Analysis and Pollution Assessment on the Dissolved Organic Matter in the Sediment of Hydro-fluctuation Belt(Yunyang Part)

By using the ultraviolet absorption spectrum,the fluorescence spectrum and three dimensional fluorescence spectra,the composition of dissolved organic matter(DOM) and the humification degree,etc.in the sediment of hydro-fluctuation belt(Yunyang part) were analyzed.The relationship between the test parameters and the pollution degree in the region was discussed.The research results of UV spectrum data E3/E4 showed that in 4 sampling sites which included Huangshi Town,Gaoyang Town,Shuangjiang Town and Quma Town,the humification degree in the sediment of hydro-fluctuation belt in Shuangjiang Town sampling site was lower,and the aromaticity was smaller.Moreover,the effect of human factor was comparatively smaller.The fluorescence index value which represented the source of humus in DOM was 1.62-1.88.It showed that the biological and terrestrial source both existed.Three dimensional spectra results showed that the pollution degrees in 4 sampling sites were all smaller,and some prevention measures should be taken early.

Impact of transparent exopolymer particles on the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in the Amundsen Sea,Antarctica

The Southern Ocean is an important carbon sink pool and plays a critical role in the global carbon cycling.The Amundsen Sea was reported to be highly productive in inshore area in the Southern Ocean.In order to investigate the influence of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)on the behavior of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in this region,a comprehensive study was conducted,encompassing both open water areas and highly productive polynyas.It was found that microbial heterotrophic metabolism is the primary process responsible for the production of humic-like fluorescent components in the open ocean.The relationship between apparent oxygen utilization and the two humic-like components can be accurately described by a power-law function,with a conversion rate consistent with that observed globally.The presence of TEP was found to have little impact on this process.Additionally,the study revealed the accumulation of DOC at the sea surface in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,suggesting that TEP may play a critical role in this phenomenon.These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and surface accumulation of DOC in the Amundsen Sea Polynya,and provide valuable insights into the carbon cycle in this region.

Multivariate analysis of fluorescence and source identification of dissolved organic matter in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis （PCA） methods were used to assess the similarities and dissimilarities of the entire Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy （EEMs） data sets of samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay, China. The results demonstrate that multivariate analysis facilitates the complex data treatment and spectral sorting processes, and also enhances the probability to reveal otherwise hidden information concerning the chemical characteristics of the dissolved organic matter （DOM）. The distribution of different water samples as revealed by multivariate results has been used to track the movement of DOM material in the study area, and the interpretation is supported by the results obtained from the numerical simulation model of substance tracing technique, which show that the substance discharged by Haibo River can be distributed in Jiaozhou Bay.

Continuous flow analysis of dissolved total phosphorus in seawater by UVK_(2)S_(2)O_(8) online digestion method

Several methods for analysis of dissolved total phosphorus in seawater were reviewed. Discussions were focused on UVirradiation and persulphate oxidation methods which are the most popular dissolved organic phosphorus determinationmethods presently. The compounds used for the phosphorus recovery test were categorized into three groups accordingto their chemical structure. It was found that low power UV irradiation can decompose POC or PC bonds efficientlybut may be inefficient for POP bonds. Heating-bath in acid condition is useful for decomposing POP bonds. Usingthe continuous flow analysis system (Auto-analyzer II), UV digestion and heating-bath, series experiments were carriedout based on the above analysis. Eleven model compounds were employed for the phosphorus recovery test and thefactors influencing the decomposition efficiency of dissolved compounds containing phosphorus were clarified. Finally,the optimal design for determination of dissolved total phosphorus in seawater based on the routine continuous flowanalysis system was presented. For the organic mono-phosphate, the recovery is more than 90% and a recovery of33%~51% was obtained for inorganic or organic polyphosphates. Up to now, this is the highest decompositionefficiency for dissolved phosphorus based on the continuous flow analysis system.

Evaluation of Dissolved Organic Carbon Using Synchronized Fluorescence Emission Spectra and Unsupervised Method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be originated from autochthonous or allochthonous sources, where allochthonous DOM can be from pedogenic sources (humic substances—HSs) or anthropogenicsources (wastewater). The analysis of fluorescence emission, excitation, synchronous or excitation-emission matrix (EEM) have been used to identify the main source or probable contribution of dissolved compounds, such as humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from sewage, but does not quantify. Fluorescence emission is a powerful technique to detect and qualify organic dissolved compounds but fails in quantitative aspects. In this work, we propose an in situ method for direct determination of DOC using synchronous fluorescence spectra with independent component analysis (ICA). Well known standard solutions were used for method development and validation. In this work, we show that it is possible to predict the number of independent contributions using an unsupervised method based on iterative Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis (PCA-ICA) approach over combined matrix results. Within these results it’s also possible to see that with a very small amount of independent components it is possible to describe environmental samples of HA, FA and primary productivity (PP).

