Effect of intermetallic compounds on the fracture behavior of dissimilar friction stir welding joints of Mg and Al alloys

Joining Mg to Al is challenging because of the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds(IMCs) at the Mg/Al interface. This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of welded samples by preventing the fracture location at the Mg/Al interface. Friction stir welding was performed to join Mg to Al at different rotational and travel speeds. The microstructure of the welded samples showed the IMCs layers containing Al12Mg17(γ) and Al3Mg2(β) at the welding zone with a thickness(< 3.5 μm). Mechanical properties were mainly affected by the thickness of the IMCs, which was governed by welding parameters. The highest tensile strength was obtained at 600 r/min and 40 mm/min with a welding efficiency of 80%. The specimens could fracture along the boundary at the thermo-mechanically affected zone in the Mg side of the welded joint.

Changing Rule of Carbon-Enriched Zone and Diffusion Behavior of Carbon in Aging 0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo Dissimilar Welded Joints

The microstructures, the changing rule of carbon-enriched zone, the diffusion behaviors of elements C and Cr, and thecarbide type of 0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints after aging at 500℃ for various times and afterlong-term service in technical practice were investigated by using the optical microscopy electron probe microanalysis,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that in aging0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints, the main carbides are M_3C and a few carbides are M_7C_3 andM_(23)C_6. The M_3C carbide decomposition and dissolution with increasing aging time or aging temperature and theanti-diffusion of C and Cr cause the decrease and disappearance of the carbon-enriched zone. The results are differentfrom those of the A302/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints in previous studies.

EFFECT OF CARBON MIGRATION ON CREEP PROPERTIES OF Cr5Mo DISSIMILAR WELDED JOINTS WITH Ni-BASED AND AUSTENITIC WELD METAL

In this paper, the effect of carbon migration on creep properties of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Ni-based (Inconel 182) and Cr23Nil3 (A302) austenitic weld metal was investigated. Carbon migration near the weld metal/ferritic steel interface of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints was analyzed by aging method. Local creep deformations of the dissimilar welded joints were measured by a long-term local creep deformation measuring technique. The creep rupture testing was performed for Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Inconel 182 and A302 weld metal. The research results show that the maximum creep strain rate occurs in the decarburized zone located on heat affect zone (HAZ) of Cr5Mo ferritic steel. The creep rupture life of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with A 302 weld metal decreases due to carbon migration and is about 50% of that welded with Inconel 182 weld metal.

Research on the creep damage and interfacial failure of dissimilar metal welded joint between 10Cr9Mo1VNbN and 12Cr1MoV steel

The mechanical properties, creep damage, creep rupture strength and features of interfacial failures of welded joints between martensite (SA213T91) and pearlite steel (12Cr1MoV) have been investigated by means of argon tungsten pulsed arc welding, high temperature accelerated simulation, creep rupture, mechanical property tests and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The research results indicate that the mechanical properties of overmatched and medium matched joint deteriorate obviously, and they are susceptible to creep damage and failure after accelerated simulation operation 500 h, in the condition of preheat 250℃, and post welding heat treatment 750℃×1 h. However, the mechanical properties of undermatched joint are the best, the interfacial failure tendency of undermatched welded joint is less than those of medium and overmatched welded joint. Therefore, it is reasonable that low alloy material TR31 is used as the filler metal of weld between SA213T91and 12Cr1MoV steel.

Effect of tool pin profile on microstructure and tensile properties of friction stir welded dissimilar AA 6061e AA 5086 aluminium alloy joints

Joints between two different grades of aluminium alloys are need of the hour in many light weight military structures.In this investigation,an attempt has been made to join the heat treatable(AA 6061) and non-heat treatable(AA 5086) aluminium alloys by friction stir welding(FSW)process using three different tool pin profiles like straight cylindrical,taper cylindrical and threaded cylindrical.The microstructures of various regions were observed and analyzed by means of optical and scanning electron microscope.The tensile properties and microhardness were evaluated for the welded joint.From this investigation it is founded that the use of threaded pin profile of tool contributes to better flow of materials between two alloys and the generation of defect free stir zone.It also resulted in higher hardness values of 83 HV in the stir zone and higher tensile strength of 169 MPa compared to other two profiles.The increase in hardness is attributed to the formation of fine grains and intermetallics in the stir zone,and in addition,the reduced size of weaker regions,such as TMAZ and HAZ regions,results in higher tensile properties.

