Direct Photolithography of WO_(x)Nanoparticles for High‑Resolution Non‑Emissive Displays

High-resolution non-emissive displays based on electrochromic tungsten oxides(WOx)are crucial for future near-eye virtual/augmented reality interactions,given their impressive attributes such as high environmental stability,ideal outdoor readability,and low energy consumption.However,the limited intrinsic structure of inorganic materials has presented a significant challenge in achieving precise patterning/pixelation at the micron scale.Here,we successfully developed the direct photolithography for WOx nanoparticles based on in situ photo-induced ligand exchange.This strategy enabled us to achieve ultra-high resolution efficiently(line width<4μm,the best resolution for reported inorganic electrochromic materials).Additionally,the resulting device exhibited impressive electrochromic performance,such as fast response(<1 s at 0 V),high coloration efficiency(119.5 cm^(2) C^(−1)),good optical modulation(55.9%),and durability(>3600 cycles),as well as promising applications in electronic logos,pixelated displays,flexible electronics,etc.The success and advancements presented here are expected to inspire and accelerate research and development(R&D)in high-resolution non-emissive displays and other ultra-fine micro-electronics.

Dynamic interactive bitwise meta-holography with ultra-high computational and display frame rates

Interactive holography offers unmatched levels of immersion and user engagement in the field of future display.Despite of the substantial progress has been made in dynamic meta-holography,the realization of real-time,highly smooth interactive holography remains a significant challenge due to the computational and display frame rate limitations.In this study,we introduced a dynamic interactive bitwise meta-holography with ultra-high computational and display frame rates.To our knowledge,this is the first reported practical dynamic interactive metasurface holographic system.We spa-tially divided the metasurface device into multiple distinct channels,each projecting a reconstructed sub-pattern.The switching states of these channels were mapped to bitwise operations on a set of bit values,which avoids complex holo-gram computations,enabling an ultra-high computational frame rate.Our approach achieves a computational frame rate of 800 kHz and a display frame rate of 23 kHz on a low-power Raspberry Pi computational platform.According to this methodology,we demonstrated an interactive dynamic holographic Tetris game system that allows interactive gameplay,color display,and on-the-fly hologram creation.Our technology presents an inspiration for advanced dynamic meta-holography,which is promising for a broad range of applications including advanced human-computer interaction,real-time 3D visualization,and next-generation virtual and augmented reality systems.

Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond

The flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes(FPeLEDs),which can be expediently integrated to portable and wearable devices,have shown great potential in various applications.The FPeLEDs inherit the unique optical properties of metal halide perovskites,such as tunable bandgap,narrow emission linewidth,high photoluminescence quantum yield,and particularly,the soft nature of lattice.At present,substantial efforts have been made for FPeLEDs with encouraging external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 24.5%.Herein,we summarize the recent progress in FPeLEDs,focusing on the strategy developed for perovskite emission layers and flexible electrodes to facilitate the optoelectrical and mechanical performance.In addition,we present relevant applications of FPeLEDs in displays and beyond.Finally,perspective toward the future development and applications of flexible PeLEDs are also discussed.

Breaking the optical efficiency limit of virtual reality with a nonreciprocal polarization rotator

A catadioptric lens structure,also known as pancake lens,has been widely used in virtual reality(VR)displays to reduce the formfactor.However,the utilization of a half mirror(HM)to fold the optical path thrice leads to a significant optical loss.The theoretical maximum optical efficiency is merely 25%.To transcend this optical efficiency constraint while retaining the foldable characteristic inherent to traditional pancake optics,in this paper,we propose a theoretically lossless folded optical system to replace the HM with a nonreciprocal polarization rotator.In our feasibility demonstration experiment,we used a commercial Faraday rotator(FR)and reflective polarizers to replace the lossy HM.The theoretically predicted 100%efficiency can be achieved approximately by using two high-extinction-ratio reflective polarizers.In addition,we evaluated the ghost images using a micro-OLED panel in our imaging system.Indeed,the ghost images can be suppressed to undetectable level if the optics are with antireflection coating.Our novel pancake optical system holds great potential for revolutionizing next-generation VR displays with lightweight,compact formfactor,and low power consumption.

