Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.

Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） in corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130℃ for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs （initial BW： 53.5 ＋ 3.9 kg） were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 x4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly （P〈 0.05） from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced （P〈 0.05） from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model （r2 = 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively）. The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted （r2 = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively） by the Lysine：CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted （r2 = 0.70） by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.

Effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal with dried distillers grains with solubles on the microbiota occupying different ecological niches in the rumen of growing Hu lambs

Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.

Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of amino acids（AA） in 3sources of distillers dried grains with solubles（DDGS） with different concentrations of fat.Twelve growing barrows（initial body weight：76.1 ± 6.2 kg） were randomly allotted to a replicated 6×4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods.The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5,7.5,and 6.9%respectively.Diets contained 60%DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5,52,and 5.2%,respectively.Two additional diets containing the 2sources of DDGS with 75 and 6.9%fat were also formulated,and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5%fat.A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein（CP） and AA from the pigs.Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods.The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period.The apparent ileal digestibililty（AID） and SID of CP and all indispensable AA,except AID Pro and SID of Trp,were greater（P 〈 0.01） in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat.Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA.In conclusion,conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA.The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.

Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS)

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S.were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

Effects of condensed distillers solubles and drying temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics of laboratory-prepared wheat distillers grain with solubles

Samples of wheat distillers grain with solubles were prepared at 15%,30%,and 45%condensed distillers solubles(CDS)and dried under 40°C,80°C,and 120°C to examine the effects of CDS level and drying temperature on their chemical,physical,flow,compression,thermal,and frictional properties.As CDS level increased,protein and ash contents increased while fat and fiber contents decreased.Fat and acid detergent fiber contents were also markedly affected by drying temperature.While CDS level,drying temperature,and their interaction significantly affected a number of the physical properties,results suggest that CDS level had a stronger influence.Samples with high CDS level,for example,were significantly finer,denser,less flowable,and less dispersible than those with lower CDS.These samples also had significantly higher thermal diffusivity and coefficient of internal friction and produced pellets with higher failure stresses than those with lower CDS.Their pellet density increased with CDS level and was also significantly affected by drying temperature.Further,the samples were classified as fairly flowable and floodable and their compression characteristics were adequately described by the Kawakita-Ludde model.

DDGS粉尘燃爆特性试验研究及热反应分析

为研究饲料加工行业酒精糟及其干燥物(DDGS)粉尘的着火爆炸特性,采用热板炉、G-G炉、哈特曼管和20 L球爆炸装置对实际工段收集的DDGS粉尘进行试验分析;同时,采用热重-红外联用技术进一步分析DDGS受热分解反应过程以及该过程可能产生的可燃气体。研究结果表明:DDGS粉尘的粉尘层着火温度为280℃,粉尘云最低着火温度为460℃;最小点火能为30~100 mJ,粉尘云爆炸下限质量浓度为140 g/m 3,最大爆炸压力为0.68 MPa,爆炸强度属于St1级;DDGS受热分解过程中会产生小分子可燃气体,增加DDGS粉尘爆炸危险性。研究结果可为预防DDGS粉尘爆炸提供数据参考,并为今后进一步研究其热解过程的反应途径提供思路。

DDGS的营养价值及在动物生产中的应用研究进展

酒精糟及其残液干燥物(DDGS)是工业生产酒精的副产品,因其蛋白含量较高,近年来在畜禽生产中广泛应用,体现出较高的营养价值、经济价值和生态价值。DDGS的营养价值主要表现为高蛋白质含量、高脂肪和可消化纤维以及高有效磷含量。DDGS营养成分变异性较大,而造成其变异的主要原因是生产原料和加工工艺的不同。我国现阶段对于DDGS的研究还远落后于生产,因此急需对DDGS饲料进行深入研究,以推进这一优良蛋白质资源在我国畜牧业中的有效应用。

近红外反射光谱快速测定玉米DDGS营养成分的研究

试验探讨了近红外反射光谱测定玉米DDGS的8项重要营养成分,包括水分、蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、总磷、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗纤维的可行性。从国内18个工厂采集93个玉米DDGS样品,使用偏最小二乘法,采取15种不同的导数和去散射光谱预处理方法建立近红外模型。在光谱预处理中,二阶导数产生了较好的预测效果。使用70个与93个定标样品建立模型,随着样品量的增加,模型的预测效果提高。93个样品所建立模型的定标决定系数(RSQcal)为0.94～0.99,交互验证决定系数(1-VR)为0.89～0.99,交互验证RPDCV为2.98～14.85。结果表明,近红外反射光谱可以用于玉米DDGS营养成分快速测定。