Influence of Creep Strength of Weld on Interfacial Creep Damage of Dissimilar Welded Joint between Martensitic and Bainitic Heat-Resistant Steel

The mechanical properties, creep rupture strength, creep damage and failure characteristics of dissimilar metal welded joint （DMWJ） between martensitic （SA213T91） and bainitic heat-resistant steel （12Cr2MoWVTiB（G102）） have been investigated by means of pulsed argon arc welding, high temperature accelerated simulation, mechanical and creep rupture test, and scanning electronic microscope （SEM）. The results show that there is a marked drop of mechanical properties of undermatching joint, and low ductility cracking along weld/G102 interface is induced due to creep damage. Creep rupture strength of overmatching joint is the least. The mechanical properties of medium matching joint are superior to those of overmatching and undermatching joint, and creep damage and failure tendency along the interface of weld/G102 are lower than those of overmatching and undermatching joint after accelerated simulation for 500 h, 1 000 h, 1 500 h, and the creep rupture strength of medium matching joint is the same as that of undermatching joint. Therefore, it is reasonable that the medium matching material is used for dissimilar welded joint between martensitic and bainitic steel.

Numerical Investigation on Fracture Initiation Properties of Interface Crack in Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints

Fracture toughness property is of significant importance when evaluating structural safety.The current research of fracture toughness mainly focused on crack in homogeneous material and experimental results.When the crack is located in a welded joint with high-gradient microstructure and mechanical property distribution,it becomes difficult to evaluate the fracture toughness behavior since the stress distribution may be affected by various factors.In recent years,numerical method has become an ideal approach to reveal the essence and mechanism of fracture toughness behavior.This study focuses on the crack initiation behavior and driving force at different interfaces in dissimilar steel welded joints.The stress and strain fields around the crack tip lying at the interfaces of ductile-ductile,ductile-brittle and brittle-brittle materials are analyzed by the numerical simulation.For the interface of ductile-ductile materials,the strain concentration on the softer material side is responsible for ductile fracture initiation.For the ductile-brittle interface,the shielding effect of the ductile material plays an important role in decreasing the fracture driving force on the brittle material side.In the case of brittle-brittle interface,a careful matching is required,because the strength mismatch decreases the fracture driving force in one side,whereas the driving force in another side is increased.The results are deemed to offer support for the safety assessment of welded structures.

Interfacial microstructure evolution of 12Cr1MoV/TP347H dissimilar steel welded joints during aging

The interfacial microstructure evolution of 12Cr1MoV/TP347H dissimilar steel welded joints with a nickel-based filler metal during aging was studied in detail to elucidate the mechanism of premature failures of this kind of joints.The results showed that not only a band of granular Cr_(23)C_(6)carbides were formed along the fusion boundary in the ferritic steel during aging,but also a large number of granular or plate-like Cr_(23)C_(6)carbides,which have a cube-cube orientation relationship with the matrix,were also precipitated on the weld metal side of the fu-sion boundary,making this zone be etched more easily than the other zone and become a dark etched band.Stacking faults were found in some Cr_(23)C_(6)carbides.In the as-welded state,deformation twins were observed in the weld metal with a fully austenitic structure.The peak micro-hardness was shifted from the ferritic steel side to the weld metal side of the fusion boundary after aging and the peak value increased signific-antly.Based on the experimental results,a mechanism of premature failures of the joints was proposed.

Numerical Simulation on Interfacial Creep Failure of Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint between HR3C and T91 Heat-Resistant Steel

The maximum principal stress, von Mises equivalent stress, equivalent creep strain, stress triaxiality in dissimilar metal welded joints between austenitic（HR3C） and martensitic heat-resistant steel（T91） are simulated by FEM at 873 K and under inner pressure of 42.26 MPa. The results show that the maximum principal stress and von Mises equivalent stress are quite high in the vicinity of weld/T91 interface, creep cavities are easy to form and expand in the weld/T91 interface. There are two peaks of equivalent creep strains in welded joint, and the maximum equivalent creep strain is in the place 27-32 mm away from the weld/T91 interface, and there exists creep constrain region in the vicinity of weld/T91 interface. The high stress triaxiality peak is located exactly at the weld/T91 interface. Accordingly, the weld/T91 interface is the weakest site of welded joint. Therefore, using stress triaxiality to describe creep cavity nucleation and expansion and crack development is reasonable for the dissimilar metal welded joint between austenitic and martensitic steel.

