Concentration and Characterization of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

The distribution and chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during December 2011-January 2012 were investigated. The input of freshwater and biological activities had an evident influence on the CDOM levels(characterized by the light absorption coefficient at the wavelength of 355 nm a_(355)) in the study area. The spatial distribution of CDOM levels displayed a gradually decreasing trend from the coastal waters(0.37 m^(-1)) to the open sea(0.18 m^(-1)). The spectral slope ratio(the slope ratio S_R defined as S_(275-295):S_(350-400)) during the cruise was correlated with salinity, and exhibited a large variation from inshore(average of 2.515) to offshore sites(average of 5.327) compared with the distribution of a_(355). The values of S_R were related to CDOM molecular weight(MW). The a_(355), S_R, and chlorophyll a in 37 samples collected from the surface microlayer were significantly correlated with those in the corresponding subsurface water samples, implying a strong exchange action between the microlayer and bulk water. The a_(355) and S_R of CDOM exhibited significant microlayer enrichment, with mean enrichment factors(EFs) of 1.72 and 1.62, respectively.

Study on experiment and mechanism of thermal dissolved sulfuration of low grade lead-zinc oxide ore in lanpin

The thermal dissolved sulfuration technology is brought forward and performed based on the characteristic of low grade lead-zinc oxide ore in lanpin. Using sulfur as the sulphidizing agent in the experiment, the oxides in the sandstone and ignimbrite are changed into sulfides. The disproportionation reaction of sulfur in a solution is confirmed as 4S＋3H2O=2S^2-＋S2O3^2--＋6H^＋. The dynamics process is studied and the first-order reaction rate equation -1n（1-a）=ktt is obtained. The effects of the reactive products, stirring speed, dosage of sulfuration agent, value of pH and sulphidizing temperature on the sulfuration of oxide ore are investigated. The results indicate that the reactive apparent activation energy is 100.8 kJ/mol and the sulfuration ratio of lead-zinc oxide ore reaches 60% under the conditions of pH 5.9-7.5, the sulfuration temperature of 130 ℃, sulfuration time of 180 min and the stirring speed of 800 r/min.

Hybrid Dissolved Gas-in-Oil Analysis Methods

Dissolved gas analysis is the most widely used diagnostic test in power transformers. The aim of this paper is to introduce the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) methods able to diagnose the transformer conditions. The faults cause the transformer oil, pressboard, and other insulating materials to decompose and generate gases, some of which dissolve in the oil. The results of DGA must be accurate if faults are to be diagnosed reliably. There are different established methods used in industry for interpreting DGA results. We will compare the result of IEEE Key Gas Methods and Rogers’ Ratios. The transformer conditions are evaluated by the Key Gas Method with total combustible gas method (TCGM) and then verified by the Rogers’ Ratios. As result, the aging pattern and trend of the power transformer deterioration can be determined. The 30 sample data from IEEE with known faults and dissolved gas concentrations were used as the basis of comparison.

Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor

The effects of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen(COD/N)ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO)on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)were investigated using an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor(AIC-MBR)with synthetic wastewater.The results showed that the COD efficiencies were consistently greater than 90% regardless of changes in the COD/N ratio.At the COD/N ratio of 4.77 and 10.04,the system nitrogen removal efficiency became higher than 70%.However,the nitrogen remova...

A^(2)/O+反硝化深床滤池在城镇污水处理厂深度经济脱氮的运行优化

脱氮是当前城镇污水处理的重点,其中A^(2)/O+反硝化滤池工艺是生活污水处理主流工艺,四川省岷江流域某城镇污水处理厂通过优化进水流量分配比、调节溶解氧和内回流比、碳源筛选等工艺试验,综合考察了工艺调控措施对系统脱氮效能的提升以及脱氮成本的经济化控制。结果表明,A^(2)/O池进水100%进入厌氧区、内回流比200%、A^(2)/O池末端溶解氧控制在1.5 mg/L、反硝化深床滤池投加液体复合碳源,在有效深度脱氮的同时节约运行费用,总氮指标满足岷沱江标准,脱氮费用降低0.37元/m^(3)。

