Microstructure and thermal properties of dissimilar M300–CuCr1Zr alloys by multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion

Multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) allows manufacturing of parts with 3-dimensional gradient and additional functionality in a single step. This research focuses on the combination of thermally-conductive CuCr1Zr with hard M300 tool steel.Two interface configurations of M300 on CuCr1Zr and CuCr1Zr on M300 were investigated. Ultra-fine grains form at the interface due to the low mutual solubility of Cu and steel. The material mixing zone size is dependent on the configurations and tunable in the range of0.1–0.3 mm by introducing a separate set of parameters for the interface layers. Microcracks and pores mainly occur in the transition zone.Regardless of these defects, the thermal diffusivity of bimetallic parts with 50vol% of CuCr1Zr significantly increases by 70%–150%compared to pure M300. The thermal diffusivity of CuCr1Zr and the hardness of M300 steel can be enhanced simultaneously by applying the aging heat treatment.

Effect of Interface Form on Creep Failure and Life of Dissimilar Metal Welds Involving Nickel-Based Weld Metal and Ferritic Base Metal

For dissimilar metal welds(DMWs)involving nickel-based weld metal(WM)and ferritic heat resistant steel base metal(BM)in power plants,there must be an interface between WM and BM,and this interface suffers mechanical and microstructure mismatches and is often the rupture location of premature failure.In this study,a new form of WM/BM interface form,namely double Y-type interface was designed for the DMWs.Creep behaviors and life of DMWs containing double Y-type interface and conventional I-type interface were compared by finite element analysis and creep tests,and creep failure mechanisms were investigated by stress-strain analysis and microstructure characterization.By applying double Y-type interface instead of conventional I-type interface,failure location of DMW could be shifted from the WM/ferritic heat-affected zone(HAZ)interface into the ferritic HAZ or even the ferritic BM,and the failure mode change improved the creep life of DMW.The interface premature failure of I-type interface DMW was related to the coupling effect of microstructure degradation,stress and strain concentrations,and oxide notch on the WM/HAZ interface.The creep failure of double Y-type interface DMW was the result of Type IV fracture due to the creep voids and micro-cracks on fine-grain boundaries in HAZ,which was a result of the matrix softening of HAZ and lack of precipitate pinning at fine-grain boundaries.The double Y-type interface form separated the stress and strain concentrations in DMW from the WM/HAZ interface,preventing the trigger effect of oxide notch on interface failure and inhibiting the interfacial microstructure cracking.It is a novel scheme to prolong creep life and enhance reliability of DMW,by means of optimizing the interface form,decoupling the damage factors from WM/HAZ interface,and then changing the failure mechanism and shifting the failure location.

Failure Analysis of Dissimilar Metal Welds between Ferritic Heat Resistant Steels and Austenitic Stainless Steels in Power Plant

This study analysed the failure of dissimilar metal welds(DMWs)between ferritic heat resistant steels and austenitic stainless steels and investigated its influencing factors by means of numerical simulation,microstructure characterization and mechanical property test.Under the long-term high-temperature service condition in practical power plant,the DMW failure mode was along the interface between nickel-based weld metal(WM)and ferritic heat resistant steel,and the failure mechanism was stress/strain concentration,microstructure degradation and oxidation coupling acting on the interface.The numerical simulation results show that interface stress/strain concentration was due to the differences in coefficient of thermal expansion and creep strength,and the degree of stress/strain concentration was related to service time.The ferrite band formed at the WM/ferritic steel interface was prone to cracking,attracting the fracture along the interface.The interface crack allowed oxidation to develop along the WM/ferritic steel interface.During long-term service,the interface stress/strain concentration,microstructure and oxidation all evolved,which synergistically promoted interface failure of DMW.However,only under the long-term service of low stress conditions could trigger the interface failure of DMW.Meanwhile,long-term service would reduce the mechanical strength and plasticity of DMW.