Non-volatile dynamically switchable color display via chalcogenide stepwise cavity resonators

High-resolution multi-color printing relies upon pixelated optical nanostructures,which is crucial to promote color display by producing nonbleaching colors,yet requires simplicity in fabrication and dynamic switching.Antimony trisulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a newly rising chalcogenide material that possesses prompt and significant transition of its optical characteristics in the visible region between amorphous and crystalline phases,which holds the key to color-varying devices.Herein,we proposed a dynamically switchable color printing method using Sb_(2)S_(3)-based stepwise pixelated Fabry-Pérot(FP)cavities with various cavity lengths.The device was fabricated by employing a direct laser patterning that is a less timeconsuming,more approachable,and low-cost technique.As switching the state of Sb_(2)S_(3) between amorphous and crystalline,the multi-color of stepwise pixelated FP cavities can be actively changed.The color variation is due to the profound change in the refractive index of Sb_(2)S_(3) over the visible spectrum during its phase transition.Moreover,we directly fabricated sub-50 nm nano-grating on ultrathin Sb_(2)S_(3) laminate via microsphere 800-nm femtosecond laser irradiation in far field.The minimum feature size can be further decreased down to~45 nm(λ/17)by varying the thickness of Sb_(2)S_(3) film.Ultrafast switchable Sb_(2)S_(3) photonic devices can take one step toward the next generation of inkless erasable papers or displays and enable information encryption,camouflaging surfaces,anticounterfeiting,etc.Importantly,our work explores the prospects of rapid and rewritable fabrication of periodic structures with nano-scale resolution and can serve as a guideline for further development of chalcogenide-based photonics components.

Recent Advances in Patterning Strategies for Full‑Color Perovskite Light‑Emitting Diodes

Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with remarkably narrow bandwidths,high quantum yield,and solution processability.Despite recent advances have pushed the luminance efficiency of monochromic perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs)to their theoretical limits,their current fabrication using the spincoating process poses limitations for fabrication of full-color displays.To integrate PeLEDs into full-color display panels,it is crucial to pattern red–green–blue(RGB)perovskite pixels,while mitigating issues such as cross-contamination and reductions in luminous efficiency.Herein,we present state-of-the-art patterning technologies for the development of full-color PeLEDs.First,we highlight recent advances in the development of efficient PeLEDs.Second,we discuss various patterning techniques of MPHs(i.e.,photolithography,inkjet printing,electron beam lithography and laserassisted lithography,electrohydrodynamic jet printing,thermal evaporation,and transfer printing)for fabrication of RGB pixelated displays.These patterning techniques can be classified into two distinct approaches:in situ crystallization patterning using perovskite precursors and patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.This review highlights advancements and limitations in patterning techniques for PeLEDs,paving the way for integrating PeLEDs into full-color panels.

Atomic layer deposition in advanced display technologies:from photoluminescence to encapsulation

Driven by the growing demand for next-generation displays,the development of advanced luminescent materials with exceptional photoelectric properties is rapidly accelerating,with such materials including quantum dots and phosphors,etc.Nevertheless,the primary challenge preventing the practical application of these luminescent materials lies in meeting the required durability standards.Atomic layer deposition(ALD)has,therefore,been employed to stabilize luminescent materials,and as a result,flexible display devices have been fabricated through material modification,surface and interface engineering,encapsulation,cross-scale manufacturing,and simulations.In addition,the appropriate equipment has been developed for both spatial ALD and fluidized ALD to satisfy the low-cost,high-efficiency,and high-reliability manufacturing requirements.This strategic approach establishes the groundwork for the development of ultra-stable luminescent materials,highly efficient light-emitting diodes(LEDs),and thin-film packaging.Ultimately,this significantly enhances their potential applicability in LED illumination and backlighted displays,marking a notable advancement in the display industry.

