A predictive equation for residual strength using a hybrid of subset selection of maximum dissimilarity method with Pareto optimal multi-gene genetic programming

More accurate and reliable estimation of residual strength friction angle(/r)of clay is crucial in many geotechnical engineering applications,including riverbank stability analysis,design,and assessment of earthen dam slope stabilities.However,a general predictive equation for/r,with applicability in a wide range of effective parameters,remains an important research gap.The goal of this study is to develop a more accurate equation for/r using the Pareto Optimal Multi-gene Genetic Programming(POMGGP)approach by evaluating a comprehensive dataset of 290 experiments compiled from published literature databases worldwide.A new framework for integrated equation derivation proposed that hybridizes the Subset Selection of Maximum Dissimilarity Method(SSMD)with Multi-gene Genetic Programming(MGP)and Pareto-optimality(PO)to find an accurate equation for/r with wide range applicability.The final predictive equation resulted from POMGGP modeling was assessed in comparison with some previously published machine learning-based equations using statistical error analysis criteria,Taylor diagram,revised discrepancy ratio(RDR),and scatter plots.Base on the results,the POMGGP has the lowest uncertainty with U95=2.25,when compared with Artificial Neural Network(ANN)(U95=2.3),Bayesian Regularization Neural Network(BRNN)(U95=2.94),Levenberg-Marquardt Neural Network(LMNN)(U95=3.3),and Differential Evolution Neural Network(DENN)(U95=2.37).The more reliable results in estimation of/r derived by POMGGP with reliability 59.3%,and resiliency 60%in comparison with ANN(reliability=30.23%,resiliency=28.33%),BRNN(reliability=10.47%,resiliency=10.39%),LMNN(reliability=19.77%,resiliency=20.29%)and DENN(reliability=27.91%,resiliency=24.19%).Besides the simplicity and ease of application of the new POMGGP equation to a broad range of conditions,using the uncertainty,reliability,and resilience analysis confirmed that the derived equation for/r significantly outperformed other existing machine learning methods,including the ANN,BRNN,LMNN,and DENN equations。

The Distribution of an Index of Dissimilarity for Two Samples from a Uniform Population

In this paper the authors study the sample behavior of the Gini’s index of dissimilarity in the case of two samples of equal size drawn from the same uniform population. The paper present the analytical results obtained for the exact distribution of the index of dissimilarity for sample sizes n ≤ 8. This result was obtained by expressing the index of dissimilarity as a linear combination of spacings of the pooled sample. The obtained results allow to achieve the exact expressions of the moments for any sample size and, therefore, to highlight the main features of the sampling distributions of the index of dissimilarity. The present study can enhance inferential statistical aspects about one of the main contributions of Gini.

Exploring the Gap:the Influence of Chair-CEO Age Dissimilarity on CEO Monitoring and Incentives

This paper investigates how the chair-CEO age dissimilarity and CEO power affect the dispersion and change of chair-CEO pay gap from both static and dynamic perspectives.The substantial age dissimilarity between the chairman and the CEO gives rise to cognitive conflict,thereby increasing board monitoring for firms with greater monitoring needs.Using data of China s listed firms from 2009 to 2017,we find a significant negative effect of CEO power on pay gap between the chairman and the CEO.In addition,when CEO is a member of the board or compensation committee,the power of CEO has different influences on the compensation,but the cognitive conflicts caused by chair-CEO age dissimilarity always inhibit the CEO s power.Thus,age dissimilarity has become an important complement to the board s regulatory mechanisms.

Genetic Dissimilarity of Clonal Populations of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Habitats in Southwestern Heilongjiang Province of China

Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel is the characteristic of the Eastern Asia, and is a perennial herbaceous rhizome species on L. chinensis steppe of the Northern China, the Eastern Mongolia, and area of Outer-Baikal of Russia. It has both vegetative and sexual reproductions, and results in complexity of the population structure. Thus, it is difficult to identify distinct clones. Author used the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technique to identify the clonal structure of heterogeneous and homogeneous habitats in two populations ofLeymus chinensis, analyzed 260 ramets samples using 12 primers and 60 polymorphie markers （reproducible RAPD bands）. The results proved elonal diversity described using PD, D, and E was higher in the HCS habitat than that in the HPS habitat. The PD, D, and E in the HCS of Songzhan population were 0.21, 0.90, and 0.91, respectively, whereas the PD, D, and E in the HPS of Songzhan population were only 0.09, 0.68, and 0.77, respectively; the PD, D, and E in the HCS of Yongle population were 0.19, 0.92 mad 0.90, respectively, correspondingly, these measures in the HPS of Yongle population were only 0.09, 0.63, and 0.79, respectively. The results also indicated that clonal population ofL. chinensis in HPS habitat had lower genetic dissimilarity index than that in the HCS habitat.