Microstructure,Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Alloy/T2 Pure Cu Dissimilar Joints Produced by Double Side Friction Stir Z Shape Lap-Butt Welding

A novel double side friction stir Z shape lap-butt welding(DS-FSZW)process was proposed to achieve excellent mechanical properties of Al/Cu medium-thick dissimilar joints.The influence of welding parameters on weld microstructure and properties of DS-FSZW joint were systematically investigated.It indicated that defect-free medium-thick Al/Cu DS-FSZW joint could be achieved under an optimal welding parameter.DS-FSZW joint was prone to form void defects in the bottom of the second-pass weld.The recrystallization mechanisms at the top and middle of the weld nugget zone(WNZ)were continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and geometric dynamic recrystallization(GDRX).While the major recrystallization mechanism at the bottom of the WNZ was GDRX.DS-FSZW joint of the optimal welding condition with 850 r/min-400 mm/min was produced with a continuous thin and crack-free IMCs layer at the Al/Cu interface,and the maximum tensile strength of this joint is 160.57 MPa,which is equivalent to 65.54%of pure Cu base material.Moreover,the corrosion resistance of Al/Cu DS-FSZW joints also achieved its maximum value at the optimal welding parameter of 850 r/min-400 mm/min.It demonstrates that the DS-FSZW process can simultaneously produce medium-thick Al/Cu joints with excellent mechanical performance and corrosion resistance.

Synthesis of organic-inorganic 3D-nanocontainers for smart corrosion protection of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloy-titanium dissimilar joints

The joining of different light metals through friction stir welding(FSW)is gaining interest as a method to decrease weight and improve fuel efficiency.However,to ensure durability,these welded metals may require surface treatments to protect against corrosion or wear.This study presents a novel approach for the simultaneous delivery of two distinct corrosion inhibitors to Ti-Mg dissimilar PEO treated joints on demand.The research focuses on the synthesis,characterization,and application of cerium@polystyrene(Ce@PS)nanocontainers,which are loaded with 8-hydroxyquinoline(8-HQ)to enhance corrosion protection.The synthesis involves several key steps,including the formation of a cerium-based outer layer around polystyrene nanospheres,the selective removal of the polystyrene core to create a porous structure,and the subsequent loading of the 8-HQ inhibitor.Structural and compositional analyses,conducted using scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),confirmed the successful incorporation of 8-HQ within the nanocontainers.Additionally,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)provided detailed information about the chemical composition of the organic materials throughout the synthesis process.Thermal decomposition analysis verified the successful fabrication and stability of the dual-shell nanocontainers.Corrosion tests on Ti-Mg joints treated with plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings and loaded nanocontainers demonstrated sig-nificantly improved corrosion resistance compared to untreated joints.This research highlights the potential of dual-shell nanocontainers,containing both organic and inorganic inhibitors,to offer prolonged corrosion protection,particularly against galvanic corrosion in dissimilar joints.The findings suggest that these synthesized nanocontainers hold promise for various industrial applications,particularly in the context of friction stir welded(FSW)Ti-Mg dissimilar joints,providing valuable insights for the development of advanced materials designed to mitigate corrosion.

Achieving a high-strength dissimilar joint of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel via friction stir welding

The reliable welding of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel is a considerable issue for ensuring the safety in service of ultrasupercritical power generation unit and nuclear fusion reactor,but the high-quality dissimilar joint of these two steels was difficult to be obtained by traditional fusion welding methods.Here we improved the structure-property synergy in a dissimilar joint of T91 steel to 316L steel via friction stir welding.A defect-free joint with a large bonding interface was produced using a small-sized tool under a relatively high welding speed.The bonding interface was involved in a mixing zone with both mechanical mixing and metallurgical bonding.No obvious material softening was detected in the joint except a negligible hardness decline of only HV~10 in the heat-affected zone of the T91 steel side due to the formation of ferrite phase.The welded joint exhibited an excellent ultimate tensile strength as high as that of the 316L parent metal and a greatly enhanced yield strength on account of the dependable bonding and material renovation in the weld zone.This work recommends a promising technique for producing high-strength weldments of dissimilar nuclear steels.