A Hybrid Neural Network Model for Marine Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Time-Series Forecasting Based on Multi-Factor Analysis and a Multi-Model Ensemble

Dissolved oxygen(DO)is an important indicator of aquaculture,and its accurate forecasting can effectively improve the quality of aquatic products.In this paper,a new DO hybrid forecasting model is proposed that includes three stages:multi-factor analysis,adaptive decomposition,and an optimizationbased ensemble.First,considering the complex factors affecting DO,the grey relational(GR)degree method is used to screen out the environmental factors most closely related to DO.The consideration of multiple factors makes model fusion more effective.Second,the series of DO,water temperature,salinity,and oxygen saturation are decomposed adaptively into sub-series by means of the empirical wavelet transform(EWT)method.Then,five benchmark models are utilized to forecast the sub-series of EWT decomposition.The ensemble weights of these five sub-forecasting models are calculated by particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm(PSOGSA).Finally,a multi-factor ensemble model for DO is obtained by weighted allocation.The performance of the proposed model is verified by timeseries data collected by the pacific islands ocean observing system(PacIOOS)from the WQB04 station at Hilo.The evaluation indicators involved in the experiment include the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE),Kling–Gupta efficiency(KGE),mean absolute percent error(MAPE),standard deviation of error(SDE),and coefficient of determination(R^(2)).Example analysis demonstrates that:①The proposed model can obtain excellent DO forecasting results;②the proposed model is superior to other comparison models;and③the forecasting model can be used to analyze the trend of DO and enable managers to make better management decisions.

Trend Impact Analysis of Dissolved Nutrients Released From Soil on Water Quality in Qinglongshan Reservoir

During the storage of water and the initial running of a reservoir, part of the dissolved nutrients released from the soil in water will effect water quality. Taking Qinglongshan Reservoir as an example, estimating the value of the contribution of dissolved nutrients to the water quality and analyzing the trend or level of the dissolved nutrients effecting on the water quality under the soil nutrient inquiring, the soil nutrient monitoring, and the dissolving experiment of nutrients released from soil, also according to the capacity curve of Qinglongshan Reservoir.

Hybrid Dissolved Gas-in-Oil Analysis Methods

Dissolved gas analysis is the most widely used diagnostic test in power transformers. The aim of this paper is to introduce the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) methods able to diagnose the transformer conditions. The faults cause the transformer oil, pressboard, and other insulating materials to decompose and generate gases, some of which dissolve in the oil. The results of DGA must be accurate if faults are to be diagnosed reliably. There are different established methods used in industry for interpreting DGA results. We will compare the result of IEEE Key Gas Methods and Rogers’ Ratios. The transformer conditions are evaluated by the Key Gas Method with total combustible gas method (TCGM) and then verified by the Rogers’ Ratios. As result, the aging pattern and trend of the power transformer deterioration can be determined. The 30 sample data from IEEE with known faults and dissolved gas concentrations were used as the basis of comparison.

Insulation fault diagnosis based on group grey relational grade analysis method for power transformers

Utilising dissolved gases analysis, a new insulation fault diagnosis methodfor power transformers is proposed. This method is based on the group grey relational grade analysismethod. First, according to the fault type and grey reference sequence structure, some typicalfault samples are divided into several sets of grey reference sequences. These sets are structuredas one grey reference sequence group. Secondly, according to a new calculation method of the greyrelational coefficient, the individual relational coefficient and grade are computed. Then accordingto the given calculation method for the group grey relation grade, the group grey relational gradeis computed and the group grey relational grade matrix is structured. Finally, according to therelational sequence, the insulation fault is identified for power transformers. The results of alarge quantity of instant analyses show that the proposed method has higher diagnosis accuracy andreliability than the three-ratio method and the traditional grey relational method. It has goodclassified diagnosis ability and reliability.