日粮添加DDGS对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选取48头(平均DIM为(99±58.56)d)中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组12头。分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0%(对照组)、11.2%(DDGS10)、21.3%(DDGS20)、29%(DDGS30)的DDGS试验日粮,配制成等氮日粮(粗蛋白15.15%),日粮精粗比例为55:45,旨在评价利用不同比例的DDGS替代日粮中的豆粕和玉米对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加不同比例的DDGS对各处理组的干物质采食量(DMI)影响差异不显著。随着DDGS添加比例的提高产奶量有先升高后降低的趋势,以DDGS20组的产奶量最高(P>0.05)。乳中脂肪百分含量和绝对含量都差异不显著(P>0.05)。牛乳中蛋白质的百分含量随着DDGS含量的增加有逐渐降低的趋势且差异极显著(P<0.01),而蛋白质绝对产量差异并不显著(P>0.05)。结果分析表明,在奶牛日粮中添加20%左右比例的DDGS基本不影响奶牛的生产性能,同时使奶牛养殖者获得最大的经济效益。

黑曲霉固体发酵DDGS降解黄曲霉毒素初探

研究考察了不同发酵条件对玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)黄曲霉毒素的生物降解效果。结果表明,在最优发酵条件下,发酵后DDGS黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)含量为1.84μg/kg,比发酵前AFB1 8.12μg/kg降解了77.34%,其固体发酵的优化工艺条件为菌液添加量6%、发酵温度30℃、发酵时间为60 h,由此,取得了较好的降解效果。

基于主成分分析的玉米DDGS物理特性评价

为对玉米DDGS的物理特性进行分析及量化评价,以国内外8个玉米DDGS为试验材料,测定分析其容重、热物理特性、摩擦特性、粉碎特性及色差指标参数,并运用主成分分析法简化物理特性指标,构架评价体系,得到每种样品的综合得分。结果表明:样品各物理特性指标间存在不同程度的差异;各物理特性指标之间存在不同程度的相关性,比热与热导率呈极显著正相关,与导温系数呈极显著负相关;热导率与平均粒径呈显著正相关;导温系数与容重呈极显著负相关;摩擦系数与休止角呈极显著正相关,与平均粒径呈极显著负相关;L*、b*与平均粒径呈极显著正相关;L*与b*呈极显著正相关。通过主成分分析提取了3个主成分,累积方差贡献率达到87.415%;主成分分析的结果表明进口玉米DDGS的物理特性较好。

DDGS的营养价值及在猪和鸡生产中的应用

干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)是生产乙醇的副产物,虽然DDGS含有生物活性物质,但其大量的使用还是仅限于动物生产。DDGS最先用于反刍动物的生产中,近年来也有很多报道将DDGS用于猪、鸡等单胃动物生产中。文章综述了DDGS的生产工艺、营养成分、在猪和鸡生产中的应用现状,重点阐述了饲喂DDGS并添加酶制剂对猪和鸡生产性能的影响。

干酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)在猪饲料中利用的探讨

乙醇工业生产工艺的革新，引起了乙醇工业发酵过程的副产物（或共生产品）干酒糟及可溶物（DDGS）的营养物质含量发生了变化。粗蛋白质（25％～30％）和粗脂肪（10％～12％）含量的升高，提高了DDGS在猪饲料中作为蛋白质和能量补充资源的饲用价值。此外，DDGS的有效磷和对生长发育和生产有益的有效因子的含量也有改进。本文对在猪饲料中利用这种副产物进行了探讨。

糟渣复合型饲料对肉牛增重的影响研究

该试验应用低成本的糟渣复合型饲料为突破口,开展饲喂糟渣复合型饲料对肉牛生长的影响,探索肉牛养殖增收的新方法、新材料。在甘肃省武威市的武威顶乐牧业有限公司旗下的牧业二场进行,在牧场选取40头1龄以上的架子育肥牛作为参试牛群,参试育肥牛日龄误差10日龄。试验设对照组和参试组2个组,每个组设参试牛20头,预试期15 d,在这期间,统一测量试验期初犊牛的体重、体高、胸围、体斜长、腹围,开展口蹄疫的免疫接种,做好饲料过渡,参试牛的登记等正试期准备工作;正试期180 d。应用糟渣复合型饲料进行育肥,育肥牛日增重较常规配混合饲料可增加0.17 kg,精饲料料重比可降低0.24,一个育肥期可增收992元,应用糟渣复合型饲料是肉牛生产中降本增效的措施之一。

配合饲料中添加玉米DDGS对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、体组成及免疫指标的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、10%、20%、30%、40%的玉米干酒精糟及其可溶物(Dried distiller's grains with solubles,DDGS),配制成5种等氮等能的实验饲料(DDGS0、DDGS10、DDGS20、DDGS30和DDGS40),饲喂初始体重为(9.69±0.28)g的刺参56 d,研究玉米DDGS作为替代蛋白源对其生长、体成分及免疫指标的影响。结果显示,随着玉米DDGS添加水平的升高,刺参增重率和特定生长率略有下降,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。各实验组刺参体壁指数、肠道指数、肠长比以及体壁水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均不受玉米DDGS添加的影响(P>0.05)。体腔液中溶菌酶的活性呈先上升后稳定的趋势,其中,DDGS20和DDGS40组显著高于DDGS0和DDGS10组(P<0.05),DDGS30组与其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。酸性磷酸酶的活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,在DDGS20组达到最大值,其中,DDGS20组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),DDGS40组显著高于DDGS0组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。酚氧化酶的活性随着DDGS添加量的增加呈上升趋势,各添加组均显著高于DDGS0组(P<0.05),DDGS40组显著高于DDGS10组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加玉米DDGS对体腔液中碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。本研究表明,饲料中添加0–40%的玉米DDGS均不影响刺参的生长和体壁成分,且添加20%–40%的玉米DDGS能提高刺参体腔液中免疫酶的活性。

