Denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium in Taihu Lake and Yellow Sea inter-tidal marinesediments were studied. The sediment samples were made into slurry containing 150 g dry matter per liter.Various amounts...Denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium in Taihu Lake and Yellow Sea inter-tidal marinesediments were studied. The sediment samples were made into slurry containing 150 g dry matter per liter.Various amounts of glucose and 5 mmol L-1 of potassium nitrate were added in order to achieve differentratios of glucose-C to nitrate-N. Acetylene inhibition technique was applied to measure denitrification in theslumes. All samples were incubated anaerobically under argon atmosphere. Data showed that Taihu Lakesediment produced more N2O than marine sediment. Denitrification potential was higher in Taihu Lakesediment than in marne one. Glucose added increased denitrification activity but not the denitrification po-tential of the sediments. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium seemed to occur in marine sediment,but not in freshwater one. When the marine sediment was treated with 25 mmol L-1 glucose, its denitrification poteatial, as indicated by maximum N2O production by acetylene blockage, was lower than that treatedwith no or 2.5 mmol L-l glucose. Acetylene was suspected to have inhibitory effect on dissimilatory nitratereduction to ammonium.展开更多
Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15 N labelled KNO 3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N kg -1 . Either glucose or rice straw ...Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15 N labelled KNO 3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N kg -1 . Either glucose or rice straw powder was incorporated at the rate of 1.0 or 2.0 mg C kg -1 respectively. Three treatments were designed to keep the soil saturated with water: A) a 2 cm water layer on soil surface (with beaker mouth open); B) a 2 cm water layer and a 1 cm liquid paraffin layer (with beaker mouth open); and C) water saturated under O 2 free Ar atmosphere. The soils were incubated at 28 oC for 5 days. There was almost no 15 N labelled NH + 4 N detected in Treatment A. However, there was 1.4 to 3.4 mg N kg -1 15 N labelled NH + 4 N in Treatment B and 2.1 to 13.8 mg N kg -1 in Treatment C. Glucose was more effective than straw powder in ammonium production. Because there was sufficient amount of non labelled NH + 4 N in the original soils, 15 N labelled NH + 4 N produced as such should be the result of dissimilatory reduction. Studies on microbial population showed that there were plenty of bacteria responsible for DRNA process (DRNA bacteria) in the soils examined, indicating that number of DRNA bacteria was not a limiting factor for ammonium production. However, DRNA bacteria were inferior in number to denitrifiers. DRNA process in soil suspension seemed to start after 5 days of incubation. Glycerol and sodium succinate, though both are readily available carbon sources to organisms,did not facilitate DRNA process. DRNA occurred only when glucose was available and at the C/NO 3 - N ratio of over 12. It seemed that both availability and quality of the carbon sources affected DRNA.展开更多
Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies...Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources (15N-(NH4)2SO4 and 15N-labeled milk vetch) were applied to two contrasting paddies: one derived from Xiashu loess (Loess) and one from Quaternary red clay (Clay). Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m-2 h-1 and 2.2 mg C m-2 h-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.展开更多
Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems.However,the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes(DNRPs)a...Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems.However,the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes(DNRPs)and the fate of reactive nitrogen remain poorly understood.In this study,the rates of DNRPs and the abundances of related functional genes were investigated in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas.The results showed that marine aquaculture significantly increased the denitrification(DNF)and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium(DNRA)rates and decreased the rate of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANA),as compared with non-aquaculture sites.DNF was the dominant pathway contributing to the total nitrate reduction,and its contribution to the total nitrate reduction significantly increased from 66.72%at non-aquaculture sites to 78.50%at aquaculture sites.Marine aquaculture can significantly affect the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and the abundances of related functional genes,leading to variations in the nitrate reduction rates.Although nitrate removal rates increased in the marine aquaculture area,ammonification rates and the nitrogen retention index in the aquaculture areas were 2.19 and 1.24 times,respectively,higher than those at non-aquaculture sites.Net reactive nitrogen retention exceeded nitrogen removal in the aquaculture area,and the retained reactive nitrogen could diffuse with the tidal current to the entire bay,thereby aggravating N pollution in the entire study area.These results show that marine aquaculture is the dominant source of nitrogen pollution in semi-enclosed bays.This study can provide insights into nitrogen pollution control in semi-enclosed bays with well-developed marine aquaculture.展开更多
Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated.Pd-Cu/c-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by impregnation and charac-terized by brunauer-emmett-teller(BET),inductive couple...Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated.Pd-Cu/c-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by impregnation and charac-terized by brunauer-emmett-teller(BET),inductive coupled plasma(ICP),X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX).It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution(100 mg/L)and the removal efficiency was 87%.The catalytic activity was affected by pH,catalyst amount used,concentration of sodium formate,and initial concentration of nitrate.As sodium formate was used as reductant,precise control in the initial pH was needed.Exces-sively high or low initial pH(7.0 or 3.0)reduced catalytic activity.At initial pH of 4.5,catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst,while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N2 selectivity.In which case,catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics.展开更多
试验以模拟生物滞留系统为研究对象,运用^(15)N同位素示踪技术研究土壤不同氧化还原电位(Eh)和p H条件下硝酸盐异化还原为氨(DNRA)作用对氮的去除效果。结果表明:在土壤Eh为225~100 m V、0^-120 m V和-225^-340 m V条件下,随着Eh的降低...试验以模拟生物滞留系统为研究对象,运用^(15)N同位素示踪技术研究土壤不同氧化还原电位(Eh)和p H条件下硝酸盐异化还原为氨(DNRA)作用对氮的去除效果。结果表明:在土壤Eh为225~100 m V、0^-120 m V和-225^-340 m V条件下,随着Eh的降低,硝酸盐异化还原为氨(DNRA)作用增强;生物滞留系统中同时存在反硝化反应和DNRA作用,在0^-120 m V区间,更有利于反硝化作用的发生;在-225^-340 m V区间,更有利于DNRA作用的发生;生物滞留系统土壤p H为5~7的条件下,DNRA作用效果随着p H的增加而增强;在p H为7~9时,DNRA作用效果随着p H的增加而减弱;表明DNRA作用易在中性偏碱性的环境下发生。展开更多
文摘Denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium in Taihu Lake and Yellow Sea inter-tidal marinesediments were studied. The sediment samples were made into slurry containing 150 g dry matter per liter.Various amounts of glucose and 5 mmol L-1 of potassium nitrate were added in order to achieve differentratios of glucose-C to nitrate-N. Acetylene inhibition technique was applied to measure denitrification in theslumes. All samples were incubated anaerobically under argon atmosphere. Data showed that Taihu Lakesediment produced more N2O than marine sediment. Denitrification potential was higher in Taihu Lakesediment than in marne one. Glucose added increased denitrification activity but not the denitrification po-tential of the sediments. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium seemed to occur in marine sediment,but not in freshwater one. When the marine sediment was treated with 25 mmol L-1 glucose, its denitrification poteatial, as indicated by maximum N2O production by acetylene blockage, was lower than that treatedwith no or 2.5 mmol L-l glucose. Acetylene was suspected to have inhibitory effect on dissimilatory nitratereduction to ammonium.
文摘Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15 N labelled KNO 3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N kg -1 . Either glucose or rice straw powder was incorporated at the rate of 1.0 or 2.0 mg C kg -1 respectively. Three treatments were designed to keep the soil saturated with water: A) a 2 cm water layer on soil surface (with beaker mouth open); B) a 2 cm water layer and a 1 cm liquid paraffin layer (with beaker mouth open); and C) water saturated under O 2 free Ar atmosphere. The soils were incubated at 28 oC for 5 days. There was almost no 15 N labelled NH + 4 N detected in Treatment A. However, there was 1.4 to 3.4 mg N kg -1 15 N labelled NH + 4 N in Treatment B and 2.1 to 13.8 mg N kg -1 in Treatment C. Glucose was more effective than straw powder in ammonium production. Because there was sufficient amount of non labelled NH + 4 N in the original soils, 15 N labelled NH + 4 N produced as such should be the result of dissimilatory reduction. Studies on microbial population showed that there were plenty of bacteria responsible for DRNA process (DRNA bacteria) in the soils examined, indicating that number of DRNA bacteria was not a limiting factor for ammonium production. However, DRNA bacteria were inferior in number to denitrifiers. DRNA process in soil suspension seemed to start after 5 days of incubation. Glycerol and sodium succinate, though both are readily available carbon sources to organisms,did not facilitate DRNA process. DRNA occurred only when glucose was available and at the C/NO 3 - N ratio of over 12. It seemed that both availability and quality of the carbon sources affected DRNA.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30390080 and 30390081).
