Sensitivity and Distance Based Performance Analysis for Batteryless Tags with Transmit Beamforming and Ambient Backscattering

Ambient backscatter is a new green technology for Internet of Things(IoT)that utilizes surrounding wireless signals to enable batteryless devices to communicate with other devices.The battery-free devices first harvest energy from ambient wireless signals and then backscatter the signals for communications.Clearly,sensitivity and distance are two important parameters for system performance.However,most existing studies on ambient backscatter communication systems do not consider the impact of the sensitivity of the energy-harvesting nodes and the distances between these devices.In this paper,we first provide a literature review for ambient communication technology and then take sensitivity and distance as two key parameters and investigate the sensitivity and distance based performance for ambient backscatter communication systems.Specifically,we establish the mathematical model based on distances between transceivers and backscattering nodes,extract a parameter that can differentiate the direct path and the backscattering path,evaluate the effects of transmit beamforming,design an energy detector for the reader,and analyze the outage probability of energy harvesting at the tag and the bit error rate(BER)at the reader.Simulations are then provided to corroborate the proposed studies.

Novel Double-Damped Tuned AC Filters in HVDC Systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of novel doubledampedtuned alternating current (AC) filters in high voltage direct current(HVDC) systems. The proposed double-damped tuned AC filters offer theadvantages of improved performance of HVDC systems in terms of betterpower quality, high power factor, and lower total harmonic distortion (THD).The system under analysis consists of an 878 km long HVDC transmissionline connecting converter stations at Matiari and Lahore, two major cities inPakistan. The main focus of this research is to design a novel AC filter usingthe equivalent impedance method of two single-tuned and double-dampedtuned AC filters. Additionally, the impact of the damping resistor on the ACchannel is examined. TheTHDof theHVDCsystem with and without currentAC filters was also compared in this research and a double-damped tuned ACfilter was proposed. The results of the simulation represent that the proposeddouble-damped tuned AC filter is far smaller in size, offers better powerquality, and has a much lower THD compared to the AC filters currently inplace in the converter station. The simulation analysis was carried out utilizingpower systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software.

ELF-EM Signal Processing While Drilling Based on Human-Computer Interaction Combined Algorithm

In the electromagnetic wave measurement while drilling(EM MWD), the extra low frequency electromagnetic wave(ELF-EM) below 20Hz was usually chosen as the carrier because of its transmission characteristics in the formation. However, as the drilling depth increases, the electromagnetic wave signals received on the ground gradually weaken, becoming lower than a certain signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and making it impossible to be decoded or transmitted.The attenuation of electromagnetic wave in the formation is definitely one of the causes, but what matters more is the influence of environment noise at the well site, especially the in-band interference noise and random noise. Targeting at the out-of-band noise, the bandpass filter, which is invalid to the in-band noise,can be used to eliminate the noise out of the carrier’s main band. To cope with the question, an algorithm based on the human-computer interaction detection(HCID) was proposed in this paper that improves the SNR of ELF-EM signals, with the effective transmission distance of EM MWD increased. In this paper,the validity of the proposed HCID algorithm was verified through communication processing performance simulation and field data comparison, thus providing a reference for engineers and technicians in this field.Theoretical analysis and experimental data verification show that the combined algorithm decodes effectively under the in-band interference noise of-80d B SNR and in-band random noise of-17d B SNR.

Broadband IP Stream Transmission Experiments over Global and Long Distance Networks

Super High Definition (SHD) movies were successfully transmitted as streaming contents at about 300 Mbps for the first time over a long distance IP network (more than 3,000 km), in conjunction with the experimental verification of traffic control and scalable multicast technologies.

Volume Transmission and Its Different Forms in the Central Nervous System

Volume transmission （VT） is a widespread mode of intercellular communication that occurs in the extracellular fluid （ECF） and in the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） of the brain with VI signals moving from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection （flow）. The VT channels are diffuse forming a plexus in the extracellular space, while in wiring transmission （WT） the channels （axons, terminals） are private. The speed is slow （seconds-minutes） in VT while rapid in the millisecond range in w-r. The extracellular space is the substrate for VT, which is modulated by the extracellular matrix. Extrasynaptic VT is linked to synaptic transmission and likely often takes place due to incomplete diffusion barriers with the synaptic transmitter reaching extrasynaptic domains of the pre-and post-synaptic membrane of the synapse, the astroglia, and even adjacent synapses. Indications exist for the existence of striatal D2-1ike receptor-mediated extrasynaptic form of dopamine （DA） VT at the local circuit level in vivo in the human striatum. Synaptic glutamate via extrasynaptic VT can act on extrasynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors located on the astroglia leading to Ca2~ mediated astrocytic glutamate release into the extracellular space （ECS）. Long distance peptide VT and CSF VT is the major long distance VT with distances more than 1 mm and flow in the CSF. Indications for long distance vr of beta-endorphin and oxytocin are obtained. We propose that monogamy in the female prairie vole may take place through an increase in oxytocin v-r, especially in nucleus accumbens. Release of extracellular vesicles containing receptors, proteins, RNAs and mtDNA from cellular networks in the central nervous system （CNS） into the ECF and CSF may be a fundamental communication in the CNS. It represents a special form of volume transmission, the Roamer subtype of VT. It may greatly contribute to dynamic events of synaptic plasticity but also to spread of pathological proteins in protein conformational disorders. V＇i＂ also occurs in the peripheral nervous system and associated cells. Short and long distance VT may take place in meridian channels via diffusion and flow in the interstitial fluid. Acupuncture can produce VT signals by releasing transmitters and modulators from nerve terminals and mast cells.