溶解有机氮组分对莱州湾硅藻-甲藻演变的影响及其动力学研究

本文针对莱州湾硅藻向甲藻优势种群演替的潜在问题,设置岸基培养实验,研究溶解有机氮(DON)及其亲水和疏水组分在不同氮磷比条件下对浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,初始无机态氮磷营养盐浓度不受限实验条件下,硅藻(菱形藻(Nitzchia spp.)、扁面角毛藻(Chaetoceros compressus)等)因更强的溶解无机氮(DIN)亲和力(吸收速率常数/半饱和常数)而成为优势藻;高氮磷比和疏水性DON实验条件下,甲藻(塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense))因对DON具有更强的亲和力而在培养后期演变为优势藻。三维荧光光谱和酶活性分析表明,高腐质化指数(HIX=1.17)的DON疏水性组分含有较高占比的类腐殖质C峰(27.0%)和M峰(16.1%),以及高氮磷比条件下DON微生物降解速率慢等原因,是促进甲藻以DON类腐殖质组分为氮源生长的内在原因;而高生物指数(BIX=1.29)的DON亲水组分含有高占比的类蛋白质吸收峰T1峰(42.5%)和B峰(33.6%),以及低氮磷比条件下DON微生物降解速率快等原因,是促进硅藻以DON类蛋白质组分为氮源生长的内在原因,这也反映在硅藻高活性表达的类氨酸氨肽酶上。

秦岭北麓地下水水文地球化学演化规律及模式

秦岭北麓是黄河重要的水源涵养区,分析其水文地球化学特征及演化模式对于加强秦岭地下水资源的开发与保护、推进关中平原乃至黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。利用2019—2021年在渭河流域开展水文地质调查所获取的资料,运用数理统计、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,分析了秦岭至渭河河谷地下水的水文地球化学演化规律及模式。结果表明:由基岩区至细土平原区,地下水水化学类型由HCO3-Ca型向HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na型转变,溶解性固体总量(TDS)浓度由254 mg/L增至889 mg/L,分带性不强;随着地下水流动,水-岩作用主要由碳酸盐岩风化溶滤控制向硅酸盐岩与岩盐风化溶滤控制转变,同时阳离子交换作用增强;14C测年显示研究区地下水年龄多在2 450 a以内,地下水循环更新快,蒸发浓缩作用不显著;山前洪积扇作为地下水重要的涵养区与径流通道,对于关中平原潜水和承压水水质保障有关键作用,由于洪积扇含水层防污性能差,在地下水开发利用和工农业活动中要加强地下水资源的保护。

泸江流域水体溶解无机碳来源定量解析

溶解无机碳(DIC)是研究流域水体碳循环的重要指标之一。泸江流域内岩溶断陷盆地发育,水文地质条件独特,是研究流域水体碳迁移转化的良好选区。为了研究泸江流域河流水体水化学类型及DIC的来源问题,分析了该流域雨季14个地表水点、8个暗河点、10个泉点的水化学和碳同位素采样数据。结果表明:(1)流域内水化学类型主要是HCO_(3)-Ca型,属于“碳酸盐岩风化型”;(2)通过分析离子关系图进一步确定了SO_(4)^(2-)与NO_(3)^(-)参与了流域岩石风化过程;(3)基于离子比值法计算得出,碳酸风化碳酸盐岩贡献比例平均为68.8%,硫酸/硝酸风化碳酸盐岩贡献比例平均为27.2%,硅酸盐岩风化对HCO_(3)^(-)贡献比例平均为3.9%,泸江流域水体岩石风化过程中,以碳酸风化碳酸盐岩为主;(4)根据碳同位素法验证,与实测值相比,暗河水和泉水理论平均值δ^(13)C_(DICTh)比较接近,而地表水则过于偏正,说明地表水中DIC来源不仅由岩石风化控制,还有河流水体内部的生物地球化学过程。相比较而言,地表河流处城镇化严重且存在明显农业活动,受人类活动影响显著。

Production optimization in a fractured carbonate reservoir with high producing GOR