文摘Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources (15N-(NH4)2SO4 and 15N-labeled milk vetch) were applied to two contrasting paddies: one derived from Xiashu loess (Loess) and one from Quaternary red clay (Clay). Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m-2 h-1 and 2.2 mg C m-2 h-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.41730646,41761144062,91851111,41671007,41501524 and 41971105)the Chinese National Key Programs for Fundamental Research and Development(Nos.2016YFE0133700,and 2016YFA0600904)。
文摘Marine aquaculture in semi-enclosed bays can significantly influence nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems.However,the impact of marine aquaculture on the dynamics of dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes(DNRPs)and the fate of reactive nitrogen remain poorly understood.In this study,the rates of DNRPs and the abundances of related functional genes were investigated in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas.The results showed that marine aquaculture significantly increased the denitrification(DNF)and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium(DNRA)rates and decreased the rate of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANA),as compared with non-aquaculture sites.DNF was the dominant pathway contributing to the total nitrate reduction,and its contribution to the total nitrate reduction significantly increased from 66.72%at non-aquaculture sites to 78.50%at aquaculture sites.Marine aquaculture can significantly affect the physicochemical characteristics of sediment and the abundances of related functional genes,leading to variations in the nitrate reduction rates.Although nitrate removal rates increased in the marine aquaculture area,ammonification rates and the nitrogen retention index in the aquaculture areas were 2.19 and 1.24 times,respectively,higher than those at non-aquaculture sites.Net reactive nitrogen retention exceeded nitrogen removal in the aquaculture area,and the retained reactive nitrogen could diffuse with the tidal current to the entire bay,thereby aggravating N pollution in the entire study area.These results show that marine aquaculture is the dominant source of nitrogen pollution in semi-enclosed bays.This study can provide insights into nitrogen pollution control in semi-enclosed bays with well-developed marine aquaculture.
基金This study was supported by the Science and Technology Cooperation Foundation between Nankai University and Tianjin University of Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated.Pd-Cu/c-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by impregnation and charac-terized by brunauer-emmett-teller(BET),inductive coupled plasma(ICP),X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX).It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution(100 mg/L)and the removal efficiency was 87%.The catalytic activity was affected by pH,catalyst amount used,concentration of sodium formate,and initial concentration of nitrate.As sodium formate was used as reductant,precise control in the initial pH was needed.Exces-sively high or low initial pH(7.0 or 3.0)reduced catalytic activity.At initial pH of 4.5,catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst,while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N2 selectivity.In which case,catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics.
文摘试验以模拟生物滞留系统为研究对象,运用^(15)N同位素示踪技术研究土壤不同氧化还原电位(Eh)和p H条件下硝酸盐异化还原为氨(DNRA)作用对氮的去除效果。结果表明:在土壤Eh为225~100 m V、0^-120 m V和-225^-340 m V条件下,随着Eh的降低,硝酸盐异化还原为氨(DNRA)作用增强;生物滞留系统中同时存在反硝化反应和DNRA作用,在0^-120 m V区间,更有利于反硝化作用的发生;在-225^-340 m V区间,更有利于DNRA作用的发生;生物滞留系统土壤p H为5~7的条件下,DNRA作用效果随着p H的增加而增强;在p H为7~9时,DNRA作用效果随着p H的增加而减弱;表明DNRA作用易在中性偏碱性的环境下发生。