Effect of heat treatment temperature on dissimilar welded joint

The dissimilar metals 1Crl8Ni9 and 16MnR are welded by shielded metal arc welding process using electrode A312. The corrosion experiments are carried out on welded joint samples, which is as-welded and post-weld heat treatment at 650 ℃, 750 ℃ and 850 ℃, for 2 h in 70% sodium hydroxide solution. EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis are carried out on the samples after corrosion. Average corrosion rate calculation and microhardness measurement are conducted on both as- welded and post-weld heat treatment samples. The results indicate that average corrosion rate of as-welded joint metal is smaller than that of post-weld heat treatment joint metal. Compared with that of post-weld heat treatment at 750 ℃ and 850 ℃ for 2 h, the average corrosion rate of welded joint after post-weld heat treatment at 650 ℃ for 2 h increases greatly.

Study of fractal character of the fusion line in dissimilar welded joint

The fractal dimension of the fusion line in different dissimilar welded joints is measured with Box Dimension Method.The non scale region of the fusion line with fractal character is calculated. The fusion line in the dissimilar welded joint is proved to be a fractal structure. The change and influence factors of the fractal dimension of the fusion line are studied.

Creep Rupture of Mismatched Welded Joints of Steels with Dissimil ar Creep Strengths

The finite element analysis of mismatched welded jo ints with a 30°groove angle was performed to study the mechanical behavior of D MWJs (dissimilar metal welded joints). It is concluded that the distribution of stress triaxiality in the DMWJs is uneven, especially near the fusion lines. The degree of creep strength mismatch has remarkable effect on the distribution. Th e higher the level of mismatch is, the more uneven the distribution is and the e asier for premature failure to occur in the joint.

蒸汽发生器异种钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展研究

钠冷快堆是我国发展第4代先进核能系统的主力堆型,蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆重要部件.为了保证蒸汽发生器的安全性和可靠性,对异种钢焊接接头进行疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究.异种钢焊接接头共有6个不同微区,分别为F22母材、F22侧热影响区、隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝及316H母材.对异种钢焊接接头进行硬度测试、显微组织观察、疲劳裂纹扩展试验,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行微观组织观察.F22母材组织主要为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体,F22侧热影响区组织主要为铁素体和珠光体,隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝主要组织为奥氏体和δ铁素体,316H母材组织主要为奥氏体.F22母材的显微硬度最小,隔离层显微硬度最大,堆焊层、对接焊缝、316H母材的显微硬度逐渐下降,F22侧热影响区显微硬度变化较大.在低ΔK时,F22母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最快,隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝、316H母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率逐渐变缓,随着ΔK的增加,隔离层的疲劳裂纹扩展速率变化最快,这是因为隔离层裂纹逐渐向F22母材侧偏转,使得其抵抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力逐渐降低.δ铁素体会影响隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力.F22母材和F22侧热影响区的疲劳裂纹断口撕裂最严重,隔离层、堆焊层、对接焊缝的断口平坦度逐渐增加,316H母材的疲劳裂纹断口形貌最平坦,与抗疲劳性能相对应.

高含硫气田压力容器异种钢焊接接头失效泄漏原因分析

对国内某高含硫气田酸性湿气增压项目压缩机进气洗涤罐进行“酸敏试验”,试验过程中上封头与长高颈法兰连接角焊缝处即异种钢焊接部位连续出现了两次介质泄漏事故。通过宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、硬度测试、断口宏观与微观形貌分析等方法,对现场试样进行系统分析,再结合焊接冶金学机理分析,确定了异种钢焊接接头失效泄漏的原因。在硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感环境中,在残余应力与外加应力的共同作用下,裂纹沿最薄弱的熔合线分布,从内侧启裂,并向外侧扩展,最终穿透管壁,导致泄漏发生。

钛/铝异种金属扩散连接及其界面调控的研究进展

钛/铝复合构件具有轻量化、高强度、耐腐蚀等优势,使其广泛应用于新能源汽车、航空航天等领域。但是钛/铝之间的物理性能差异较大,且冶金反应容易生成如TiAl_(3),TiAl等脆性的金属间化合物,导致钛/铝异种金属接头性能下降。为了解决上述问题,基于扩散连接技术在异种金属连接方面变形小、无污染、冶金结合致密等优势,文中详细讨论了扩散连接技术在钛/铝异种金属连接上的应用,以及连接温度、保温时间、压力等焊接工艺参数、焊后热处理工艺、中间层对接头的影响。重点总结了工艺调控和添加中间层调控钛/铝接头的组织和性能。结果表明,工艺调控和添加中间层调控相结合可以最大限度的调控脆性金属间化合物的类型和降低金属间化合物的厚度。在此基础上,讨论了钛/铝异种金属扩散连接的发展趋势。