The Gas-Oil Ratio(GOR)is a crucial production parameter in oil reservoirs.An increase in GOR results in higher gas production and lower oil production,potentially leading to well shut-ins due to economic infeasibility.This study focuses on a real fractured oil field that requires urgent production operations to reduce the producing GOR.In this study,the static model for the field was developed using commercial software,involving steps such as data collection,fault modeling,meshing,and statistical analysis to prepare for dynamic simulation.The dynamic model incorporates geometry,gridding,and rock properties from the static model,utilizing a dual-porosity approach for the naturally fractured reservoir and the Peng-Robinson equation for fluid phase behavior.Initial reservoir conditions,production history,and rock-fluid interactions were defined,with relative permeability curves indicating a water-wet reservoir and low critical gas saturation affecting the GOR.To better understand the relationship between reservoir and production parameters,a detailed sensitivity analysis was performed using the Response Surface Methodology(RSM).Following the sensitivity analysis,a history matching process was conducted using the Designed Exploration and Controlled Evolution(DECE)optimizer to validate the model for future forecasts.Six operational scenarios were defined to decrease the production GOR and enhance final recovery from the field.The results indicate that the water injection scenario is effective in preventing the GOR increase by maintaining reservoir pressure,thereby sustaining production over a longer period.This scenario also improves oil recovery by approximately 6%compared to the base case.Finally,optimization was carried out using the DECE optimizer for each scenario to fine-tune the operational parameters.The goal was to maximize oil revenue for each scenario during the optimization process.This study stands out as one of the few that provides a comprehensive analysis of production behavior and development planning for a real fractured reservoir with high producing GOR.

Influence of dissolved organic matter on methylmercury transformation during aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge under different C/N ratios

Current knowledge about the transformation of total mercury and methylmercury(Me Hg) in aerobic composting process is limited. In this study, the composition and transformation of mercury and dissovled organic matter(DOM) in aerobic composting process of municipal sewage sludge were were comprehensively characterized, and the differences among the three C/N ratio(20, 26 and 30) were investigated. The main form of mercury in C/N 20 and 26 was organo-chelated Hg(F3, 46%-60%);while the main form of mercury in C/N 30 was mercuric sulfide(F5, 64%-70%). The main component of DOM in C/N 20 and 26 were tyrosine-like substance(C1, 53%-76%) while the main fractions in C/N 30 were tyrosine-like substance(C1, 28%-37%) and fulvic-like substance(C2, 17%-39%). The mercury and DOM varied significantly during the 9 days composting process. Compared to C/N 20 and 26, C/N 30 produced the less Me Hg after aerobic composting process, with values of 658%(C/N 20), 1400%(C/N 26) and 139%(C/N 30) of the initial, respectively. Meanwhile, C/N 30 produced the best compost showed greater degree of DOM molecular condensation and humification. Hg fraction had been altered by DOM, as indicated by a significant correlation between mercury species and DOM components. Notably, C/N 30 should be used as an appropriate C/N ratio to control the methylation processes of mercury and degration of DOM.

BioDopp工艺处理己内酰胺生产废水的中试研究

本文采用改良后的BioDopp工艺进行中试研究,探讨了其对己内酰胺生产废水的处理效果。中试装置稳定运行阶段,进水CODcr平均浓度为1686 mg/L,出水降低至318 mg/L;进水NH_(3)-N平均浓度为202.4 mg/L,出水降低至2.2 mg/L;进水TN平均浓度为386 mg/L,出水降低至28 mg/L。出水满足《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(GB/T 31962—2015)的A标准。实验结果表明:BioDopp工艺高回流比的特点有效提高了系统的脱氮效果和抗冲击能力,而低溶解氧的运行方式则保证了高回流比的混合液不会携带过多的溶解氧到缺氧区,从而影响缺氧区的反硝化反应。

香蕉根际土壤解钾放线菌的筛选鉴定及解钾特性研究

旨在根据解钾菌的解钾特性和机理,从香蕉根际土壤中分离获得解钾能力较强且十分稳定的高效解钾放线菌。首先,通过解钾分离培养基和筛选培养基的初筛,获得一批高效解钾菌,然后在实验室条件下鉴定菌株类型和测定解钾率,得到一株高效解钾放线菌。最后通过形态观察、生理生化实验和16S r RNA基因序列分析对所筛菌株进行鉴定,并测定不同条件下的解钾率,对其解钾特性进行了研究。结果显示,从香蕉根际土壤中筛选出16株高效解钾菌,通过鉴定和解钾率的测定,最终获得一株稳定的解钾链霉菌(Streptomycete)M3-4,其在120 h,30℃,p H为6,钾长石粉为5 g,摇床转速为250 r/min条件下,以麦芽糖为碳源,蛋白胨为氮源时解钾率达最大值。该菌株为陕西链霉菌(Streptomyces shaanxiensis),解钾率约为20%。