Research on microstructure and properties of boron/Q235 steel laser welded dissimilar joints under synchronous thermal field

The mechanical mismatch effect frequently occurs in the dissimilar materials welded joints, thus leading to plastic gradient at the interface between the weld and heat-affected zone(HAZ). In this work, the boron steel and Q235 steel were selected for laser tailor welding,which obtained boron/Q235 steel tailor-welded blanks(TWBs). The method of welding with synchronous thermal field(WSTF) was utilized to eliminate the mismatch effects in TWBs. The WSTF was employed to adjust cooling rates of welded joints, thereby intervening in the solidification behaviors and phase transition of the molten pool. Boron/Q235 steel was welded by laser under conventional and WSTF(300-600 ℃) conditions, respectively. The results show that the microstructure of weld and HAZ(boron) was adequately transitioned to ferrites and pearlites instead of abundant martensite by WSTF. Meanwhile, the discrepancy of microhardness and yield strength between various regions of welded joints was greatly reduced, and the overall plasticity of welded joints was enhanced by WSTF. It is indicated that WSTF can effectively contribute to reducing plastic gradient and achieving mechanical congruity in welded joints by restraining the generation of hardbrittle phase, which could significantly improve the formability of TWBs in subsequent hot stamping.

Characteristics and Weldability of Resistance Plug Welding of Dissimilar Steels

TRIP980 high-strength steel plate/SPCC low-carbon steel plate were welded by RPW. The key factors such as size and material of filler were studied, and the structure, fusion ratio and mechanical properties of the RPW joint were analyzed. The experimental results show that the calculation formulas of the length and diameter of the filler were designed reasonably. Q235 as a filler for RPW of TRIP980 high-strength steel plate/SPCC low-carbon steel plate is suitable according to schaeffler organization chart. The deposited metal of RPW joint is in the shape of “spool”,and the base metal and cap of deposited metal are alternately combined. The deposited metal has the characteristics of “locking” as rivets, which is beneficial to the improvement of mechanical properties of RPW joint. The nugget of RPW joint is uniform without deviates. TRIP980 high-strength steel plate, SPCC low-carbon steel plate, and filler were metallurgically bonded in the RPW joint.

Dissimilar welding of high nitrogen stainless steel and low alloy high strength steel under different shielding gas composition:Process,microstructure and mechanical properties

Ar-N_(2)-O_(2)ternary shielding gas is employed in dissimilar welding between high nitrogen steel and low alloy steel.The effect of O_(2)and N_(2)is investigated based on the systematical analysis of the metal transfer,nitrogen escape phenomenon,weld appearance,nondestructive detection,nitrogen content distribution,microstructure and mechanical properties.There are two nitrogen sources of the nitrogen in the weld:high nitrogen base material and shielding gas.The effect of shielding gas is mainly reflected in these two aspects.The change of the droplet transfer mode affects the fusion ratio,N2in the shielding gas can increase nitrogen content and promote the nitrogen uniform distribution.The addition of 2%O_(2)to Ar matrix can change the metal transfer from globular transfer to spray transfer,high nitrogen base material is thereby dissolved more to the molten pool,making nitrogen content increase,ferrite decrease and the mechanical properties improve.When applying N2-containing shielding gas,arc stability becomes poor and short-circuiting transfer frequency increases due to the nitrogen escape from droplets and the molten pool.Performance of the joints is improved with N_(2)increasing,but internal gas pores are easier to appear because of the poor capacity of low alloy steel to dissolve nitrogen,The generation of pores will greatly reduce the impact resistance.4-8%N2content in shielding gas is recommended in this study considering the integrated properties of the dissimilar welded joint.

