both populations：group 1：（r^2=0.58,P〈0.0001）,group 2：（r^2=0.41,P 〈0.0001）.· CONCLUSION：Biomechanical parameters of cornea,as quantified by CH and CRF,and measured together with IOPcc,precisely reveal glaucoma staging in TAO and thus are reliable for diagnosing and follow-up in clinical practice. 〈/tr〉

H-M Bearing Capacity of A Modified Suction Caisson Determined by Using Load-/Displacement-Controlled Methods

This paper presents a series of monotonically combined lateral loading tests to investigate the bearing capacity of the MSCs （modified suction caissons） in the saturated marine fine sand. The lateral loads were applied under load- and displacement-controlled methods at the loading eccentricity ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. Results show that, in the displacement-controlled test, the deflection-softening behavior of load-deflection curves for MSCs was observed, and the softening degree of the load-deflection response increased with the increasing external skirt length or the decreasing loading eccentricity. It was also found that the rotation center of the MSC at failure determined by the load-controlled method is slightly lower than that by the displacement-controlled method. The calculated MSC capacity based on the rotation center position in serviceability limit state is relatively conservative, compared with the calculated capacity based on the rotation center position in the ultimate limit state. In the limit state, the passive earth pressures opposite the loading direction under load- and displacement-controlled methods decrease by 46% and 74% corresponding to peak values, respectively; however, the passive earth pressures in the loading direction at failure only decrease by approximately 3% and 7%, compared with their peak values.

Analysis of the Law of Organic Solid Phase Precipitation and Deposition during Carbon Dioxide Displacement Process

Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been regarded as an indispensable, strategic and pressing technology to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, and mitigate the severe consequences of climate change. Its utilization and storage play important roles in this system and they can be applied for oceanic and underground geological sequestration especially for the oil gas reservoir that needs to improve recovery. For the carbon dioxide flooding process, the crude oil displacement generally shows a better performance with the increase of the pressure. However, carbon disposal is always complex. It could encounter organic solid phase precipitation and deposition in near miscibility environment. The law of multiphase and multicomponent diversification in the whole processes is still poorly understood. We thus used the method of slim tube to get dynamic data during the process. Indeed, the interval of near minimum miscibility pressure was determined. Analysis results of injectivity index and productivity index show that the reservoir blockage primarily appears as the displacement pressure is higher than the near minimum miscibility lower limit pressure and plays an important role in the production capacity. Extortionate or low pressure is not conducive to carbon dioxide displacement.

Control performance and energy saving of multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control

Aiming at the problem of large energy consumption in hydraulic control system with large load and variable working conditions,based on the multi-level pressure switching control system(MPSCS),a multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control is proposed combined with the independent metering control technology.The configuration principle of the system is given,the mathematical model of this system is established,and the control strategy of the system under 4 different working quadrants is put forward.Finally,the control performance and energy saving characteristics of the system are tested.The test results show that the switching of high and low pressure power supply has a certain effect on the response of step position and ramp position under impedance working condition.The displacement curves show slow climbing or abrupt change of ramp position,and the position accuracy is less than 1 mm.The multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control can recover and store energy under the transcendence working conditions.The control accuracy is about 1 mm,and the energy recovery rate is about 70%~80%.

Blocking Behavior of Organic Solid Phase in the Carbon Dioxide Multiphase and Multicomponent Displacement Process

Better dealing with carbon issues can support the management of current greenhouse gas emissions while achieving energy economic diversification and energy security. Carbon dioxide displacement has become the most acknowledged and practical method in enhanced oil recovery system. This is because of its oil sweep efficiency and ability to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emission. Nevertheless, it would lead to the organic solid phase deposition, which causes the changes of the wettability and the damages of wellbores and reservoirs. In this study, we used slim tube test and component test to research the dynamic characteristics of displacement process. In addition, the mechanism of porous media blockage was also investigated. Results show that when the displacement pressure closed to the minimum miscibility pressure, reservoir blockage in pore throat could happen. Component test characterizes that during near miscible displacement process, the components of oil sample varied obviously, the variation range of peak component carbon marks fluctuated strongly. Crude oil component differentiation could happen after carbon dioxide fully contacted with oil. Besides, the rapid extraction mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons played a significant role in this process under such condition. The reason is that the solubility of saturated hydrocarbons to asphaltene and non-hydrocarbons is obviously weaker than aromatic hydrocarbons. Controlling the pressure is considered as an important link to prevent the occurrence of blocking in the carbon dioxide multiphase and multicomponent displacement process.