Simulated Sample Behaviour of a Dissimilarity Index When Sampling from Populations Differing by a Location Parameter Only

In this paper the authors study empirically the power of the test based on the index of dissimilarity to compare two samples drawn from two populations differing only in the location parameter. We call such a test as test of homogeneity. In practice the power of such a bidirectional test will be studied referring to the absolute value of the shiftδand to the same probability models considered by Fried and Dehling.

Similarity/dissimilarity analysis of protein sequences using the spatial median as a descriptor

A novel 3-D graphical representation of protein sequence has been introduced. A right cone of a unit base and unit height has been selected to represent protein sequences on its surface. The twenty amino acids have been represented by 20 circles and all protein's residues have been represented by n lines on the cone's surface. All the spots which represent the protein's residues have been shown in the cone's top view. The spatial median of all the spots is used as a new descriptor of any protein sequence. This approach was applied on two short segments of protein of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The examination of the similarities/dissimilarities for the eight ND5 proteins and the six β-globin proteins illustrate the utility of our approach. A linear correlation and significance analysis have been provided to compare our results and the percentage sequence alignment identity.

Linear-fitting-based similarity coefficient map for tissue dissimilarity analysis in T2^＊-w magnetic resonance imaging

Similarity coefficient mapping（SCM） aims to improve the morphological evaluation of T＊2weighted magnetic resonance imaging（T＊2-w MRI）. However, how to interpret the generated SCM map is still pending. Moreover, is it probable to extract tissue dissimilarity messages based on the theory behind SCM？ The primary purpose of this paper is to address these two questions. First, the theory of SCM was interpreted from the perspective of linear fitting. Then, a term was embedded for tissue dissimilarity information. Finally, our method was validated with sixteen human brain image series from multiecho T＊2-w MRI. Generated maps were investigated from signal-to-noise ratio（SNR） and perceived visual quality, and then interpreted from intra- and inter-tissue intensity. Experimental results show that both perceptibility of anatomical structures and tissue contrast are improved. More importantly, tissue similarity or dissimilarity can be quantified and cross-validated from pixel intensity analysis. This method benefits image enhancement, tissue classification, malformation detection and morphological evaluation.

Method to Identify Similarity and Dissimilarity between Systems Engineering and Neighboring Disciplines

Systems engineering is not a new discipline. However, up to now, there is little consensus on its exact definition and scope. The scopes of several disciplines (neighboring disciplines of systems engineering) overlap with that of systems engineering. In this paper, the methods to identify similarities and dissimilarities between systems engineering and its neighboring disciplines are discussed. The research of this paper is expected to be helpful for clarifying the definition and scope of systems engineering.

A phylogenetic approach identifies patterns of beta diversity and floristic subregions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity and their relationships with environmental correlates can help reveal the origin and evolutionary history of regional biota.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)harbors an exceptionally diverse flora,however,a phylogenetic perspective has rarely been used to investigate its beta diversity and floristic regions.In this study,we used a phylogenetic approach to identify patterns of beta diversity and quantitatively delimit floristic regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.We also examined the relationships between multifaceted beta diversity,geographical distance,and climatic difference,and evaluated the relative importance of various factors(i.e.,climate,topography and history)in shaping patterns of beta diversity.Sørensen dissimilarity indices indicated that patterns of species turnover among sites dominated the QTP.We also found that patterns of both taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity were significantly related to geographical distance and climatic difference.The environmental factors that contributed most to these patterns of beta diversity include annual precipitation,mean annual temperature,climatic gradients and climatic instability.Hierarchical dendrograms of dissimilarity and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination based on phylogenetic beta diversity data identified ten floristic subregions in the QTP.Our results suggest that the contemporary environment and historical climate changes have filtered species composition among sites and eventually determined beta diversity patterns of plants in the QTP.

A cautionary note on some phylogenetic dissimilarity measures

Aims Measures of plot-to-plot phylogenetic dissimilarity and beta diversity are providing a powerful tool for understanding the complex ecolog-ical and evolutionary mechanisms that drive community assembly.Methods Here,we review the properties of some previously published dis-similarity measures that are based on minimum or average phylo-genetic dissimilarity between species in different plots.Important Findings We first show that some of these measures violate the basic condi-tion that for two identical plots the measures take the value zero.They also violate the condition that the dissimilarity between two identical plots should always be lower than that between two differ-ent plots.Such erratic behavior renders these measures unsuitable for measuring plot-to-plot phylogenetic dissimilarity.We next pro-pose a new measure that satisfies these conditions,thus providing a more reasonable way for measuring phylogenetic dissimilarity.