Review on friction stir welding of dissimilar magnesium and aluminum alloys: Scientometric analysis and strategies for achieving high-quality joints

Magnesium and aluminum alloys continually attract interest as lightweight structural materials for transport applications. However, joining these dissimilar alloys is very challenging. The main obstacle that hinders progress in dissimilar Mg-Al joining is the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds(IMCs). As a solid-state joining technique, FSW is an excellent candidate to attenuate the deleterious IMC effects in dissimilar Al-Mg joining due to the inherent low heat inputs involved in the process. However, the IMCs, namely Al_(3)Mg_(2) and Al_(12)Mg_(17) phases, have also been reported to form during Al-Mg dissimilar FSW;their amount and thickness depend on the heat input involved;thus,the weld parameters used. Since the heat dissipated in the material during the welding process significantly affects the amount of IMCs,the heat input during FSW should be kept as low as possible to control and reduce the amount of IMCs. This review aims to critically discuss and evaluate the studies conducted in the dissimilar Al/Mg FSW through a scientometric analysis and also with a focus on the strategies recently applied to enhance joint quality. The scientometric analysis showed that the main research directions in Mg/Al FSW are the technological weldability of aluminum and magnesium during FSW, structural morphology, and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded joints. Considering the scope of application of the aforementioned joints, the low share of articles dealing with environmental degradation and operational cracking is surprising. This might be attributed to the need for well-developed strategies for obtaining high-quality and sustainable joints for applications. Thus, the second part of this review is conventional, focusing mainly on the new strategies for obtaining high-quality Mg/Al joints. It can be concluded that in addition to the necessity to optimum welding parameters to suppress the excessive heat to limit the amount and thickness of IMC formed and improve the overall joint quality, strategies such as using Zn interlayer, electric current assisted FSW(EAFSW), ultrasonic vibration FSW(UVa FSW), are considered effective in the elimination, reduction, and fragmentation of the brittle IMCs.

Electron-Beam Welding Joint Strength of Dissimilar Materials

This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the joint strength of electron beam welding of dissimilar materials.The effect of welding parameters and material properties on the joint strength was analyzed,and an argument for the optimal parameter combination is presented.Electron-beam welding technology offers several advantages,including high energy density and the ability to create fine weld seams.However,it also presents certain challenges,such as the complexity of welding parameters and the potential generation of brittle phases.The analysis conducted in this paper holds significant importance in enhancing the quality and efficiency of dissimilar material welding processes.

电子封装超声互连研究新进展

超声振动摩擦和局部高温高压可实现同材或异材的低温、快速、可靠的互连,超声技术在电子封装中显示出无与伦比的技术优势。综述了超声引线键合、块体母材直接超声键合、母材/焊料/母材三体超声固相键合等超声固相键合技术,超声钎焊、超声瞬态液相扩散焊等超声液相键合技术,超声纳米烧结、混合(复合)焊料超声互连等超声固液混合键合技术。无论是高频低功率的高速超声键合,还是中频高功率超声常速键合,超声的作用规律和效果相似,其互连质量和互连机理与接触材料及其状态有着最为密切的关系;考虑由于超声互连过程快、时间短、互连界面窄、接头不透明,可以采用焊接实时高速摄像技术和同步辐射X射线成像技术相结合,实时观察液态焊料润湿流动、焊料颗粒运动轨迹、母材的剥离过程及界面形成规律;考虑由于微焊点尺寸放大,可以借助温度传感器和压力传感器进行超声的温度效应和瞬态压强实时测量;基于双超/多超声诸多影响因素,多超声的数值模拟分析将成为微焊点超声互连机理研究的有效手段。

功率调制对激光振镜焊接铝合金的影响

为了验证能量分布模式对异种铝合金焊接质量的影响,采用全域功率调制激光振镜焊接系统对6061和5052铝合金进行了对接焊试验.对比了传统激光焊(LW)和两种激光振镜焊接模式(恒功率-CP和梯度功率-GP)对焊缝成形、焊接气孔、显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,光束振荡改善了焊缝成形,GP模式焊缝表面凹陷程度最小;振镜模式下焊缝等轴晶的比例比激光焊增多,其中GP模式焊缝等轴化程度最高,显示出最高的接头强度和熔合区硬度;GP模式焊接时降低了熔池温度梯度,使熔池产生了最大的过冷度和异质形核率,从而提高了焊缝中等轴晶的比例;振镜激光焊接改变了能量分布模式,降低了能量峰值;GP模式下焊缝中心的能量密度高于CP模式,使得焊缝熔合良好.