Power equipment vibration visualization using intelligent sensing method based on event-sensing principle

Vibration measurements can be used to evaluate the operation status of power equipment and are widely applied in equipment quality inspection and fault identification.Event-sensing technology can sense the change in surface light intensity caused by object vibration and provide a visual description of vibration behavior.Based on the analysis of the principle underlying the transformation of vibration behavior into event flow data by an event sensor,this paper proposes an algorithm to reconstruct event flow data into a relationship correlating vibration displacement and time to extract the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the vibration signal.A vibration measurement test platform is constructed,and feasibility and effectiveness tests are performed for the vibration motor and other power equipment.The results show that event-sensing technology can effectively perceive the surface vibration behavior of power and provide a wide dynamic range.Furthermore,the vibration measurement and visualization algorithm for power equipment constructed using this technology offers high measurement accuracy and efficiency.The results of this study provide a new noncontact and visual method for locating vibrations and performing amplitude-frequency analysis on power equipment.

From a bee's eye:Effects of UV bullseye size on reproductive success in a dioecious vine Herpetospermum pedunculosum(Cucurbitaceae)

Descriptions of floral traits based on the visual capabilities of pollinators would advance our understanding of flower evolution and plantepollinator relationships.One such trait is the contrasting UV bullseye color pattern,which is invisible to human eyes but can be perceived by bee pollinators.However,it remains largely unknown how UV bullseye size affects male and female reproductive fitness.We examined UV bullseye patterns in the dioecious Herpetospermum pedunculosum,and quantified the effects of UV bullseye size on male and female fitness.Both UV bullseye size and flower size were larger in male flowers than in female flowers.The dominant pollinators of H.pedunculosum were bees,which could perceive the UV bullseye pattern.Bee pollinators exhibited a preference for male flowers with nectar rewards,and visited a greater number of male flowers on plants with a larger UV bullseye.Male reproductive fitness was found to decrease in plants with larger UV bullseyes,likely due to the high rate of intra-plant pollen transfer.Rewardless female flowers were less attractive to bee pollinators,resulting in pollen limitation of seed production.Female flowers with moderate UV bullseye size produced more seeds.Our results suggest that UV bullseye is subject to different selection via male and female fitness of H.pedunculosum with deceptive pollination,and large UV bullseye is generally not favored.This research is the first to examine the relationship between UV bullseye size and plant reproductive success,highlighting that floral evolution should be investigated from the pollinator's eye in future research.

Dual-channel quantum meta-hologram for display

Quantum technologies rely on creating and manipulating entangled sources,which are essential for quantum information,communication,and imaging.By integrating quantum technologies and all-dielectric metasurfaces,the performance of miniature display devices can be enhanced to a higher level.Miniature display technology,such as virtual reality display,has achieved original commercial success,and was initially applied to immersive games and interactive scenes.While the consumer market has quickly adopted this technology,several areas remain for improvement,including concerns around bulkiness,dual-channel display,and noise reduction.Here,we experimentally realize a quantum meta-hologram concept demonstration of a miniature display.We fabricate an ultracompact meta-hologram based on 1μm thick titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)).The meta-hologram can be remotely switched with heralding technique and is robust against noise with the quantum entangled source.The platform can alter the miniature display channel by manipulating heralding photons’polarization,removing speckles and multiple reflective light noise,improving imaging contrast,and potentially decreasing device weight.Imaging contrast increases from 0.36 dB under speckle noise influences to 6.8 dB in quantum correlation imaging.This approach has the potential to miniaturize quantum displays and quantum communication devices.