Rapid and real-time analysis of multi-component dissolved gas in seawater by Raman spectroscopy combined with continuous gas-liquid separator

Rapid and sensitive detection of dissolved gases in seawater is quite essential for the investigation of the global carbon cycle.Large quantities of in situ optical detection techniques showed restricted measurement efficiency,owing to the single gas sensor without the identification ability of multiple gases.In this work,a novel gas-liquid Raman detection method of monitoring the multi-component dissolved gases was proposed based on a continuous gas-liquid separator under a large difference of partial pressure.The limit of detection(LOD)of the gas Raman spectrometer could arrive at about 14 μl·L^(-1)for N_(2)gas.Moreover,based on the continuous gas-liquid separation process,the detection time of the dissolved gases could be largely decreased to about 200 s compared with that of the traditional detection method(30 min).Effect of equilibrium time on gas-liquid separation process indicated that the extracted efficiency and decay time of these dissolved gases was CO_(2)>O_(2)>N_(2).In addition,the analysis of the relationship between equilibrium time and flow speed indicated that the decay time decreased with the increase of the flow speed.The validation and application of the developed system presented its great potential for studying the components and spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved gases in seawater.

Grey relational analysis on the relation between marine environmental factors and oxidation-reduction potential

The effects of marine environmental factors-temperature （T）, dissolved oxygen （DO）, salinity （S） and pH--on the oxidation-reduction potential （ORP） of natural seawater were studied in laboratory. The results show an indistinct relationship between these four factors and the ORE but they did impact the ORP. Common mathematical methods were not applicable for describing the relationship. Therefore, a grey relational analysis （GRA） method was developed. The degrees of correlation were calculated according to GILA and the values of T, pH, DO and S were 0.744, 0.710, 0.692 and 0.690, respectively. From these values, the relations of these factors to the ORP could be described and evaluated, and those of T and pH were relatively major. In general, ORP is influenced by the synergic effect of T, DO, pH and S, with no single factor having an outstanding role.

Characteristics of dissolved organic matter in lakes with different eutrophic levels in southeastern Hubei Province,China

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)plays a crucial role in both the carbon cycle and geochemical cycles of other nutrient elements,which is of importance to the management and protection of the aquatic environments.To achieve a more comprehensive understanding the characteristics of DOM in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River basin,water samples from four natural lakes(Xiandao,Baoan,Daye,and Qingshan)in southeastern Hubei Province in China with different eutrophication levels were collected and analyzed.The optical characteristics were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis.The results show that:(1)two humic-like components(C1 and C2)and two protein-like substances(C3 and C4)of DOM were identified in all waterbodies;(2)C3 originated primarily from the degradation of microalgae and contributed substantially to humic-like components during transformation.C4 was widely present in the Changjiang River basin and its formation was related to microbial activity,rather than algal blooms or seasons.Influenced by the water mixing,the protein-like components were more likely to be transformed by microorganism,whereas humic-like components were more easily to be photobleached;(3)the concentration of DOM and the fluorescence intensity of humic-like components gradually increased with rising lake eutrophication levels.With respect to protein-like components,only C3 showed changes along the eutrophication gradients;(4)DOM showed a high affinity with permanganate index(COD Mn)and chlorophyll a(chl a)while the relationship was variable with phosphorus.This study helps us systematically understand the DOM characteristics,microbial activities,and pollutant transformation in the Changjiang River basin and provides reference to the ecological restoration of aquatic environments.

Bacterial community succession in response to dissolved organic matter released from live jellyfish

Jellyfish blooms have increased worldwide, and the outbreaks of jellyfish population not only affect the food web structures via voracious predation but also play an important role in the dynamics of nutrients and oxygen in planktonic food webs. However, it remains unclear whether specific carbon compounds released through jellyfish metabolic processes have the potential to shape bacterial community composition. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the compositional succession of the bacterioplankton community in response to the dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by the live Scyphomedusae Cyanea lamarckii and Chrysaora hysoscella collected from Helgoland Roads of the North Sea. The bacterial community was significantly stimulated by the DOM released form live jellyfish and different dominant phylotypes were observed for these two Scyphomedusae species. Furthermore, the bacterial community structures in the different DOM sources, jellyfish-incubated media, Kabeltonne seawater, and artificial seawater (DOM-free) were significantly different, as revealed by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis fingerprints. Catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) revealed a rapid species-specific shift in bacterial community composition. Gammaproteobacteria dominated the community instead of the Bacteroidetes community for C. lamarckii, whereas Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated the community for C. hysoscella. The significant differences in the bacterial community composition and succession indicate that the components of the DOM released by jellyfish might differ with jellyfish species.