基于GIS技术的区域多尺度空间数据集成方法

区域多尺度空间数据,其量较大,其来源、格式、特点、性质不同,数据在逻辑上或物理上的有机集中比较困难,容易导致集成路径拥塞,集成效率下降。为此,提出了一种基于GIS技术的区域多尺度空间数据集成方法。利用GIS技术搭建区域多尺度空间数据挖掘架构,结合数据转换矩阵构建多尺度空间数据库。根据多尺度空间数据库中拥塞窗口状态集合,采用不同策略对数据集成路径进行拥塞控制,通过确定理想集成效率而选择多尺度空间数据集成路径。计算不同集成路径上空间数据特征向量之间的紧密度,结合相异度阈值和空间数据权重构建数据集成函数,实现区域多尺度空间数据集成。实验结果表明:所给方法在有、无人工干预的情况下,集成延时分别控制在7 min以内和5 min以内,数据集成效率较高。

蒸汽发生器异种钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展研究

钠冷快堆是我国发展第4代先进核能系统的主力堆型,蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆重要部件.为了保证蒸汽发生器的安全性和可靠性,对异种钢焊接接头进行疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究.异种钢焊接接头共有6个不同微区,分别为F22母材、F22侧热影响区、隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝及316H母材.对异种钢焊接接头进行硬度测试、显微组织观察、疲劳裂纹扩展试验,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行微观组织观察.F22母材组织主要为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体,F22侧热影响区组织主要为铁素体和珠光体,隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝主要组织为奥氏体和δ铁素体,316H母材组织主要为奥氏体.F22母材的显微硬度最小,隔离层显微硬度最大,堆焊层、对接焊缝、316H母材的显微硬度逐渐下降,F22侧热影响区显微硬度变化较大.在低ΔK时,F22母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最快,隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝、316H母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率逐渐变缓,随着ΔK的增加,隔离层的疲劳裂纹扩展速率变化最快,这是因为隔离层裂纹逐渐向F22母材侧偏转,使得其抵抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力逐渐降低.δ铁素体会影响隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力.F22母材和F22侧热影响区的疲劳裂纹断口撕裂最严重,隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝的断口平坦度逐渐增加,316H母材的疲劳裂纹断口形貌最平坦,与抗疲劳性能相对应.

ER50-6焊丝激光焊接Q345B/304异种钢接头组织与性能

目的研究异种钢激光填丝焊接工艺对焊接组织与性能的影响规律,以降低Q345B/304异种钢激光焊接的成本,扩大异种钢激光焊接的应用范围,使其能够满足使用要求,实现Q345B/304异种钢激光焊接低成本的产业化应用。方法采用便宜的ER50-6碳钢焊丝代替价格高昂的ER308L不锈钢焊丝以及不锈钢药芯焊丝对Q345B/304异种钢进行激光焊接,主要采用填丝ER50-6焊丝对5 mm厚的Q345B/304异种钢板进行激光焊接,再结合焊缝区、熔合区及热影响区的纳观-微观-宏观多尺度表征和测试结果,研究不同工艺参数下焊接接头的组织与结构,同时结合焊接工艺参数和多尺度的表征结果,研究焊接接头硬度、焊缝中元素分布、物相特征、力学性能的变化规律。结果当激光功率为4.5 kW、焊接速度为6 mm/s、焊丝直径为1.2 mm、装配间隙为1 mm、送丝速度为2.5 m/min时,焊缝成形最好,且在焊缝中没有出现大量的M_(23)C_(6)和σ等有害相,焊接接头的力学性能等也完全满足使用要求。结论采用ER50-6焊丝对Q345B/304异种钢进行激光焊接,能够得到完全符合质量要求的焊接接头,且降低了焊接成本。