海洋平台支撑板异种金属焊接试验研究

目的结合Q245R/Q690D 2种材料的优势研究其焊接接头性能,获得最优的焊接和后热处理工艺参数。方法以某海洋平台建造为背景,选用E50-6焊丝、J形坡口设计对Q245R/Q690D中厚板多道次焊接进行试验研究。在8、12、16、20 kJ/cm热输入下,对接头进行力学性能测试和微观组织观察;为细化接头组织、提高综合力学性能,对最佳热输入下的接头进行不同温度的后热处理,后热处理温度分别为250、350、580℃并保温2 h,进一步观察接头的性能和微观组织。结果焊态下拉伸断裂均发生在Q245R母材侧,在12 kJ/cm热输入下,焊缝表面硬度在338HV左右,焊缝冲击功为172 J;在20 kJ/cm热输入下,冲击功下降至82.7 J,组织粗大且呈板条状。在250、350℃回火能够降低表面硬度,同时焊缝冲击功较焊态的略有上升,最大增加了21 J;在580℃回火后,内部晶粒粗大,焊缝表面硬度增大,最大为448HV,较焊态的提高了32.5%,同时冲击功显著下降,下降至80 J,下降约53.5%。结论Q245R/Q690D中厚板多道次焊接热输入采用12 kJ/cm为宜,同时焊后对接头进行250~350℃回火并保温2 h为推荐后热处理方式。

激光功率对铝/铜激光熔钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用激光熔钎焊方法对5052铝合金和T2紫铜进行对接试验,研究了激光功率(2000,2200,2400,2600,2800 W)对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同激光功率下接头铜侧钎焊区组织均以柱状晶为主,随着激光功率的增加,焊缝区树枝晶由细针状转变为雪花状;铜侧钎焊区由界面层和金属间化合物层组成,2000,2600 W激光功率下的界面层主要为AlCu相,金属间化合物层主要为Al_(4)Cu_(9)相,2400 W激光功率下的界面层主要由AlCu相和CuZn相组成,金属间化合物层主要为CuZn_(5)相;焊缝区主要由Al_(4.2)Cu_(3.2) Zn_(0.7)和Al_(0.71)Zn_(0.29)相组成。随着激光功率的增加,金属间化合物层厚度增加。激光功率对铜侧钎焊区的显微硬度影响较大,各接头的最高显微硬度均出现在铜侧钎焊区。随着激光功率的增加,接头最高硬度增加,抗拉强度先增大后减小;当激光功率为2400 W时,接头的抗拉强度最大,达到铝合金母材的92%,此时接头在靠近铝合金母材处断裂,而其他激光功率下制备的接头均在铜侧钎焊区和焊缝区处断裂。

制氢转化炉上尾管加强接头频繁开裂原因分析及对策

某炼化企业制氢转化炉2010年升级改造后,不同炉管的加强接头与上尾管焊口位置先后出现了5次开裂,造成制氢装置非计划停工。通过对运行环境、高温氢腐蚀、热膨胀应力、结构应力、异种钢焊接、弹簧支吊架等多方面开展深入分析,发现泄漏的原因主要是加强接头与上尾管连接焊缝局部高应力区发生了应力松弛开裂,同时,工艺参数控制不严格加遽了开裂速度。2021年通过实施炉管材质升级、稳定工艺运行环境、严控施工质量等措施,没有再出现过开裂的情况,彻底消除了炉管运行过程中的安全隐患,保障了设备的本质安全和装置的长周期运行。

Impact wear properties of dissimilar joints between bainitic frogs and pearlite rails

The impact wear behavior and damage mechanism of dissimilar welded joints between U26Mn frog and U75 V rail before and after normalizing treatment were studied by cyclic impact tests.The experiment indicated that the impact wear volume of the joints increased with the increasing number of impact cycles.The main wear mechanisms include pitting wear,mild fatigue wear,delamination wear,and fatigue wear,and plastic deformation was the primary impact wear mechanism.Among them,fatigue wear had the greatest influence on wear volume,while other wear mechanisms had limited effect.The impact wear resistance of the base material was better than that of the heat-affected zone.Normalizing treatment was beneficial to improving the impact wear resistance of welded joints owing to its effect to promote pearlite recovery,grain refinement,and uniform distribution of grains.The martensite generated in the rail welded joints aggravated the impact wear damage to the materials,which should be avoided.

超临界电站锅炉马氏体/奥氏体异种钢焊接接头失效模式分析

某350 MW超临界循环流化床机组T91+TP347HFG异种钢焊接接头发生开裂泄漏。本文采用宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、硬度测定、金相组织形貌观察等方法对焊接接头试样进行研究,分析其开裂原因。试验结果表明:该异种钢焊接接头泄漏的原因是焊接质量不过关,且未按照要求进行焊后热处理工作。