Trait variation in response to resource availability and plant diversity modulates functional dissimilarity among species in experimental grasslands

Aims Functional trait differences among species are thought to be a pre-requisite for niche differentiation.Plant traits are known to vary plastically in response to environmental conditions and different plant neighbours.However,it is not clear to which extent the direc-tion and magnitude of trait variation differ among species repre-senting different growth forms or varying dominance in different environments and how this trait variation affects community-level trait dissimilarity.Methods In a field experiment,we studied shoot and leaf traits of eight peren-nial grassland species assigned to two functional groups(grasses vs.forbs)and varying in growth stature(small vs.tall)in monocultures,two-and four-species mixtures that were exposed to two levels of light(shaded vs.full light)and nutrient availability(fertilized vs.non-fertilized)to address this gap of knowledge.Important Findings Fertilization increased leaf greenness and specific leaf area(SLA)as well as tissue nitrogen concentrations.Under shading,changes in morphological and physiological light-acquisition traits as well as increased nitrogen and decreased carbon concentrations in plant tissue indicated larger efforts to acquire light and carbon limita-tion of plant growth.Similar changes in light-acquisition traits as observed under shading and decreasing shoot biomass also revealed an accelerated carbon limitation at higher species rich-ness(SR)irrespective of the external manipulation of light and nutrient supply.Overall,the direction of trait variation in response to resource availability(shade,fertilization)and SR did not differ between functional groups or growth statures.The magnitude of variation in several traits at different resource availability,however,was larger in grasses than in forbs as well as in small-statured than in tall-statured species.In general,dominant species in terms of above-ground biomass production had taller shoots with higher carbon and lower nitrogen concentrations and allocated less biomass into leaves than subordinates.The expression of leaf traits of dominants(lower SLA and higher leaf greenness than subordinates)indicated their competitive advantage in light acquisition.Shading,as well as fertilization,accentuated trait differences between dominants and subordinates.Fertilization increased community-level dissimilarity in tissue nitrogen concentrations due to differential responses of functional groups and growth statures.However,resource supply did not alter community-level dissimilarity in other traits.Our study shows that a varying extent of trait variation of species belonging to different functional groups or growth statures and varying in their ability to achieve dominance may modulate community-level trait dissimilarity at different resource availability.These results empha-size the importance to consider the context-dependency of trait-based approaches.

Increased community compositional dissimilarity alleviates species loss following nutrient enrichment at large spatial scales

Aims Anthropogenic activities have drastically increased nutrient availabil-ity,resulting in declines in species richness in many plant communi-ties.However,most previous studies have explored only species-loss patterns and mechanisms over small sampling areas,so their results might overestimate species loss at larger spatial scales.The aim of this research was to explore species diversity change patterns and species-loss rates at multiple scales in alpine meadow communities following nutrient enrichment.Specifically,we asked two closely related ques-tions:(i)do changes in species diversity and species-loss patterns differ among spatial scales?and(ii)how does community compositional dissimilarity and species turnover change among spatial scale?Methods This study was implemented in an alpine meadow community,which is regarded as one of the most sensitive and vulnerable ter-restrial ecosystems to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment.We conducted a fertilization experiment that involved the addition of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and a mixture of both to a series of quadrats ranging from 1 to 16 m2 over 5 years to study the variations in the patterns of species diversity in response to nutrient additions at different spatial scales.Important Findings Our results showed that the changes in species diversity and species loss were dependent on the type of fertilization and the spatial scale.After N and NP fertilization,species diversity significantly decreased at the small scale but not at the large scale,and the rate of species loss decreased as the spatial scale increased.In contrast,the differences between the P addition and control communities were negligible at both the small and large spatial scales.N fertilization caused species to be lost from the small sampling scale,but because different species were lost from dif-ferent samples,there was an increase in compositional dissimilarity at larger spatial scales,which reduced the total number of species lost when measured at larger scales.These findings highlight spatial scale in evalu-ating the biodiversity loss after fertilization and suggest that the compo-sitional dissimilarity might play an important role in mediating species loss after fertilization.Our study significantly improved our understanding of changes in species diversity and species loss at different spatial scales under nutrient-enrichment scenarios.