北京地区农田氮素养分随地表径流流失机理

田间模拟降雨径流试验研究了北京地区农田暴雨径流氮素流失与雨强、作物覆盖、施肥因子的关系,以及侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征和对氮的富集作用。结果表明:(1)降雨强度越大,地表径流模数和侵蚀模数增大,氮素流失越多;作物覆盖有效地减少地表水土和颗粒态氮流失;(2)颗粒态氮浓度占径流全氮浓度的88.9%(施尿素)和98%以上(未施氮肥),是农田径流氮损失的主要形态;(3)施用化学氮肥增大了农田径流溶解态氮浓度,化学氮肥容易通过地表径流流失;(4)侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异,粒径<0.25mm的团聚体,尤其是含氮量较高的<0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙富集氮的主要原因。减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀,降低表土速效氮含量是减少农田地表径流氮养分流失的关键。

膨润土直接碱溶法制备4A沸石分子筛的试验

本文以四川盐亭膨润土为原料,经提纯后采用直接碱溶法制备了4A沸石分子筛。通过实验研究,获得了的膨润土直接碱溶法制备4A沸石的工艺技术条件。X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜分析结果表明,所获沸石样品纯度高,晶形呈发育完善的立方体连生体,粒径一般小于2μm;样品的钙离子吸附量达30125mgCaCO3/g,白度为7906%,分别达到了企业一级和二级产品的质量标准。直接碱溶法与酸化膨润土法相比具有成本低、工艺简单。

Effect of Different Fertilization Patterns on Carbon and Nitrogen Components of Tobacco Topsoil

In order to explore the fertilizing ways and dynamic changes of soil carbon and nitrogen in the main producing areas of tobacco in Guizhou,research was conducted to study the variations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen,total organic carbon and nitrogen and their ratio of tobacco-topsoil in organic fertilization pattern and conventional cultivation pattern （No fertilizer as control） by pot experiment.The results were as follows：（1） The effects of different fertilization patterns on soil dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and total organic carbon and nitrogen were significantly different.The content of DOC,DON,TOC and TON in tobaccotopsoil was decreased with the advancing of growth period in conventional fertilization pattern.In the conventional fertilization pattern,the accumulation of DOC and TOC was increased first and then decreased,and the accumulation of DON and TON was decreased first and then increased.（2） The TOC content at the different growing stage and DOC content at the middle and later stage of tobacco were significantly improved in organic fertilization patterns.The accumulation of DON and TON in the conventional fertilization pattern was significantly higher than those in the organic fertilizer pattern and control at the rosette stage and vigorous stage.In the harvest period,the content of DOC,DON,TOC and TON of tobacco-topsoil in the conventional fertilization and organic fertilization pattern was significantly higher than those in the control.（3）The DOC/DON ratio and the TOC/TiON ratio was increased gradually with the advancing of growth period in conventional fertilization pattern,but they were increased first and then decreased in the organic fertilization pattern and CK.The DOC/DON and TOC/TON ratio of tobacco-topsoil in different fertilization patterns was showed as Y J＞ CK＞ CG at the different growing stage.The experiment results revealed that：The organic fertilization pattern may improve significantly the accumulation of DOC,DON,TOC and TON of tobacco-topsoil at the middle and later stage and the DOC/DON and TOC/TON ratio at the different growth stage.It contributed to the continuous and balanced supply of nutrients at the middle and later stage of tobacco and the soil fertility.

土壤-水体系中固/液比对溶解性石油烃吸附的影响

采用批实验的方法,研究了2种土壤在不同的固/液比(solid-to-solution ratio,SSR)条件下对溶解性石油烃(DPH)的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,DPH在土壤中的吸附-解吸等温线符合线性方程;解吸表现出明显的滞后现象,滞后因子随SSR的升高而增加,随土壤有机碳含量(OC)的升高而减小,对于OC=1.54%的稻田土,当SSR从10.00 g.L-1变化至75.00 g.L-1,DPH的解吸滞后因子从1.43升高到2.21;对于OC=15.91%的黑土,当SSR从2.50 g.L-1变化至5.00 g.L-1,DPH的解吸滞后因子从1.18升高到1.37.说明吸附的不可逆性随SSR的升高而增强,随土壤有机碳含量的升高而减弱.另外,研究发现由吸附等温线计算得到的KOC随SSR的升高(不可逆性的增强)而减小,在此基础上建立了固定体系中KOC与SSR的关系模型,用于预测实际环境中DPH在土-水界面的迁移.