Split Lohmann computer holography: fast generation of 3D hologram in single-step diffraction calculation

Holographic display stands as a prominent approach for achieving lifelike three-dimensional(3D)reproductions with continuous depth sensation.However,the generation of a computer-generated hologram(CGH)always relies on the repetitive computation of diffraction propagation from point-cloud or multiple depthsliced planar images,which inevitably leads to an increase in computational complexity,making real-time CGH generation impractical.Here,we report a new CGH generation algorithm capable of rapidly synthesizing a 3D hologram in only one-step backward propagation calculation in a novel split Lohmann lens-based diffraction model.By introducing an extra predesigned virtual digital phase modulation of multifocal split Lohmann lens in such a diffraction model,the generated CGH appears to reconstruct 3D scenes with accurate accommodation abilities across the display contents.Compared with the conventional layer-based method,the computation speed of the proposed method is independent of the quantized layer numbers,and therefore can achieve real-time computation speed with a very dense of depth sampling.Both simulation and experimental results validate the proposed method.

Intelligent Solar Chasing Street Light System Design and Fabrication Summaries

This project adopts an advanced microcontroller as the core control unit,which accurately commands the servo drive,realizes the real-time light chasing and charging function of the solar panel,and effectively manages the power supply system of the street light.At the same time,the system is able to continuously monitor the operation status of the servo within the range of 0°to 180°to ensure that it is trouble-free and not offline.The hardware system construction consists of five modules:a power module,solar panel module,servo module,street light module,and Organic Light-Emitting Diode(OLED)display module.Each module works together to support the stable operation of the whole system.The system workflow is to accurately determine the direction of the light source by collecting real-time light intensity data through four precision photoresistors.Subsequently,the microcontroller intelligently controls the helm module based on these data to drive the solar panel to rotate within a range of 180°to accurately track the sun’s orientation.The street light provides two lighting modes,automatic and manual,to meet the needs of different scenarios.During the daytime,the solar panels work actively to monitor and collect solar energy efficiently in real-time,meanwhile,when night falls,the solar panels switch to standby mode and the streetlights light up automatically,illuminating the road ahead for pedestrians.Compared with the traditional solar street lights on the market,the intelligent solar light chasing road system introduced in this project has significant advantages.Its unique light-chasing algorithm enables the solar panel to continuously track the light source from sunrise to sunset,thus significantly improving the charging efficiency.Compared with traditional street lights,the biggest advantage of this project is the proposed light-chasing algorithm,which can always charge from sunrise until sunset,making the charging efficiency increase by 38%to 47%.The charging efficiency is 20%to 38%higher than that of traditional street lamps.Simultaneously,the biggest advantage of this project is that the power storage capacity is higher than 35%of the traditional solar street light.Bringing users a more durable and stable lighting experience.

电子墨水微胶囊及电泳显示原型器件的制备

TiO2 particles coated with polystyrene which were prepared via in situ polymerization and oil green dye were dispersed in tetrachloroethylene and xylene, the mixture came to be electrophoretic ink and was encapsulated in to microcapsules by complex coacervation from gelatin and a hydrolyzed copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride（SMA）. It was demonstrated that the membranes of the microcapsules were formed from nano sized coacervate droplets resulting from gelation and hydrolyzed SMA, which leads to a compact membrane structure. Microcapsules were characterized in terms of microstructure, morphologies by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Electrophoretic display prototype was prepared by coating electrophoretic ink microcapsules slurry on ITO glass with nearly single layer and sealed by UV curable adhesives. The characters “Zheda” in Chinese was firstly displayed at a low volt 9 V D.C..