Cu/V复合中间层对TC4/IN718激光焊接接头组织及性能的影响

为了实现TC4钬合金与GH4169镍基高温合金的有效连接.采用Cu/V复合中间层对TC4和IN718合金进行连续激光焊接,并分析添加中间层对接头裂纹、组织及力学性能的影响机制.结果表明,常规激光焊接时,TC4/IN718接头焊缝区产生大量Ti-Ni脆性金属间化合物,导致接头形成大量纵向裂纹,焊缝组织为Ti(s,s)+Ti_(2)Ni+Ti-Cr+NiTi+Ni_(3)Ti+Cr(s,s).当采用Cu/V复合中间层后,实现了TC4与IN718合金的有效连接,接头抗拉强度达到271MPa,焊缝组织转变为Ti(s,s)+V(s,s)+NiV_(3)+Cr(s,s)+Cu(s,s)+未熔铜。

Q345B/304异种钢激光填丝焊接工艺与性能研究

为了提高异种钢焊接质量,采用激光焊技术填充ER308L焊丝对Q345B低合金钢与304不锈钢两种异质材料进行焊接。在不同的激光功率下,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪等对焊接接头进行了深入的表征和分析。结果表明,当激光功率高于3 kW时,接头处得以焊透,4 kW、4.5 kW和5 kW这3种焊缝截面均呈现束腰现象,且焊缝组织均为典型的板条状马氏体,其中5 kW焊接件焊缝所含的板条马氏体更加细小,表现出最高的硬度值;4 kW焊接件的抗拉强度达到590 MPa,随着激光功率的增大,焊接件的抗拉强度逐步下降;焊缝中主要出现了Cr_(2)Ni_(3)、Fe_(2)Ni_(3)、α-Fe等相,没有大量出现对质量有较大影响的M_(23)C_(6)和σ相等有害相。采用激光填丝焊接技术能够实现Q345B/304异种钢的高质量焊接。

高含硫气田压力容器异种钢焊接接头失效泄漏原因分析

对国内某高含硫气田酸性湿气增压项目压缩机进气洗涤罐进行“酸敏试验”,试验过程中上封头与长高颈法兰连接角焊缝处即异种钢焊接部位连续出现了两次介质泄漏事故。通过宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、硬度测试、断口宏观与微观形貌分析等方法,对现场试样进行系统分析,再结合焊接冶金学机理分析,确定了异种钢焊接接头失效泄漏的原因。在硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感环境中,在残余应力与外加应力的共同作用下,裂纹沿最薄弱的熔合线分布,从内侧启裂,并向外侧扩展,最终穿透管壁,导致泄漏发生。

领导—员工职业定位匹配对青年新员工早期组织适应的影响研究

对于初入职场的青年员工而言,他们与领导之间可能存在多元的职业定位,“以组织为中心”和“以个人为中心”的观念发生碰撞,为他们融入集体带来了新挑战。对此,本研究基于个人—环境匹配理论,聚焦于当前青年新员工与领导的职业定位匹配情况,采用多项式回归和响应面分析方法,对235位主管领导匹配问卷数据进行实证检验,探究青年新员工早期的组织社会化机制,并验证感知深层差异的中介作用与包容型氛围的调节作用。研究发现:青年新员工在上下级职业定位不匹配的情况下,会产生较高水平的感知深层差异,难以顺利完成组织融入,早期组织适应表现较差;良好的包容型组织氛围可减轻青年新员工感知上的深层差异,并促进他们的早期组织适应。研究为理解职业定位对青年新员工早期组织适应产生影响的具体机制提供了理论基础与实践建议,启发管理者将包容型氛围作为促进青年新员工早期组织适应的重要手段。