模拟降雨条件下生物可利用磷在地表径流中的流失和预测

本文通过模拟降雨径流实验,运用两种生物可利用磷（BAP）的化学浸提方法,在1.2mm·min^（-1）的大暴雨条件下,研究在施肥和未施肥两种情况下,BAP的径流流失方式和过程,并建立模型进行BAP的预测,结果表明,运用两种BAP的化学浸提方法测定的结果差异性不显著（p=0.05）,并具有1:1的线性相关关系;BAP的流失通过溶解态磷（DP）和颗粒态生物可利用磷（BPP）两种形态方式,随着降雨径流时间的延长,累积的BAP量呈对数式增加,径流流失的BAP量约占总磷量的25—30%;施肥能增加DP和BAP的流失量;通过模拟实验建立了BAP的预测模型: BAP=DP+BPP [DP]=（0.035×P_O×SL×t^（-0.2）×W^（0.5））/V [BPP]=1.19BPP_（soil）×SL并检验了BAP的预测结果无显著差异（p=0.05）。

变压器油中溶解气体拉曼剖析及定量检测优化研究

多种气体(氢气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲烷、乙炔、乙烯和乙烷)的高精度、高灵敏度检测仍是基于溶解气体分析的早期变压器故障诊断的核心。本文从原子结构层面剖析了变压器油中溶解气体的拉曼振动模式及拉曼频谱。搭建了基于表面增强拉曼光谱技术的溶解气体检测平台,得到了单一气体H2、CO、CO2、CH4、C2H2、C2H4和C2H6的拉曼频谱,且实现了溶解故障混合气体的同时检测。通过阿伦方差分析,确定了拉曼检测的最优平均次数,使检测极限提高了约12.8倍。提出了基于气体特征谱峰面积比的定量分析方法,对现场运行变压器油样进行故障诊断,检测准确率达到96%。

提取方法对土壤可溶性有机碳测定结果的影响

为验证浸提条件对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浸提量的影响,选择具有代表性的3种土地利用方式的土壤进行实验,研究土样处理方式、提取时间、水土比、提取剂种类和振荡次数等提取条件对DOC浸提量的影响。结果表明:土样处理方式影响DOC浸提量的大小顺序为:风干过2 mm筛>鲜样过1 mm筛>过2 mm筛>过5 mm筛>不过筛,风干过2 mm筛的DOC提取量是鲜样不过筛的2.4倍,且各处理之间DOC浸提量差异性达显著水平(P<0.05);DOC的浸提量随振荡时间变化不是特别明显,振荡4 h后基本达到平衡;土壤DOC浸提量随水土比的增加而增大,呈显著的线性关系;浸提剂种类对土壤DOC浸提量影响显著,4种提取剂提取出来的DOC量的大小顺序为:DOC(80℃,H_2O)>DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L^(-1) NaHCO_3)>DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L^(-1) K_2SO_4)>DOC(25℃,H_2O);单次提取量随提取次数增加而降低,累积提取量随浸提次数增加而升高,且累积提取的DOC量与浸提次数呈极显著正相关。建议采用过2 mm筛的土壤鲜样,提取剂用25℃去离子水,水土比采用5∶1,连续振荡4 h后一次过滤测定土壤DOC含量。本研究有助于增强不同研究结果之间DOC数据的可比性,也有利于推动土壤DOC测定标准的完善。

变压器故障诊断用油中溶解气体新特征参量

油中溶解气体分析（dissolved gas analysis,DGA）是现场电力变压器故障诊断最常用的方法。然而,油中溶解气体含量较容易受到变压器结构、容量、故障位置以及故障程度等因素的影响,从而降低了变压器故障诊断的可靠性。为了提升变压器故障诊断正确率,该文提出了基于支持向量机（support vector machie,SVM）和遗传算法（geneti calgorithm,GA）优选的DGA新特征参量。首先,以28个DGA比值为输入,建立了基于SVM的变压器故障诊断模型;其次,采用GA同时对SVM参数和DGA比值进行优化,得到9个优选DGA比值作为变压器故障诊断用新特征参量。对IEC TC 10故障数据库的诊断结果表明：DGA新特征参量的故障诊断正确率为84%,较常用的DGA含量和IEC比值的诊断正确率提高10%~25%;并且无论采用哪种特征参量,支持向量机的诊断结果均优于神经网络诊断模型。最后,采用DGA新特征参量对国内117组变压器的故障诊断正确率达到了87.18%,再次验证了该方法的有效性。