The correlationship between the metabolizable energy content,chemical composition and color score in different sources of corn DDGS

Background： This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy （AME） and true metabolizable energy （TME） contents in 30 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） in adult roosters, and establish the prediction equations to estimate the AME and TME value based on its chemical composition and color score. Methods： Twenty-eight sources of corn DDGS made from several processing plants in 11 provinces of China and others imported from the United States. DDGS were analyzed for their metabolizable energy （ME） contents, measured for color score and chemical composition （crude protein, crude fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber）, to predict the equation of ME in DDGS. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, each DDGS sample was tube fed （50 g） to adult roosters. The experiment was conducted as a randomized incomplete block design with 3 periods. Ninety-five adult roosters were used in each period, with 90 being fed the DDGS samples and 5 being fasted to estimate basal endogenous energy losses. Results： Results showed that the AME ranged from 5.93 to 12.19 MJ/kg, TME ranged from 7.28 to 13.54 MJ/kg. Correlations were found between ME and ash content （-0.64, P 〈 0.0]） and between ME and yellowness score （0.39, P 〈 0.05） of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for AME content of DDGS based on chemical composition and color score was AME = 6.57111 ＋ 0.5]475 GE - 0.10003 NDF ＋ 0.1 3380 ADF ＋ 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L （R^2 = 0.70）. The best-fit regression equation for TME content of DDGS was TME = 7.92283 ＋ 0.51475 GE - 0.10003 NDF ＋ 0.13380 ADF ＋ 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L （R2 = 0.70）. Conclusions： This experiment suggested that measuring the chemical composition and color score of a corn DDGS sample may provide a quality parameter for identifying corn DDGS sources energy digestibility and metabolizable energy content.

乙醇生产工艺对DDGS蛋白营养价值影响的研究进展

干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)是乙醇生产工业中的一种副产物,常常被用作动物蛋白原料使用。由于原料来源不同,DDGS的粗蛋白质含量以及粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率存在差异,另外,加工工艺也会影响DDGS蛋白质质量。本文综述了乙醇生产过程影响DDGS蛋白价值的因素。加热对DDGS干燥过程中的影响报道最多。在加热过程中,氨基酸会发生一系列的化学反应,导致氨基酸消化率降低或结构破坏。DDGS蛋白质质量、颜色、酸性洗涤不溶氮及氨基酸含量都是评判加热影响DDGS质量的指标。除了干燥,另外可能影响DDGS蛋白质价值的因素是在干燥和混合步骤前的高温条件。

Influence of Amino Acid Supplementations in Juvenile Yellow Perch Fed Plant Protein Combinations

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in combination with soy protein concentrate (SPC) with and without an essential amino acid (EAA) complex were assessed as protein alternatives in juvenile Yellow Perch Perca flavescens diets. Diets contained 5% FM, 40% SPC, and 20% or 40% DDGS each with or without EAA. No mortalities or health assessment differences were observed during the trial and all fish readily accepted the experimental diets. Diets supplemented with EAA produced greater weight gain, improved feed conversion, and apparent protein digestibility. Performance was consistently improved for fish fed diets containing amino acid supplements. Based on these results, Yellow Perch are able to utilize high levels of the plant proteins, accompanied with EAAs, as a FM replacer.

酒糟对氧化应激肉鸡肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响

为研究玉米酒糟及其可溶物(Distillers dried grains with solubles,DDGS)对地塞米松(Dexamethasone,DEX)诱导的应激肉鸡肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响。选用300只1日龄科宝500肉鸡,随机分为对照组和试验组,每处理6个重复,每重复25只肉鸡,其中,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂150g/kg DDGS日粮。22日龄时,再分为4个处理。处理1:饲喂基础日粮,第23天开始注射生理盐水;处理2:饲喂基础日粮,第23天开始注射DEX;处理3:饲喂150g/kg DDGS日粮,第23天开始注射生理盐水;处理4:饲喂150g/kg DDGS日粮,第23天开始注射DEX。DEX均为腹腔隔日注射3次,剂量为3mg/kg。结果表明,注射期DEX显著提高肉鸡腹脂率、肝脏指数、胸肌L*值及血清GSH-Px活性(P<0.05);降低血清T-AOC活性和MDA浓度(P<0.05)。DDGS显著增加胸肌失水率和L*值(P<0.05),降低血清T-AOC活性(P<0.05)。应激后,DEX显著提高肉鸡腹脂率并降低血清GSH-Px和T-AOC活性(P<0.05)。DDGS组肉鸡血清T-AOC活性显著降低(P<0.05)。结果提示,DEX成功诱导肉鸡氧化应激,日粮中添加DDGS未显著改善应激肉鸡肉品质。