Chemical composition and Pb(II)binding of dissolved organic matter in a hypersaline lake in China

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)plays a vital role in promoting carbon and nutrient cycling.It is a food source for organisms and controls the migration and transformation of trace metals and other contaminants in aquatic systems.The contributions of aquatic DOM to the environment and ecology of a system are closely related to its abundance and chemical structure.In this study,the chemical composition and binding properties of DOM in a hypersaline lake watershed were investigated for the fi rst time using dissolved organic carbon(DOC)analysis,absorption spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,pyrolysis-GC-MS(Py-GC-MS),and fl uorescence parallel factor(PARAFAC)analysis combined with Pb(II)titration techniques.The results showed that DOM from the tributaries that fl owed into the lake had a lower DOC content,higher molecular weight,and higher specifi c UV absorbance than the DOM in lake water.Protein-like fl uorophores were mainly found in tributary and lake surface water DOM(LSDOM)and humic-like substances were abundant in lake groundwater DOM(LGDOM).Using this multi-methodological approach,we found that the DOM from the hypersaline lake watershed was mainly from microbial origins,and consisted of aromatics,carbohydrates,and aliphatics.The results from quantitative analysis showed that DOM from the infl owing tributaries contained more aromatics,lower carbohydrates,and lower aliphatics than DOM in the lake.Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbohydrates were more abundant in LSDOM than LGDOM.The results from the Pb(II)titration technique coupled with PARAFAC analysis suggested that PARAFAC-derived components had relatively low condition stability constants(log K_(M)<2).Of the two types of lake DOM,the LGDOM had a higher Pb(II)binding potential than the LSDOM.From this study we have improved our understanding of how DOM within a hypersaline lake watershed varies in its composition and potential to bind with metals.

Optical Characteristics of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter(CDOM)in Upstream and Downstream Lakes of Taihu Lake Basin:New Insights for Water Environmental Management

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)is a key component of organic matter that contributes to the ecological functioning of lakes.The lakes in Taihu Lake Basin play an important role in maintaining regional ecological stabilities;however,the optical characteristics of the CDOM in the upstream and downstream lakes in this basin have not yet been systematically studied.Here,the optical characteristics of CDOM in ten lakes of upstream and downstream of the Taihu Lake Basin were studied using UV-Visible and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopies.Three different fluorophores consisting of two humic-like components(C1,C2)and one protein-like component(C3)were identified by parallel factor analysis.Soil or surface erosion was responsible for the higher abund-ance of C1 in the upstream lakes,and increased biological activities accounted for the higher abundance of C3 in the downstream lakes.Rainfall erosion in the wet season led to an increase in CDOM.We also found that the photodegradation and flocculation degree,which played a significant role in reducing CDOM,were higher in downstream lakes than in upstream lakes.Optical analysis of CDOM provides a promising method for monitoring water qualities(e.g.,total phosphorus and potassium permanganate index)in each lake.Re-ductions in soil or surface erosion in the upstream are needed to improve water quality.

基于CD-BSMOTE的D-S证据融合变压器故障诊断

针对变压器油中溶解气体数据集不均衡特性对故障诊断结果的影响,提出一种基于清除临界点改进的边界合成少数类过采样算法均衡数据集和Pearson冲突距离改进D-S证据融合的变压器故障诊断模型。首先,对少数类样本进行均衡化处理,根据K-means聚类结果清除处于临界位置的样本;其次,搭建梯度提升树、随机森林、BP神经网络的故障诊断模型,实现变压器故障初步诊断;接着引入Pearson冲突距离改进D-S证据融合模型,实现诊断结果的融合决策;最后,经实际算例分析,诊断精确率达到92.65%。结果表明,所建模型能有效解决数据不平衡对诊断结果的影响,提高故障诊断精度。

多策略融合改进AO优化SVM的变压器故障诊断研究

针对变压器故障诊断精度不高的问题,提出了一种多策略融合改进天鹰优化器(IAO)优化支持向量机(SVM)的变压器故障诊断模型。首先,采用核主成分分析(KPCA)方法对高维度据进行降维,减少数据中的稀疏性对结果的影响;其次,利用Tent混沌映射、动态扰动因子策略、点对称策略改善其寻优能力和收敛速度,通过算法寻优能力测试验证了其优越性;最后,利用IAO对SVM的参数寻优,克服SVM参数选择不良的弊端,建立变压器故障诊断模型。结果显示,与AO、WOA、GWO优化SVM相比,IAO优化SVM的诊断正确率分别提升了7.08%、9.74%、15.93%,同时,也优于最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)、BP神经网络(BPNN)、随机森林(RF)典型分类模型,验证了所建立的变压器故障诊断模型的优越性,并具有较强的泛化能力。