Microstructure,Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Alloy/T2 Pure Cu Dissimilar Joints Produced by Double Side Friction Stir Z Shape Lap-Butt Welding

A novel double side friction stir Z shape lap-butt welding(DS-FSZW)process was proposed to achieve excellent mechanical properties of Al/Cu medium-thick dissimilar joints.The influence of welding parameters on weld microstructure and properties of DS-FSZW joint were systematically investigated.It indicated that defect-free medium-thick Al/Cu DS-FSZW joint could be achieved under an optimal welding parameter.DS-FSZW joint was prone to form void defects in the bottom of the second-pass weld.The recrystallization mechanisms at the top and middle of the weld nugget zone(WNZ)were continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and geometric dynamic recrystallization(GDRX).While the major recrystallization mechanism at the bottom of the WNZ was GDRX.DS-FSZW joint of the optimal welding condition with 850 r/min-400 mm/min was produced with a continuous thin and crack-free IMCs layer at the Al/Cu interface,and the maximum tensile strength of this joint is 160.57 MPa,which is equivalent to 65.54%of pure Cu base material.Moreover,the corrosion resistance of Al/Cu DS-FSZW joints also achieved its maximum value at the optimal welding parameter of 850 r/min-400 mm/min.It demonstrates that the DS-FSZW process can simultaneously produce medium-thick Al/Cu joints with excellent mechanical performance and corrosion resistance.

Effect of Interface Form on Creep Failure and Life of Dissimilar Metal Welds Involving Nickel-Based Weld Metal and Ferritic Base Metal

For dissimilar metal welds(DMWs)involving nickel-based weld metal(WM)and ferritic heat resistant steel base metal(BM)in power plants,there must be an interface between WM and BM,and this interface suffers mechanical and microstructure mismatches and is often the rupture location of premature failure.In this study,a new form of WM/BM interface form,namely double Y-type interface was designed for the DMWs.Creep behaviors and life of DMWs containing double Y-type interface and conventional I-type interface were compared by finite element analysis and creep tests,and creep failure mechanisms were investigated by stress-strain analysis and microstructure characterization.By applying double Y-type interface instead of conventional I-type interface,failure location of DMW could be shifted from the WM/ferritic heat-affected zone(HAZ)interface into the ferritic HAZ or even the ferritic BM,and the failure mode change improved the creep life of DMW.The interface premature failure of I-type interface DMW was related to the coupling effect of microstructure degradation,stress and strain concentrations,and oxide notch on the WM/HAZ interface.The creep failure of double Y-type interface DMW was the result of Type IV fracture due to the creep voids and micro-cracks on fine-grain boundaries in HAZ,which was a result of the matrix softening of HAZ and lack of precipitate pinning at fine-grain boundaries.The double Y-type interface form separated the stress and strain concentrations in DMW from the WM/HAZ interface,preventing the trigger effect of oxide notch on interface failure and inhibiting the interfacial microstructure cracking.It is a novel scheme to prolong creep life and enhance reliability of DMW,by means of optimizing the interface form,decoupling the damage factors from WM/HAZ interface,and then changing the failure mechanism and shifting the failure location.

Microstructure and thermal properties of dissimilar M300–CuCr1Zr alloys by multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion

Multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) allows manufacturing of parts with 3-dimensional gradient and additional functionality in a single step. This research focuses on the combination of thermally-conductive CuCr1Zr with hard M300 tool steel.Two interface configurations of M300 on CuCr1Zr and CuCr1Zr on M300 were investigated. Ultra-fine grains form at the interface due to the low mutual solubility of Cu and steel. The material mixing zone size is dependent on the configurations and tunable in the range of0.1–0.3 mm by introducing a separate set of parameters for the interface layers. Microcracks and pores mainly occur in the transition zone.Regardless of these defects, the thermal diffusivity of bimetallic parts with 50vol% of CuCr1Zr significantly increases by 70%–150%compared to pure M300. The thermal diffusivity of CuCr1Zr and the hardness of M300 steel can be enhanced simultaneously by applying the aging heat treatment.