Hysteresis effects in geological CO2 sequestration processes:A case study on Aneth demonstration site,Utah,USA

Realistic models for saturation, capillary pressure and relative permeability s-p_c-kr relations are essential for accurate predictions in multiphase flow simulations. The primary object of this work is to investigate their influence on geological CO_2 sequestration processes. In this work, the hysteresis effects on simulation results predicting geological CO_2 storage are investigated on a synthetic 2D model and a geological setting built according to Aneth demonstration site. Simulation results showed that hysteretic relative permeability model should be included while the residual trapping mechanism is under investigation. The effects of hysteresis and WAG schemes were studied with a series of numerical simulations on a geological setting based on Aneth site. Our simulations demonstrate that the hysteresis effect is strong on residual trapping mechanisms and there is no significant effects of alternative WAG schemes for long term residual trapping in our conceptual model. The effects of WAG schemes and hysteresis are weak on dissolution trapping mechanisms.

基于压力衰减法的低渗透储层高温敏感性评价实验

低渗透油气藏在钻完井过程中易受到损害且难以解除,而利用传统的稳态驱替法评价低渗透储层损害存在适用性差及实验效率低等技术局限。为此,基于压力脉冲衰减法基本原理,分析了上游压力衰减规律及其与岩心渗透率的关系,以岩心损害前后压力脉冲衰减时间为评价指标,建立了适用于低渗透储层损害评价的实验设备与方法,并利用渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷深部低渗透砂岩岩心,开展了室温和150℃高温条件下的敏感性实验。研究结果表明:(1)当实验条件一定时,压力衰减时间仅与岩心的渗透率有关,压力脉冲衰减法可在无需计算渗透率的情况下对低渗透岩心的损害程度进行评价;(2)实验设备组成简单且操作便捷,避免了复杂的渗透率计算及其带来的误差,实验所需时间远低于常规的稳态法且可重复性良好,在低渗透气藏、特低渗透及超低渗透油藏具有很好的适用性;(3)高温环境明显加剧了储层的敏感性损害,深部高温储层损害特征及技术对策研究需要充分考虑高温的影响。结论认为,该认识解决了传统低渗透储层敏感性评价方法适用性差的难题,为高温低渗透储层保护技术对策研究提供了实验方法支撑和理论依据。

嵌岩低桩承台锁口钢管桩围堰设计与施工技术

昌九高铁扬子洲赣江公铁大桥西支主桥为(48+144+320+144+48)m无砟轨道钢箱桁组合梁斜拉桥。桥塔墩位于通航河道内,桥位处河床覆盖层浅,基岩强度高,基础由大直径钻孔桩和矩形嵌岩低桩承台组成,承台采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工方案。G33号主墩围堰平面设计尺寸54.56 m×28.52 m,锁口钢管桩采用Q345B材质∅1020 mm螺旋钢管,长28 m,钢管桩之间采用C-T形锁扣连接;围堰设置4层内支撑,单层内支撑设3道对撑,内支撑四角设型钢斜撑;基底设置混凝土垫层参与围堰结构受力。围堰采用XR360旋挖钻机在岩层中引孔,孔内换填细砂后插打钢管桩,钢管桩壁内、外两侧换填砂采用高压旋喷注浆加固。围堰设置智能化监测系统,对围堰受力、变形等进行实时动态监控。实践证明,该桥围堰结构安全可靠、止水效果良好、施工快捷高效。