Differential Gene Expression Between Wheat Hybrids and Their Parental Inbreds in Primary Roots

To provide an insight into the molecular basis of heterosis, differential display of mRNA was used to analyze the difference of gene expression between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) heterotic hybrid A, nonheterotic hybrid B and their parental inbreds in the primary roots. By using 5′ end random primers in combination with three one-base-anchored primers, it was found that 22.5% and 22.9% of 877 total displayed cDNAs were differentially expressed between hybrid A, B and their parents, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative differences in gene expression between hybrids and their parental inbreds were obvious, indicating that the patterns of gene expression in hybrids alter significantly as compared to their corresponding parents. On the other hand, by using MADS-box gene specific 5′ end primer for DDRT-PCR, we found that nearly all of the displayed cDNA fragments were polymorphic between hybrids and their parents, and major difference occurred in qualitative level, in which hybrid specific-expressed and silenced genes are the major two patterns, suggesting that MADS-box gene may be important for manifestation of differential gene expression and wheat heterosis. In comparison with our previous results by using seedling leaves, it is indicated that differential gene expression between hybrids and parents is dependent on the tissues tested, and more differentially expressed genes were observed in the primary roots than in the seedling leaves. Therefore, it is concluded that the expressions of both randomly displayed cDNAs and transcription factor genes, such as MADS-box, alter significantly between hybrids and their parents, which might be responsible for the observed heterosis.

引物退火控制技术在差异表达基因克隆中的应用

许多年以来，分离差异表达基因的方法仅限于差异筛选cDNA文库，直到1992年Liang等发明了一种检测基因转录模式的方法，即mRNA差异显示技术（mRNA Differential Display Reverse Transcription PCR，DDRT-PCR），第一次实现了同时陕速灵敏地检测到真核细胞中大部分的差异表达转录体的目的。

Identification of a Lectin Gene Induced in Rice in Response to Magnaporthe grisea Infection

By mRNA differential display, eight induced cDNAs were obtained from rice leaves infected with an incompatible race 131 of Magnaporthe grisea, and one of these cDNAs was highly similar to salt-induced mannose-binding lectin gene. Using this fragment as a probe, a full length cDNA was isolated from a nice cDNA library, which was constructed using mRNA from the incompatible race-infected leaves. Sequence analysis indicates that the cDNA encodes a protein of 15 kD with 145 amino, acids and shares 96% identity at nucleotide level with MRL and salT, but is identical to MRL at amino acid level. Genomic Southern blotting shows that there are two mannose-binding lectin genes in rice genome. Northern blotting analysis indicates that the gene was strongly and specifically induced in rice leaves infected with the incompatible race, suggesting that the lectin induction be involved in the defense of rice to M. grisea.

HARDWARE-BASED VOXELIZATION FOR TRUE 3-D DISPLAY

An efficient voxelization algorithm is presented for polygonal models by using the hardware support for the 2 D rasterization algorithm and the GPU programmable function to satisfy the volumetric display system. The volume is sampled into slices by the rendering hardware and then slices are rasterated into a series of voxels. A composed buffer is used to record encoded voxels of the target volume to reduce the graphic memory requirement. In the algorithm, dynamic vertexes and index buffers are used to improve the voxelization efficiency. Experimental results show that the algorithm is efficient for a true 3-D display system.

J2ME技术研究及开发实例

随着Java技术的不断发展,出现了针对嵌入式设备及消费类电器的J2ME技术,它适用于双向网络连接且硬件资源有限的设备,如手机或双向寻呼机。首先系统地介绍了J2ME的发展史、体系结构和主要功能,然后结合一个五子棋的开发实例,详细描述了J2ME在Motorola系列手机A6288上的开发过程。

VDT作业管理研究

首先分析了VDT作业的特征及其对作业者生理和心理的影响,在此基础上从作业组织、作业环境、作业空间布置、健康管理及技能管理等方面对VDT作业管理问题进行了全面深入的研究。

噬菌体展示技术与病毒抗原表位研究

噬菌体展示技术（Phage display technology）始创于1985年，Smith首次将外源基因插入丝状噬菌体f1的基因，使目的基因编码的多肽以融合蛋白的形式展示在噬菌体表面，从而创建了该技术。1988年Parmley等将已知抗原决定簇与PⅢ的N端融合呈现在噬菌体表面，可特异性地被抗体选中，因此提出了通过构建随机肽库了解抗体识别的抗原表位的设想。