水环境溶解性有机质溯源与表征技术研究进展

水体中的溶解性有机质(DOM)来源广泛,成分复杂,可参与水中重金属迁移转化和生物地球化学循环过程,采用相应技术手段识别水体DOM来源,实现对DOM组分和性质的表征,对理解其生态环境效应具有指示意义。简要介绍了水环境中DOM的组成、特点及当前的研究热点,重点总结归纳了紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱、稳定同位素、生物标志物以及傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱等技术方法在水环境DOM溯源与表征中的应用特点、重要表征参数、影响因素和使用局限性。结果表明:紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱均有操作便捷、分析速度快、不破坏样品等优点,但二者对DOM表征的侧重点不同;稳定同位素技术重点关注DOM中的碳、氮等元素同位素组成及含量,生物标志物可记录DOM分子结构的信息,而傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱则是从分子级别对DOM进行表征。以上各技术对DOM的研究均有广阔的应用前景,但是由于DOM成分和组成元素的复杂性以及每种技术本身的局限性,多种技术的联合使用已成为水体DOM表征与解析的发展趋势。在此基础上阐述了多技术联用条件、目标和优点,归纳了现有研究中基于多技术联用的水环境DOM研究进展及研究案例,最后展望了DOM溯源与表征的未来发展方向。

含钙添加剂处理下不同秸秆腐解产物可溶性有机质三维荧光特征变化

秸秆是优质的有机资源,研究含钙添加剂种类及添加量对不同秸秆腐解产物可溶性有机物(DOM)组成性质差异,可为秸秆高效腐熟利用提供理论依据和技术参考。以花生秸秆和水稻秸秆为供试物料,通过添加不同含钙添加剂草酸钙(CaC_(2)O_(4))和氢氧化钙[Ca(OH)_(2)]及不同添加量(4%、 8%),进行秸秆腐解试验。测定腐解产物养分含量,并利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)技术和平行因子方法(PARAFAC)探究秸秆腐解产物DOM的化学组成变化特征。结果表明:(1)总体上,草酸钙处理的秸秆腐解物总碳含量显著大于氢氧化钙处理;高量添加剂处理的秸秆腐解产物总碳含量小于低量处理;花生秸秆腐解产物的总氮、总磷和总钾高于水稻秸秆腐解产物。(2)通过3DEEM-PARAFAC方法分析腐解产物DOM组成,共识别出类胡敏酸(C1)、类胡敏酸(C2)和类色氨酸(C3)三种荧光组分;不同添加剂类型、添加量和不同秸秆类型对腐解产物DOM荧光组分的影响较为复杂,没有明显规律,但是总体上氢氧化钙处理的秸秆腐解产物DOM的C1和C2组分比例大于草酸钙处理,而草酸钙处理的秸秆腐解产物DOM的C3组分比例显著高于氢氧化钙处理;秸秆腐解产物DOM中组分C1、 C2与组分C3呈显著负相关;组分C2含量与总碳含量呈显著负相关。(3)氢氧化钙处理的秸秆腐解产物DOM的腐殖化指数(HIX)明显高于草酸钙处理,而草酸钙处理的秸秆腐解产物DOM生物源指数(BIX)明显高于氢氧化钙处理;高量草酸钙处理秸秆腐解产物DOM主要来自于微生物的转化,而其他处理DOM来自于微生物转化和陆生植物;不同添加量处理下秸秆腐解产物DOM的荧光指数没有明显变化规律;花生秸秆腐解产物DOM的HIX、 BIX和荧光指数(McKnight index)均高于水稻秸秆;秸秆腐解产物DOM中McKnight和HIX呈显著负相关,和BIX间呈极显著正相关,而秸秆腐解产物DOM中BIX和总碳含量呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,氢氧化钙可以促进秸秆腐解以及腐解产物的腐殖化,其中高量氢氧化钙处理的花生秸秆效果较好。

蜣螂算法优化概率神经网络的变压器故障诊断

针对仅靠人工经验选取平滑因子的概率神经网络(PNN)变压器故障诊断模型存在诊断正确率偏低的问题,提出1种采用蜣螂算法(DBO)优化PNN平滑因子的变压器故障诊断模型。选取测试函数对DBO算法进行寻优测试,并与粒子群算法(PSO)、人工蜂群算法(ABC)、灰狼优化算法(GWO)对比,DBO在寻优精度、收敛速度和避免局部最优方面更具优势;采用DBO对PNN平滑因子寻优以建立DBO-PNN诊断模型,并与PSO-PNN、ABC-PNN和GWO-PNN模型进行诊断对比,结果表明DBO-PNN模型的诊断效果更好,正确率达96%。