断裂封闭性研究现状及发展趋势

断裂控油气作用主要表现在其对油气运移、聚集过程及分布规律的影响,其实质是断裂封闭性问题。断裂封闭性往往是受多种因素控制的,不同地区不同层系在不同地质时期的断裂封闭机制与封闭性主控因素差异较大。目前,断裂封闭性、封闭机理与评价方法还没有形成完整的研究体系,其评价的精度也有待提高。依据全面系统地调研断裂封闭性方面近年来的研究热点,归纳总结了断裂封闭机理,分析了断裂封闭主控因素,梳理了断裂封闭性评价方法,讨论了断裂封闭性研究中面临的实际问题,并提出了未来研究发展趋势。目前,断裂的封闭机理可以分为垂向和侧向封闭机理,前者包括断裂面封闭机理和断裂带排替压力差封闭机理,后者包括砂泥对接封闭机理、泥岩涂抹形成的侧向封闭机理和断裂带高排替压力封闭机理。断裂发育特征、断裂两盘岩性、应力场环境以及压实、胶结、溶蚀等成岩作用是影响断裂封闭性的主要因素,不同因素对断裂封闭性的作用方式不同,断裂在不同位置、不同时期的封闭性有着明显的差别。断裂封闭性评价研究方法可归结为以下4类:(1)传统地质学方法,包括定性分析和半定量分析;(2)数学地质方法,涵盖逻辑信息法、非线性映射分析法、模糊综合评判法、灰色关联分析法等;(3)构造应力场数值模拟及断裂封闭性相关参数计算法;(4)地球化学方法。碳酸盐岩地层断裂启闭机制与封闭性评价、应力和流体及其耦合作用对断裂封闭性的影响机制、多因素的断裂封闭性综合定量评价、断裂封闭性的时空演化及通源能力评估等是未来断裂封闭性研究的发展方向。

煤中超临界CO_(2)解吸滞后机理及其对地质封存启示

将CO_(2)注入不可采煤层地质封存既是降低温室气体效应最理想选择之一,也是煤炭工业降低CO_(2)排放、实现低碳化可持续发展的必由之路,然而,煤层CO_(2)地质封存悬而未决的关键问题是:“注入煤层中的CO_(2)到底能否长期停留而安全封存?”。鉴于此,在弄清煤体CO_(2)解吸滞后规律的基础上,揭示超临界CO_(2)解吸滞后机理,建立煤层CO_(2)地质封存量化模型,探讨利用解吸滞后实现煤层CO_(2)长期安全封存。研究表明:煤中超临界态CO_(2)解吸滞后程度大于亚临界态CO_(2),在超临界阶段,吸附与解吸等温线形成近似“平行线”的稳定滞后特征;解吸滞后的本质原因是煤中微纳米级亲水性孔隙形成弯液面、产生强大毛细压力、渗吸液态水、截断并固定超临界CO_(2)流体、最终形成了CO_(2)残余封存,例如,煤中直径40~10 nm圆柱形无机孔隙可产生7.30~29.12 MPa毛细压力,足以封堵超临界态CO_(2);以九里山煤样解吸等温线数据为例,采用基于煤层CO_(2)解吸滞后的地质封存量化模型,评估出900~1500 m深部二1煤层封存总量稳定在35~37 m^(3)/t,其中,吸附封存约占80%,残余封存约占15%,而结构封存仅占5%;解吸滞后启示应尽可能采取措施提高煤层残余封存CO_(2)比例,原因是毛细堵塞的残余封存CO_(2)较围岩密封的游离和吸附CO_(2)更安全且没有泄露风险,煤层灰分、水分、孔隙尺寸和形貌等物性参数是影响残余封存效率的主要因素。

致密砂岩气运移的临界动力学条件探讨

物理模拟是认识地下油气运移和聚集机理的重要方法和手段,为了更深入地认识深层条件下致密储层天然气运移的机理,以延安气田上古生界山西组致密砂岩气为例,设计了实验模型和边界条件。基于超低渗岩石多相渗流核磁共振在线模拟实验,探讨致密砂岩中天然气运移的临界压力、临界物性动力学条件,进而分析影响天然气运聚的控制因素。选取山西组不同砂岩类型包括石英净砂岩、富石英低塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩、富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩和富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩样品,代表不同孔渗分布区间的岩石相储层,进行了恒定低注入流量、不同流速(流量)和不同压差充注实验。结果表明,致密砂岩储层的临界充注压力主要受岩石相和渗透率控制,渗透率较高的优势岩石相具有更低的临界充注压力,石英净砂岩天然气临界注入压力一般小于1.2 MPa,即使是物性很差的富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩和富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩的天然气临界注入压力一般也小于1.5 MPa。同时,致密砂岩也没有绝对的天然气充注物性下限,但致密砂岩的充注效率、含气饱和度与储层物性,尤其是渗透率呈正相关,优势岩石相越发育、渗透率越高,充注效率和含气饱和度也越高。