Modeling the Facies of Reservoir Using Seismic Data with Missing Attributes by Dissimilarity Based Classification

Using seismic attributes as features for classification in feature space, in various aims such as seismic facies analysis, is conventional for the purpose of seismic interpretation. But sometimes seismic data may have no attributes or it is hard to define a small and relevant set of attributes in some applica- tions. Therefore, employing techniques that perform facies modeling without using attributes is neces- sary. In this paper we present a new method for facies modeling of seismic data with missing attributes that called dissimilarity based classification. In this method, classification is based on dissimilarities and facies modeling will be done in dissimilarity space. In this space dissimilarities consider as new features instead of real features. A support vector machine as a powerful classifier was employed in both feature space （feature-based） and dissimilarity space （feature-less） for facies analysis. The proposed feature-less and feature-based classification is applied on a real seismic data from an Iranian oil field. Facies model- ing using seismic attributes provide better results, but the feature-less classification outcome is also satis- factory and the facies correlation is acceptable. Indeed, the power of attributes to discriminate different facies causes to that facies analysis using attributes provide more reliable results comparing to feature- less facies analysis.

Market Dissimilarity, Technology Complementarity and Collaborative Innovation Performance: The Moderating Effects of IT Adoption

As the strategic alliance between firms is becoming increasingly popular, and collaborative innovation is becoming an important management issue, the lack of a holistic framework of different collaborative partners’ characteristics and their different effects on firms’ innovation is becoming a critical research gap. Another intension of our study is to explore the moderating factors that affect the market dissimilarity/technology complementarity—innovation performance relationships. Using the data of collaboration between innovative firms, we tested our hypotheses using partial least squares(PLS). The results show that both market dissimilarity and technology complementarity between collaborative partners relate positively to focal firms’ innovation performance, in terms of both novelty and efficiency,while technology complementarity is more effective. Our results also indicate that IT adoption negatively moderates the relationship between market dissimilarity and collaborative innovation novelty/efficiency,and the relationship between technology complementarity and innovation efficiency, while in terms of the relationship between technology complementarity and innovation novelty, the moderating effect becomes significantly positive. This study extends previous research on collaborative innovation.

Multi-Attribute Couplings-Based Euclidean and Nominal Distances for Unlabeled Nominal Data

Learning unlabeled data is a significant challenge that needs to han-dle complicated relationships between nominal values and attributes.Increas-ingly,recent research on learning value relations within and between attributes has shown significant improvement in clustering and outlier detection,etc.However,typical existing work relies on learning pairwise value relations but weakens or overlooks the direct couplings between multiple attributes.This paper thus proposes two novel and flexible multi-attribute couplings-based distance(MCD)metrics,which learn the multi-attribute couplings and their strengths in nominal data based on information theories:self-information,entropy,and mutual information,for measuring both numerical and nominal distances.MCD enables the application of numerical and nominal clustering methods on nominal data and quantifies the influence of involving and filtering multi-attribute couplings on distance learning and clustering perfor-mance.Substantial experiments evidence the above conclusions on 15 data sets against seven state-of-the-art distance measures with various feature selection methods for both numerical and nominal clustering.

The role of physical properties in explosive welding of copper to stainless steel

This paper investigates the effects of the physical properties on the microstructure and weldability of explosive welding by joining two metals with a significant contrast in thermophysical properties:stainless steel and copper.Sound welds between stainless steel and copper were obtained,and the interfacial morphology was wavy,regardless of the position of the materials.The weldability of dissimilar pairs was found to be more dependent on the relationship between the physical properties of the base materials than on the absolute value of the material property.When there is a significant difference in thermal conductivity between the flyer and the base plate,together with a material with a low melting temperature,the weldability of the pair is often poor.The relative position of the plates affects the interfacial microstructure even when similar morphologies are found.For the metallic pairs studied,the wave size was bigger for the configuration in which the ratio between the density of the flyer and the density of the base plate is smaller.The same phenomenon was observed for the impedance:bigger waves were found for a smaller ratio between the impedance of the flyer and the impedance of the base plate.

Achieving a high-strength dissimilar joint of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel via friction stir welding

The reliable welding of T91 heat-resistant steel to 316L stainless steel is a considerable issue for ensuring the safety in service of ultrasupercritical power generation unit and nuclear fusion reactor,but the high-quality dissimilar joint of these two steels was difficult to be obtained by traditional fusion welding methods.Here we improved the structure-property synergy in a dissimilar joint of T91 steel to 316L steel via friction stir welding.A defect-free joint with a large bonding interface was produced using a small-sized tool under a relatively high welding speed.The bonding interface was involved in a mixing zone with both mechanical mixing and metallurgical bonding.No obvious material softening was detected in the joint except a negligible hardness decline of only HV~10 in the heat-affected zone of the T91 steel side due to the formation of ferrite phase.The welded joint exhibited an excellent ultimate tensile strength as high as that of the 316L parent metal and a greatly enhanced yield strength on account of the dependable bonding and material renovation in the weld zone.This work recommends a promising technique for producing high-strength weldments of dissimilar nuclear steels.